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4 RECOMMENDATIONS
-
The recommendations that follow are based on the need to support
progress in factory data management techniques and increase the use
of CIM in response to the declining competitiveness of the U.S.
manufacturing base. It is estimated that fewer than 1,000 U.S.
companies are seriously pursuing CIM efforts. One objective of these
recommendations is to ensure that the companies considering or just
beginning a transition to CIM have access to the knowledge already
gained by those few manufacturers that have in some cases as much as
20 years of experience with the concept. A second and more signifi-
cant objective is to ensure more collective action than has occurred
to date in implementing CIM. Implemention of CIM is beyond the
capabilities of most individual manufacturing organizations. This
fact implies the need to develop and disseminate knowledge on factory
data management issues by both industry and government working toward
the same ambitious goal--CIM more widely applied in U.S. manufacturing.
1. The Committee recommends that the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration adopt a strategy of computer-integrated
manufacturing for its Manned Space Station program.
Major programs that NASA undertakes have limited schedules and
budgets, rely on unproven product technologies, and operate in an
environment where quality is critical. These circumstances point to
an increasing need to automate design and production operations to
achieve program goals. This Committee believes that the Manned Space
Station program is not only a logical but an essential place for NASA
to initiate a concerted computer-integrated manufacturing effort.
The use of CIM for the Manned Space Station is essential to
meeting the program's administrative goals--a manned station in space
in 1992 at a total cost of $8 billion--because manual coordination of
the data to support the design and manufacturing of systems components
would be time consuming and prone to error. Adoption of a clear CIM
strategy by NASA would avoid the evolution of incompatible approaches
as each manufacturer or supplier prepares to respond to NASA's space
station requirements. Unless the efforts of the hundreds of companies
supporting the space station program are coordinated by means of CIM,
design engineering and production errors are likely to proliferate.
, ., .
. . .
errors
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Finding and correcting these errors would entail substantially higher
costs, longer development time, and perhaps reduced operational
capability.
Because many components in the space station will be unique or
produced in small batches, the most obvious benefits of CIM would be
realized in engineering design. However, including production in the
CIM system would provide a significant measure of flexibility in the
project configuration and would ensure high quality.
A secondary reason for the use of CIM in the Manned Space Station
program is to further the development and use of the technology. NASA
has a legitimate role in sponsoring the development and diffusion of
technology, such as CIM, that is important to the country but that
initially, at least, is beyond the resources of a single company to
deliver. The Apollo and Space Shuttle programs provide clear
precedents for NASA-funded creation and diffusion of new technologies.
NASA can influence a large portion of U.S. industry because the
program will involve many companies, in both aerospace and other
manufacturing sectors. Investment in technologies such as CIM is
driven by the marketplace; with an $8 billion space station program,
NASA will be a powerful market force. The program managers will need
to plan carefully to use that power constructively.
Adoption of a strategy of computer-integrated manufacturing would
require implementation of CIM throughout the pertinent operations of
both NASA and its contractors. Such an effort would involve many
combinations of computer equipment from various vendors. To permit
communication among these heterogeneous systems, NASA would have to
adopt standards for data definition, data formats, languages, and
protocols. The communications problem would be difficult but, in the
Committee's opinion, surmountable. In solving it, NASA could draw on
four existing federal efforts: the Integrated Program for Aerospace
Vehicle Design (IPAD), funded by NASA and the Navy; the Air Force's
Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) program; the Product
Definition Data Interface (PDDI) effort under ICAM; and the National
Bureau of Standards' Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF).
NASA also could benefit from the experiences of companies now well
along in implementing CIM. From information supplied by five such
companies, the Committee has extracted a set of guidelines for CIM
programs (Table 1, at the end of this chapter). Although the
guidelines are oriented toward industry, they are applicable in
important respects to NASA. They indicate, for example, that to
implement an effective CIM program, the Administrator would instruct
the manager of the space station program and the directors of the NASA
laboratories involved to prepare a master plan. Execution of the plan
would be directed by the Administrator through the program manager and
laboratory directors. The Administrator also would direct efforts to
take full advantage of the experience of companies who have been
impl ementing CIM.
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2. The Committee recommends that companies form consortia to
pursue research and other projects in CIM not readily undertaken by
.
individual companies.
advanced
sell CIP
The technological accomplishments required to achieve CIM entail
enormous expense, creativity, planning efforts-, and amounts of time.
Only the largest U.S. manufacturers, or those responding to a specific
marketplace requirement for CIM, can be expected to apply the needed
resources to their CIM efforts. Yet the Committee believes that a
majority of U.S. manufacturers will not be able to remain competitive
in the quality, timeliness of delivery, and cost of their products
unless they use CIM. Therefore, cooperative efforts among companies
will enable a broader base of U.S. industry to achieve CIM.
