Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 91
APPENDIX A
Selected Tables on
Youth Employment
and Unemployment
The following tables are drawn from "A Descriptive Analysis of Employed
and Unemployed Youth," written for the committee by Michael E. Borus.
The paper will appear in modified form in a book on youth employment
problems to be published by W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment
Research. These tables were created from data in the National Longitudinal
Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience.
The National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience
are conducted annually with over 12,000 young people. When weighted, as
in the following tables, they represent the national population born in the
years 1957 through 1964 (for further details on the NLS, see the National
Longitudinal Surveys Handbook published by the Center for Human Re-
source Research, Ohio State University, 19821. Special analyses were
made for this report using the spring 1981 survey wave. These data are used
to describe the characteristics of employed and unemployed young people
as of that time. Most of the analyses are limited to those who were ages
16-21 at the time of that interview. Since the interviews were conducted in
spring 1981, some born in 1965 had their 16th birthday prior to the
interview and are excluded from the NLS. As a result, the data presented
here underrepresent 16-year-olds, including only those whose birthdays fell
after the spring. The approximately 800,000 youngest 16-year-olds in the
population are not represented in the sample. This biases slightly the
employment-to-population ratios (upward) and the unemployment rates
(downward).
91
OCR for page 92
92
Appendix A
Some questions on discrimination and other perceived barriers to em-
ployment were asked of all young people in 1979 and were not repeated. For
these variables, the data presented include all those ages 16-22 as of spring
1979. It is unlikely that there have been substantial changes in these
perceptions between 1979 and the present.
TABLE A-1 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Age, Spring 1981
16 17 18 19 20 21 Total
Females
Employed 38 43 52 60 62 61 53
(581)(893)(1,034)(1,225)(1,244)(1,242)(6,218)
Unemployed1617151171012
(245)(353)(303)(214)(140)(210)(1,466)
Out of labor46403330312934
force(710)(830)(650)(610)(633)(597)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate30282315101519
Males
Employed38505764648458
(620)(1,071)(1,096)(1,232)(1,244)(1,474)(6,736)
Unemployed18221715151016
(296)(463)(323)(285)(291)(192)(1,849)
Out of labor44292621211626
force(729)(612)(492)(413)(402)(325)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate32302319191222
Total
Employed38475562636756
(1,201)(1,965)(2,129)(2,457)(2,487)(2,715)(12,954)
Unemployed18191613111014
(541)(816)(625)(500)(431)(402)(3,315)
Out of labor45342926262330
force(1,439)(1,442)(1,142)(1,023)(1,035)(922)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate31292317151320
.
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 93
Appendix A
93
TABLE A-2 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Race, Spring 1981
Black HispanicWhite Total
Females
Employed35 4757 53
(582) (341) (5,296)(6,218)
Unemployed 22 12 1112
(364) (90) (1,011)(1,466)
Out of labor 43 41 3234
force (715) (298) (3,018)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate 38 21 1619
Males
Employed 45 57 6158
(714) (422) (5,601)(6,736)
Unemployed 24 20 1416
(383) (151) (1,315)(1,849)
Out of labor 31 23 2526
force (495) (168) (2,310)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate 35 26 2322
Total
Employed 40 52 5956
(1,296) (762) (10,896)(12,954)
Unemployed 23 16 1214
(747) (242) (2,326)(3,315)
Out of labor 37 32 2930
Force (1,209) (466) (5,328)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate 37 24 1820
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 94
94 Appendix A
TABLE A-3 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Enrollment Status, Spring 1981
Enrollment Status as of 1981 Interview
High-School Enrolled in Enrolled in
Dropout High School College
High School
Graduate, Not
Enrolled Total
Females
Employed3343527253
(522)(1,615)(1,295)(2,781)(6,218)
Unemployed201561212
(309)(555)(153)(448)(1,466)
Out of labor4742421734
force(730)(1,583)(1,064)(646)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate3726111419
Males
Employed6045527958
(1,082)(1,871)(1,232)(2,551)(6,736)
Unemployed251861516
(447)(767)(150)(479)(1,849)
Out of labor153641626
force(269)(1,518)(972)(212)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate2929111622
Total
Employed4844527556
(1,603)(3,486)(2,527)(5,332)(12,954)
Unemployed221761314
(756)(1,322)(303)(928)(3,315)
Out of labor3039421230
force(1,000)(3,101)(2,037)(859)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate3227111520
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. School enrollment
status was not available for 17,500 young people.
