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OCR for page 177
APPENDIX C
TABLES OF KNOWN AND SUSPECTED ENVIRONMENT—RELATED
HEAIJTH EFFECTS *
Table of Contents
Table C-1.
The Work Environment
Table C-2. The Elousing and Non-Occupational
Indoor Environment
Table C-3.
The Community Environment
C-3a. Food
C-3b. Water
C-3c. Air
C-3d. Land
C-3e. Influences on Mental Health
Table C-4. Physical Factors in the Environment
References
*Assembled for this planning committee by Allyn Mortimer of the
ION staff.
C-l
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C-6
TABLE C-2. THE HOUSING AND NON-OCCUPATIONAL INDOOR ENvIRONMENT3'4
Agent, Pollutant, or Source
Disease, Effect, Iliness or Injury
.
Heating, cooking' and refrigera-
tion
Fumes and dust
Crowding
Structural factors (including
electrical wiring, stoves and
thin walls)
Paints and solvents
Household equipment & supplies
(including pesticides)
Toys, beads, and painted
objects
Urban design
Tobacco combustion products 6
from smake-filled atmospheres
Formaldehyde from insulation
C-7
Acute fatalities from carbon mon-
oxide, fires and explosions, and
discarded refrigerators, burns;
increase in diseases of the res-
piratory tract in infants
Acute illness from fumes, aggra-
vation of asthma; increase in
chronic respiratory disease
Spread of acute and contribution
to chronic disease morbidity and
mortality, stress
Accidental fatality, accidental
injury, morbidity and mortality
from lack of protection from
heat or cold, morbidity due to
fire or explosion
Childhood lead-poisoning, associat-
ed with mental impairment, anemia,
and some fatalities5; renal and
hepatic toxicity, fatalities from
ingestion
Fatalities from f ire and injury,
morbidity from f ire and inj ury,
fatalities and morbidity from
poisoning
Morbidity and mortality from
swallowing small obj ects, lead
poisoning from paint
Increased accident risks, contri-
bution to mental illness, stress
Minor eye and throat irritations;
during first year of life, chil-
dren of smoking parents may be
more likely to have bronchitis and
pneumonia; effects on fetus; possible
long-term effects on the physical and
intellectual development of children;
possible accelerated loss of pulmonary
vital capacity
Eye and respiratory tract irritation
.
TABLE C-3a. THE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT:
,8,9, 10
Agent, Pollutant, or Source Disease ~
E Illness, or Injury
PBB in dairy products and
other foods (, 973, Michigan)
PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl)
Methyl mercury
Alkyl mercury
Lead
Intentional foot additives,
for example, saccharin.
Fat igue, headache, muscular pains,
raises serum triglycerides and
cholesterol levels. Can be muta-
genic and care inogenic in laboratory
animals.
Yusho d isease
Birth defects, central nervous
system damage, death
Chromosome breaks in lymphocytes,
central nervous system dodge
Nervous system affected; kidney
af fected
Carcinogenic in experimental
animals
TABLE C-3b . 11IE COMMUNITY EN~TIRO~=T: WATEP~3 ~ 7, 10, 15
Agent' Pollutant, or Source Disease, Effect' Illness, or Injury
Bacteria
Viruses
Sof t water areas
Sulfates and/or phosphates
Fluorides when in excess
Organic chemical contaminants
Rain we ter acid ity
Nitrate contamination
Oil spills
Chlorination
Epidemic and endemic gastrointestinal
infections (typhoid, cholera,
shigellosis, salmonellosis, lepto-
spiro~is, etc . ); secondary
interaction with nitrates in water
Epidemic hepatitis and other viral
infections; eye and skin inflamma-
tion from swimming
Possibility of cardiovascular
disease, mental retardation in
children. The water may leach
lead out of old plumbing.
Gastrointestinal bypermoti lity
Pluorosis of teeth
Reproductive failures in laboratory
animus Is
Undetermined in man
Nitrite intoxication;
in young--nitrite cyanosis and
methemoglobinemia possible.
Threat to marine life; illness
from direct consumption of contam-
inated water or through f cad chain
May result in carcinogenic by-products
Cat
TABLE C-3c . THE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT: AIR,, 10, 11, 12
. .
Agent, Pollutant, or Source
Sulfur dioxide (effects of
sulfur oxides may be due to
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trloxide,
sulfuric acid, or sulfate
salts)
Sulfur oxides and particulate
matter from combustion
sources
llonspec if ic par ticulate
matter
Oxidants
Ozone
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Lead
Hydrogen sulf ide
Mercaptans
Asbestos
O r gano pho sphorus p es t ic id es
Beryllium
Airborne microorganisms
Disease Effect, Iliness' or Injury
Aggravation of asthma and chronic
bronchitis, impairment of pulmonary
function, sensory irritation
Short-term increase in morbidity
and mortality, aggravation of
bronchitis and cardiovascular
disease, contributory role in
etiology of chronic bronchitis,
and emphysema, contributory role
in respiratory disease in children,
contributory role in etiology of
lung cancer
Increase in chronic respiratory
d isease
Aggravates emphysema, asthma, and
bronchitis, impairs lung function
in patients with bronchitis-
emphys~ma; eye and respiratory
irritation and impairment in
performance of athletes
Impairs lung function, acceleration
of aging (possibly due to lipid
peroxidation and related processes)
Impairs exercise tolerance in
patients with cardiovascular disease.
increased general mortality and
coronary mortality rates, impairment
of central nervous system function,
causal factor in atherosclerosis
Factor in pulmonary emphysema,
impairment of lung defenses such
as mast cells and macrophages or
altered lung function
Increased storage in body, impair-
ment of hemoglobin and porphyrin
synthesis; developmental or behavior
problems
Increased mortality from acute
exposures, causes sensory irritation
Headache, nausea, and sinus
af f fictions
Produces pleural calcif ication,
malignant mesothelioma, asbestosis,
contributes to chronic pulmonary
disease (lung cancer)
Acute fatal poisoning, acute
illness, impaired cholinesterase
activity
Berylliosis with pulmonary impairment
Airborne infections
Cal'
TABLE C-3d. THE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT: LANDS
.
Agent, Pollutant, or Source
Disease, Effect, Illness, or Injury
Human excrete
Sewage
Industrial and radioactive waste
(Example, PCBs)
Schistosomlasis, teeniasis hookworm,
and other parasitic and nonparasitic
infections
Typhus' plague, leptospirosle, and
other infectious diseases possible
Storage within the body; effects
from toxic metals and other sub-
stances through food chains, seepage,
etc.
TABLE C-3e. THE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT: 11 13 14
INFLUENCES ON MENTAL HEALTH ' '
.
Agent, Pollutant, or Source
Population density (overcrowding)
Isolated populations
Technological change and
industrialization
Poverty and economic
dislocation crises
Disease, Effects Illness, or Injury
Some epidemiologic studies show
high rates of schizophrenia, crime,
suicide, alcoholism, and drug abused
increased risk of epidemics; stress
May show higher rates of mental
disorders, e.g. mental retardation--
presumably from inbreeding
Modifies psychological attitudes,
rapid shifts in values, fragmenta-
tion of personal service*, loss of
self--ufficiency, stress
Psychosomatic disorders, stress*
*Stressful life events exacerbated by such factors as lack of social
supports or inadequate stress coping skills can promote excessive
alcohol and drug use, violence, reckless behavior, depression,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders,
complications of pregnancy or delivery, increased susceptibility to
physical agents, "demoralization," neurosis.
C-IO
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C-13
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C-14