The companies that have started using CIM have created their own
systems. It will be some time before the technology is sufficiently
and potential users sufficiently sophisticated for vendors to
_ systems. At present, user companies still need to do their
own development, a task that is beyond the capabilities of many
smaller companies that need CIM to remain competitive.
To speed the rate of application of existing knowledge about CIM,
and to identify priorities for research, groupings of companies should
organize to pool their efforts. Individual company applications of
CIM technology will vary in hardware, software, and order of implemen-
tation. However, many issues in data communication, data bases, and
process modeling surpass the abilities of single companies and could
best be resolved cooperatively. The Department of Commerce's R&D
Limited Partnership program may offer a useful mechanism for forming
consortia. Any company that purchases a large number of manufactured
components is a candidate for a cooperative effort.
As a specific instance, the Committee recommends that the
automotive industry--auto producers and their principal suppliers--
embark on a joint program of development and implementation of
techniques and standards in the area of CAD/CAM integration. This
activity might be carried out by the Automotive Industry Action Group
(AIAG), a nonprofit industry association that is disseminating
just-in-time technology to the industry's suppliers, or by another
consortium with comparable legal and support arrangements. The
automotive industry already is pursuing a number of elements
identified in this report (GM's Manufacturing Automation Protocol, the
IGES standard, and component releasing/shipping/inventory systeme),
but further work is required to extend communication standards to the
CAD area, to technical vendor/customer communication, and to
manufacturing data bases.
. In the spirit of Recommendation 2, the Committee believes that
companies and industrial sectors should build close working relation-
ships with universities in education, research, and technology
transfer related to CIM. Industry also should seek analogous
relationships with the relevant federal programs, drawing on ICAM,
IPAD, and the AMRE for appropriate technology.
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3. The Committee recommends that the Computer and Automated
Systems Association compile knowledge of CIM technology, drawing on
both industrial and governmental sources, and make it available to
industry, to universities, and to governmental agencies.
All of the companies involved in the Committee's site visits had
spent a good deal of time planning and organizing for computer-
integrated manufacturing. Companies that are not as far in their
thinking about CIM should not have to develop their plans from
scratch. If existing information were available in an organized form
from a central place, diffusion of CIM technology would accelerate.
The intent of this recommendation is that existing information on CIM
be collected, organized, and disseminated to current and prospective
users. New information would be added as it became available.
The Computer and Automated Systems Association (CASA) of the
Society of Manufacturing Engineers has the constituency, mandate, and
authority to carry out this recommendation. CASA's membership
comprises engineers with an interest in and experience in
computer-integrated manufacturing.
Although some of the information developed by the leaders in
computer-integrated manufacturing is proprietary, much of it is not.
The availability of such information in well organized formats could
be extremely helpful to manufacturers who are interested in CIM but
lack the resources to initiate and develop programs unilaterally.
Adoption of Recommendation 1 would create a large demand for this type
of information.
Detailed understanding of CIM resides largely in industry, and
progress in the field has outpaced our universities' ability to play
their traditional roles--research and teaching--in this area.
Curricular materials in the field are extremely scarce. Effective
efforts to make current information on CIM readily accessible to
faculty members would yield important benefits and, in the long range,
are probably indispensable to the nation's well-be~ng.
4. The Committee recommends that the federal government continue
to undertake research to resolve fundamental technical issues related
.
to computer-integrated manufacturing.
Resolution of the technical issues in Chapter 3 requires more
research than a single company can undertake on its own. Data
communication in a heterogeneous system, validation and consistency of
data, representation of textual and geometrical data, expert systems,
and analytical models of manufacturing processes are all risky areas
of research, requiring multiyear, cooperative efforts. Solutions to
these problems are needed to advance work in computer-integrated
manufacturing.
We believe that the national research agenda should be revised to
incorporate these needs and that the efforts initiated should be given
long-term support. The Federal Coordinating Council for Science,
Engineering, and Technology, chaired by the President's Science
Adviser, might be the appropriate group to manage federally funded
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research related to CIM. Federal science policy-makers need suffi-
cient understanding of the generic research issues outlined in this
report so that a small percentage of the federal research budget can
be effectively directed toward building the cumulative knowledge base
necessary for progress on there issues.
As this report states, the federal government can be pleased with
the results of its initial modest investments in CIM technology. In
the past 10 years, the Air Force and NASA have sponsored the two
largest government programs that have furthered technological develop-
ments in support of CIM. While the Air Force's ICAM is concluding by
tying its findings together in the demonstration of a sheet metal
center, the NASA IPAD program has ended without any such wrap-up.
IPAD's use of Hyperchannel was a step toward communication between
heterogeneous computers, and the program had begun to extend its work
to the transfer of geometric data within heterogeneous systems. It
would be a shame to lose this valuable research; it should remain on
this country's agenda of research related to CIM.