OCR for page 95
Appendix A
95
TABLE A-4 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Educational Attainment, Spring 1981
Highest Grade Completed as of 1981 Interview
Some
Less Than High 12th 1-3 Years 4 Years Graduate
8th Grade School Grade College College School Total
Females
Employed 20426562 96053
(71)(2,065)(2,702)(1,356) (18)(0)(6,218)
Unemployed 2216125 4012
(74)(790)(488)(113) (1)(0)(1,466)
Out of labor 58422433 0034
force (199)(2,114)(984)(727) (0)(0)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate 5128158 5019
Males
Employed 49507258 9210058
(224)(2,729)(2,797)(972) (13)(1)(6,736)
Unemployed 2620136 0016
(119)(1,095)(521)(108) (0)(0)(1,849)
Out of labor 25301536 8026
force (116)(1,671)(573)(611) (1)(0)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate 35291610 0022
Total
Employed 37466860 9410056
(294)(4,795)(5,499)(2,328) (31)(1)(12,954)
Unemployed 2418126 2014
(194)(1,885)(1,008)(222) (1)(0)(3,314)
Out of labor 39361934 3030
force (315)(3,785)(1,557)(1,338) (1)(0)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate 4028159 3020
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January l,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Educational attain-
ment was not available for 17,500 young people.
OCR for page 96
96
Appendix A
TABLE A-5 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Marital Status, Spring 1981
Marital Status
Married,
Never Spouse
Married Present Other Not Available Total
Females
Employed5448 53 4353
(5,104)(902) (151) (61)(6,218)
Unemployed1212 19 1912
(1,165)(218) (55) (27)(1,466)
Out of labor3341 28 3834
force(3,126)(769) (81) (53)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate1919 27 3119
Males
Employed5685 87 6558
(5,868)(662) (87) (118)(6,736)
Unemployed1612 10 1816
(1,713)(94) (10) (32)(1,849)
Out of labor283 3 1726
force(2,912)(25) (3) (32)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate2312 10 2122
Total
Employed5559 62 S556
(10,972)(1,564) (238) (179)(12,949)
Unemployed1412 17 1814
(2,878)(312) (64) (60)(3,314)
Out of labor3030 22 2630
force(6,039)(794) (94) (85)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate2917 21 2520
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Information on
marital status was not available for 323,700 young people.
OCR for page 97
Appendix A
97
TABLE A-6 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Presence of Respondent's Children in the
Household, Spring 1981
Children in Children Not
Household in Household Total
Females
Employed 335753
(564)(5,654)(6,218)
Unemployed 151212
(258)(1,202)(1,466)
Out of labor 523134
force (902)(3,126)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate 311819
Males
Employed 765858
(342)(6,394)(6,736)
Unemployed 171616
(76)(1,773)(1,849)
Out of labor 82626
force (34)(2,939)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate 182222
Total
Employed 425756
(905)(12,049)(12,949)
Unemployed 151414
(334)(2,976)(3,314)
Out of labor 432930
force (936)(6,065)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate 272020
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Information on
children in the household was not available for 6,900 young people.
OCR for page 98
98
Appendix A
TABLE A-7 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Living Arrangements at Time of 1981
Interview
Away From
Household
Living with in College Living in Own
Parents or Military Household Total
Females
Employed54395453
(4,007)(398)(1,813)(6,218)
Unemployed1431112
(1,071)(34)(360)(1,466)
Out of labor31573534
force(2,292)(580)(1,158)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate2181719
Males
Employed57347758
(4,888)(365)(1,484)(6,736)
Unemployed1871216
(1,556)(70)(222)(1,849)
Out of labor25591226
force(2,210)(630)(223)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate24161322
Total
Employed56376356
(8,891)(763)(3,296)(12,949)
Unemployed1651114
(2,628)(104)(583)(3,314)
Out of labor28582630
force(4,412)(1,210)(1,381)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate23121520
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 99
Appendix A
99
TABLE A-8 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Region of Residence, Spring 1981
North
Northeast Central South West Total
Females
Employed5656465953
(1,271)(1,966)(1,871)(1,109)(6,218)
Unemployed1411131312
(312)(391)(515)(248)(1,466)
Out of labor3133412834
force(709)(1,140)(1,648)(531)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate2017221819
Males
Employed6256556558
(1,453)(2,022)(2,025)(1,234)(6,736)
Unemployed1221141416
(287)(751)(535)(276)(1,849)
Out of labor2623302026
force(618)(839)(1,123)(386)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate1627211822
Total
Employed5956506256
(2,724)(3,988)(3,896)(2,343)(12,949)
Unemployed1316141414
(599)(1,142)(1,050)(523)(3,314)
Out of labor2828362430
force(1,327)(1,980)(2,770)(917)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate1822211820
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Information on
region of residence was not available for 12,600 young people.
OCR for page 100
100
Appendix A
TABLE A-9 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21, by
Sex, Employment Status, and Residence in Rural or Urban Area,
Spring 1981
RuralUrban Total
Females
Employed4854 53
(1,252) (4,956)(6,218)
Unemployed 11 1312
(281) (1,185)(1,466)
Out of labor 41 3234
force (1,072) (2,956)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate 18 l919
Males
Employed 54 6058
(1,411) (5,320)(6,736)
Unemployed 15 1616
(389) (1,460)(1,849)
Out of labor 31 2426
force (798) (2,155)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate 22 2222
Total
Employed 51 5756
(2,663) (10,271)(12,949)
Unemployed 13 1514
(670) (2,644)(3,314)
Out of labor 36 2830
force (1,870) (5,122)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate 20 2020
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Information on area
of residence was not available for 25,100 young people.
OCR for page 101
Appendix A
TABLE A-10 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21,
by Sex, Employment Status, and Residence in the Central City of a
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), Spring 1981
101
In SMSA,
In SMSA, Residence
Not in In Central in Central
Not in Central City of City
SMSA City SMSA Unknown Total
Females
Employed4857475653
(1,429)(2,263)(1,005)(1,436)(6,218)
Unemployed1212151312
(364)(466)(310)(327)(1,466)
Out of labor4031383234
force(1,168)(1,212)(804)(825)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate2017241919
Males
Employed5661565958
(1,756)(2,301)(1,182)(1,455)(6,736)
Unemployed1615171816
(490)(550)(365)(444)(1,849)
Out of labor2824272326
force(894)(909)(574)(576)(2,973)
Unemployment
rate2219242322
Total
Employed5259525756
(3,186)(4,564)(2,187)(2,891)(12,949)
Unemployed1413161514
(853)(1,016)(675)(770)(3,314)
Out of labor3427322830
force(2,062)(2,121)(1,378)(1,402)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate2118242120
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands. Information on
residence location in an SMSA was not available for 165,800 young people.
,'
OCR for page 102
102
Appendix A
TABLE A-11 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-21,
by Sex, Employment Status, and Local Unemployment Rate in County
of Residence, Spring 1981
Unemployment Rate
3.0- 6.0- 9.0- 12.0
5.9% 8.9% 11.9% 14.9% Unknown Total
Females
Employed5753 42 51 4053
(2,325)(2,971) (455) (384) (82)(6,218)
Unemployed1212 13 18 2212
(490)(656) (142) (133) (45)(1,466)
Out of labor3135 45 32 3734
force(1,287)(1,939) (490) (240) (74)(4,030)
Unemployment
rate1718 24 26 3519
Males
Employed6157 51 62 64
(2,397)(3,136) (502) (529) (172)
Unemployed1416 22 21 22
(537)(857) (219) (177) (58)
Out of labor2628 27 17 14
force(1,019)(1,511) (263) (141) (38)
Unemployment
rate1821 30 25 25
22
Total
Employed5955 46 57 5456
(4,723)(6,107) (958) (913) (253)(12,949)
Unemployed1314 17 19 2214
(1,026)(1,514) (361) (310) (103)(3,314)
Out of labor2931 36 24 2430
force(2,306)(3,450) (753) (381) (112)(7,002)
Unemployment
rate1820 27 25 2920
NOTE: Those age 16 born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between January 1,
1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of 16-year-olds by
approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 103
Appendix A
TABLE A-12 Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Reasons for Looking for Work, Spring 1981
103
Reason Looking for WorkFemalesMalesTotal
Need money504849
(737)(879)(1,616)
Lost job81211
(125)(228)(353)
Quit job1089
(151)(151)(302)
Family expenses534
(11)(50)(121)
Support self
3
. .