5. The Committee recommends that federal agencies that purchase
manufactured goods accept digital data sets compatible with the
Initial Graphics Exchange Specification, rather than requiring
conventional drawings, as a deliverable item under contracts.
This recommendation applies to all federal agencies that procure
manufactured goods with high tolerance specifications and require the
ability to replicate these products. These agencies include NASA, the
Departments of Defense and Energy, and others.
Some federal contractors already handle graphical material inter-
nally in the form of digital data and create conventional drawings
solely to satisfy federal contracts. Besides the inefficiency of this
procedure, errors that creep into drawings produced only to satisfy
contracts may not be found until another contractor tries to use the
drawings. Acceptance of digital data by the government would obviate
this problem and, more importantly, would promote the creation of
computer links between organizations as well as within them.
The government's acceptance of digital data, instead of drawings,
as a deliverable item under contracts would also increase the market
demand for CIM technology and expedite the transition to computer-
integrated manufacturing in this country. The requirement for data in
a form compatible with the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
(IGES) is recommended because IGES is the only communications protocol
as yet widely accepted in industry. It establishes an initial basis
for direct digital exchange of graphical data and has been adopted as
a standard by the American National Standards Institute.
Although IGES currently applies only to limited situations, it
is an important first step in accepting digital data. Enhancements
to IGES should result from current research such as the Product
Definition Data Interface (PDDI) project. PDDI is based on IGES,
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thereby reducing the risk of system obsolescence. As enhanced
versions of ICES or other digital standards gain acceptance in
industry, they should also be used by federal agencies.
6. The Committee recommends that manufacturing companies
considering investment in product design or manufacturing process
technology consider computer-integrated manufacturing.
Adoption of CIM technology is essential to the maintenance or
recovery of competitiveness by U.S. manufacturers in domestic and
world markets. Companies regularly find themselves losing ground
competitors who are introducing CIM. Nevertheless, far too few
companies in this country are working seriously to adapt the concept
to their operations.
Companies that are about to invest in product design or manufac-
turing process technology should be aware of the potential benefits of
CIM, as well as the consequences of postponing the decision to plan
and gradually implement an integrated system. Competition in manu-
facturing can only become more intensive--witness the considerable
development effort abroad (Appendix C)--and companies that do not move
into computer-integrated manufacturing, the Committee believes, face a
dim future. The necessary extent of the top executive's involvement
in such a transition is suggested by the guidelines in Table 1.
TABLE 1
GUIDELINES FOR CIM
Each organization must create and execute its own plan for
computer-integrated manufacturing, but the experiences of companies
that have done so successfully indicates that the following guidelines
are generally applicable.
Management (guidelines
· The chief executive officer (CEO)* decides whether CIM is the
right technology for his organization, makes the decision to invest in
CIM, and gives the transition his full support. Because computer-
integrated manufacturing cuts across organizational boundaries and
affects all people in an organization, these decisions must be made by
the CEO.
· The CEO bases his decision on performance goals, such as
reduced work--in-process, increased market share, and quality.
Conventional justification methods for investments cannot capture the
benefits of CIM, which are cross-cutting and difficult to measure.
* In conglomerates, the highest executive in a business unit will be
more appropriate than the literal CEO.
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· The CEO directs the development of a companywide, long-term
plan that will guide the CIM effort; the plan includes yearly targets,
budgets, and measures of performance.
· The CEO assigns a senior executive, reporting directly to him,
to manage the CIM effort.
· To work under the CIM manager, the CEO assembles an inter-
disciplinary team of highly competent people from all areas of the
organization.
· The CEO ensures that employees at every level in the company
understand and support the CIM plan. Good communications must exist
among people before computer integration of their areas of responsi-
bility is possible.
· The CEO recognizes major barriers to CIM--adverse labor/
management relations, financially oriented managers, and a narrowly
trained work force--and takes steps to mitigate them.
· The CIM manager implement e the plan gradually, adjusting the
pace of adoption to the company's ability to assimilate change.
· The CIM manager seeks opportunities for cooperative efforts
where appropriate--with universities for technology transfer,
education, and research; with national efforts such as ICAM, IPAD, and
the AMRF; and with professional societies to share knowledge, educate
employees, and encourage common data communication standards.
Technical Guidel ines
o Define and locate data bases shared by product engineering and
design, production engineering, and production operations.
· Define protocols and conventions used in data definition and
handling. The evolving ICES standard and results of the PDDI working
groups are suggested as guides.
· Recognize that machine tools, computers, and other engineering
and production equipment are parts of a total system, and select and
maintain them accordingly.
· Establish as a goal of the integrated system the ability to use
hardware and software from any supplier.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
station program