(40)(56)(96)
Left school243
(32)(69)(100)
Enjoy working523
(7)(29)(96)
Other111111
(168)(206)(374)
No reason given5108
(76)(180)(256)
Total100100100
(1,466)(1,849)(3,315)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 104
104
Appendix A
TABLE A-13 Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Method of Job Search, Spring 1981
Method of Job Search Females Males Total
Checked directly with
employer 58 58 58
Looked in newspaper 38 26 31
Placed or answered ads 16 8 11
Checked with state
employment agency
15 17 16
Used school employment
service 6 5 6
Checked with private
employment agency 4 3 4
Checked with friends or
relatives
14 18 16
Other method 10 9 10
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent.
OCR for page 105
Appendix A
TABLE A-14 Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Occupation Sought, Spring 1981
105
Occupation Sought
FemalesMales Total
Professional, technical,43 3
and kindred (52) (55)(107)
Managers and 0 11
administrators (2) (20)(22)
Sales workers 12 48
(74) (77)(251)
Clerical and kindred 28 515
(415) (85)(500)
Craftsmen and kindred 1 127
(20) (215)(235)
Operatives, except 2 65
transport (34) (117)(151)
Transport equipment 0 32
operatives (5) (51)(56)
Laborers, except farm 2 149
(30) (255)(285)
Farmers and farm 0 00
managers (0) (0)(0)
Farm laborers and 0 11
foremen (1) (18)(l9)
Service workers, except 20 1216
private (291) (225)(516)
Private household 3 01
workers (47) (0)(47)
Any kind of job 27 4034
(396) (731)(1,127)
Total 100 100100
(1,466) (1,849)(3,315)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 106
106
Appendix A
TABLE A-15 Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Minimum Hourly Wage Necessary to Induce
them to Accept a Job for Which They Were Looking, Spring 1981
Reservation WageFemalesMales Total
Less than $2.5021 2
(32) (24)(57)
$2.50-$2.99 1 21
(17) (28)(44)
$3.00-$3.24 11 89
(160) (148)(309)
$3.25-$3.34 8 77
(118) (123)(241)
$3.35 (federal minimum wage) 38 3336
(561) (616)(1,176)
$3.36-$3.49
423
(58)(40)(98)
$3.50-$3.99141212
(200)(212)(412)
$4.00-$4.4981311
(110)(241)(350)
$4.50-$4.99232
(27)(58)(84)
$5.00-$5.49365
(50)(117)(166)
$5.50 or more375
(42)(127)(169)
Data not available666
(91)(116)(207)
Total100100100
(1,466)(1,849)(3,315)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 107
Appendix A
TABLE A-16 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young Peopl
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Occupation, Spring 1981
107
Occupation
Females Males Total
Professional, technical,444
and kindred(257)(299)(556)
Managers and232
administrators(140)(184)(324)
Sales workers1078
(598)(488)(1,086)
Clerical and kindred37923
(2,306)(632)(2,938)
Craftsmen and kindred2148
(110)(971)(1,081)
Operatives, except61310
transport(372)(885)(1,257)
Transport equipment053
operatives(21)(314)(336)
Laborers, except farm21810
(100)(1,223)(1,323)
Farmers and farm032
laborers(34)(229)(263)
Service workers except302226
private household(1,883)(1,493)(3,376)
Private household603
workers(386)(13)(399)
Total100100100
(6,218)(6,736)(12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 108
108
Appendix A
TABLE A-17 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Industry, Spring 1981
Industry Females Males Total
Agriculture, forestry
and fisheries
Mining
Construction
(66)
o
(9)
o
(18)
Manufacturing, durable
goods(289)
Manufacturing, nondurable6
goods(389)
Transportation, communications,2
and other public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Business and repair services2
Personal services
(315)
2
(101)
8
(559)
11
(725)
8
(530)
3
(118) (182)
4
(234)
34
(2,318)
(118)
38
(2,368)
8
3
(380)
(110)
4
(577)
8
(1,014)
7
(912)
2
(300)
3
(352)
36
(4,686)
25
(494)(127)(621)
85
(130)(513)(644)
103
(600)
6
(194) (794)
Entertainment and recreation232
services(109)(174)(283)
Professional and related221016
services(1,362)(641)(2,004)
Public administration
2
(150)(107)(256)
Total100100100
(6,218)(6,736)(12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 109
Appendix A
TABLE A-18 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Hours Worked, Spring 1981
109
Hours Usually Worked per WeekFemalesMales Total
0-193124 28
(1,934)(1,639) (3,573)
20-342525 25
(1,553)(1,689) (3,242)
35-403834 36
(2,370)(2,259) (4,629)
40 or more516 11
(328)(1,095) (1,423)
Total100100 100
(6,218)(6,736) (12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
TABLE A-19 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Shifts Worked, Spring 1981
Shifts Usually Worked Females Males Total
Day 50 47 49
(3,126) (3,165) (6,291)
Evening 15 16 16
(959) (1,094) (2,054)
Night 6 8 7
(352) (536) (888)
Split 3 4 3
(174) . (234) (408)
Variable hours 25 25 25
(1,588) (1,686) (3,274)
Total 100 100 100
(6,218) (6,736) (12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 110
110
Appendix A
TABLE A-20 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Hourly Wage, Spring 1981
Hourly Wage
Less than $2.50
Females Males Total
$2.50-$2.99
$3.00-$3.24
$3.25-$3.34
$3.35 (federal minimum wage)
$3.36-$3.49
$3.50-$3.99
$4.00-$4.49
$5.00-$5.49
$5.50 or more
Data not available
Total
115
(676)(335)
s
(334)(323)(657)
666
(402)(410)(813)
4
(231)
13
(820)
6
(368)
17
(1,037)
12
(771)
6
(374)
22
(1,488)
4
(274)
100
(6,218)
s
(1,01 1)
44
(252)(483)
10
(662)
4
(255)
15
(1,021)
12
(802)
8
(510)
15
(926)
4
(241)
100
(6,736)
11
(1,482)
5
(623)
16
(2,058)
12
(1,573)
7
(884)
19
(2,414)
4
(515)
100
(12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 111
Appendix A
TABLE A-21 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and General Education Required by Occupation,
Spring 1981
111
General Education RequiredFemalesMales Total
Up to 8 years1738 28
(1,074) (2,526)(3,600)
9-11 years 59 4451
(3,682) (2,968)(6,650)
12 years 16 1214
(1,021) (779)(1,800)
Over 12 years 5 76
(331) (458)(790)
Total 100 100100
(6,218) (6,736)(12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
TABLE A-22 Percentage Distribution of Employed Young People
Ages 16-21, by Sex and Specific Vocational Preparation Required by
Occupation, Spring 1981
Vocational Preparation Required Females MalesTotal
Short demonstration 49 4446
(3,037) (2,974)(6,012)
Up to and including 21 2222
30 days (1,327) (1,465)(2,792)
31 days, up to and 22 1619
including 3 months (1,349) (1,057)(2,406)
3 months, up to and 4 138
including 6 months (235) (848)(1,084)
6 months to 1 year 2 22
(116) (170)(286)
1 to 2 years 1 21
(73) (112)(185)
More than 2 years 1 21
(71) (105)(175)
Total 100 100100
(6,218) (6,736)(12,954)
NOTE: Persons 16 years of age born in 1965 (i.e., those having their birthday between
January 1, 1981, and the interview date) are not included. This reduces the number of
16-year-olds by approximately 21 percent. Numbers in parentheses represent thousands.
OCR for page 112
112
Appendix A
TABLE A-23 Percentage Distribution of Young People Ages 16-22
Indicating That Certain Problems Had Caused Them Difficulty in
Getting a Good Job, by Sex and Race, Spring 1979
Females
Males
Problem Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic White Total
Age discrimination 46 44 47 47 47 42 45
Sex discrimination 17 13 13 7 5 4 9
Race or nationality
discrimination 22 16 3 21 20 4 7
Lack of
transportation 37 37 30 43 35 25 30
Lack of experience 13 16 17 11 12 11 14
Lack of education 7 12 6 6 7 5 6
Problem with English 4 18 2 5 18 2 3
SOURCE: David Shapiro, 1981, "Perceptions of Discrimination and Other Barriers to
Employment," p. 482 in Michael E. Borus, ea., Pathways to the Future. Columbus: Center
for Human Resource Research.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
people ages
