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Biographical Memoirs
VOLUME 56
-
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RICHARD McLEAN BADGER
May 4, 1896-November 26, 1 974
BY OLIVER R. WULF
TH E Q u A ~ ~ T ~ E S of a very careful investigator, as well as
those of a gifted teacher combined to make Richarc!
McLean Badger an unusual person. The meticulous care
shown in his scientific work and in his teaching was also evi-
clent in his artistic activities, for he was an accomplishes!
painter and a craftsman of great ability.
Badger cliect on November 26, 1974, at the age of seventy-
eight. He had been a student, teacher, and researcher at the
California Institute of Technology for more than fifty years.
Though born in EIgin, Illinois, several years of his boy-
hooct were spent in Brisbane, Australia, to which city his fam-
ily had moved. On the return of the family to EIgin, he com-
pletec! his high school work there, following which he went
through the Junior College of the EIgin Academy. After this
he enrollect at Northwestern University, but World War I in-
terruptect this portion of his career. He server! in France in
the 31 Ith Field Signal Battalion of the Army.
Following the war he entered the California Institute of
Technology, receiving there his bachelor of science degree in
~ 921 and his cloctor of philosophy in 1924. He was appointed
a research fellow at the Institute, a position he occupied from
1924 to 1928. In 1928-29 he was in Germany in postdoctoral
work, as a National Research Council Fellow, at the
~J
Univer
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4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
sities of Gottingen and Bonn. Following this he returned to
the California Institute of Technology as assistant professor
of chemistry and began, then, his long career of teaching and
research.
Baclger's many years of teaching undergraduates brought
him the aware! of the Manufacturing Chemists Association
for college chemistry teaching. This is presented to teachers
of undergraduates who have been "personally responsible
over a period of years for awakening in students a genuine
interest in chemistry, for inspiring them to serious intellectual
effort in studying that field, and for developing that interest
into a continuing education."
His love and enthusiasm for the outdoors and the unex-
plored are well illustrated by the occasion when, in early clays,
he drove withy close friend to a point in the vicinity of the
Big Sur on the coast of California to begin a long back-
packing over rough ant! unmarked terrain to encounter
friends who hac! started from another point on the coast and
were moving towarc! them. He and his companion, after the
meeting with the others, continued on to the point at which
their friends had left their car, while the friends continued
their hike to the point where Badger and his companion had
left theirs, the group thus exchanging cars at the ends of the
course for the homewarc! trip.
The writer of this memoir has been much interested in
the oft-repeatect instances, mentioner! when in conversation
with others in the course of this work, where Badger took
students and colleagues on trips to the California deserts,
which he so much loved and which he painted so beautifully.
In his research activities Badger was especially well known
for his extensive investigations in the fielcis of spectroscopy
.. . . . ~
and molecular structure that, with his many students and
collaborators, he carried out over a period of four decades.
Though known principally for this work, he did his cloc
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
. . .
5
torai thesis in the fielc! of thermodynamics under Professor
Arthur A. Noyes. This was an ingenious experimental study
of the ammonia, carbon (in the form of charcoal), hydrogen
cyanide, hydrogen equilibrium, leacling, when combined
with heat and heat capacity clata, to a value for the free en-
ergy of hydrogen cyanide. The investigation was a difficult
one because at a temperature high enough for the equilib-
rium to be measured in a static system, the ammonia wouIct
be almost completely dissociated, yielding only a trace of hy-
drogen cyanide at equilibrium. Using a charcoal that was very
active in establishing this equilibrium and yet that did not
ctecompose ammonia rapidly (this latter being in accorc! with
the knowlecige that charcoal is not a good catalyst for the
ammonia synthesis) Badger succeeded,
using a flow
method, in measuring the equilibrium constant near 800 K,
studying, thus, the equilibrium with one of the components
in a metastable condition, the ammonia dissociating only
slowly in spite of being at a much higher concentration than
corresponclec! to equilibrium with its own dissociation prod-
ucts at this temperature.
During anct following graduate work he coflaboratect with
Professor Richarc! Tolman, on the one hand in a theoretical
stucly of the entropy of cliatomic gases and the matter of
rotational specific heat, and on the other hand, in an inves-
tigation that, it seems, may well have been the cause, or at
least the main cause, of his entering the field! in which lies the
major portion of his life's work.
This latter work with Tolman was a study of the corre-
sponclence principle, in which, for the first time, a compari-
son of experimental ciata was macle of its predictions as to
the absolute-rather than merely the relative strength of
spectrum lines. The experimental ciata on the absolute inten-
sity of spectral lines was, at that time, very limited. Tolman
and Badger used Czerny's excellent measurements of the in
.
.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tensities of several lines in the pure rotation spectrum of by
drogen chIoricle in the far infrared. To carry this stucly fur-
ther it was clear that ciata under higher resolving power
wouIcI be of much help. The report of this work with Tolman
concluded with the remark that "An attempt to obtain fur-
ther ciata for this purpose is already under way in this labo-
ratory."
To aid in accomplishing such measurements, Badger cle-
vised two experimental improvements, which illustrate well,
at an early date, his scientific craftsmanship and ability as an
instrument maker: a balanced thermocouple and a special
type of echIette grating, both of much help in spectrometric
investigations in the region of very long waves where the en-
ergy available is small.
With apparatus incorporating these new helpful features
Badger proceeclect to measure the absolute intensity of the
absorption of hydrogen chIoricle in the vicinity of SO it. Thus
the extensive investigations throughout his life in the field of
molecular rotation-vibration spectra tract begun.
Foreseeing the importance of such spectra in the stucly of
the structures of polyatomic molecules, where, of course, the
main chemical interest lay, Badger chose ammonia as a first
polyatomic molecule to investigate. This tract a symmetrical
pyramidal structure that could lead to some simplification in
the increasing complexity of the spectra of polyatomic mol-
ecules. He early reported, in a brief note in Nature, the find-
ing of an unexpectedly simple spectrum of six lines in the far
infrared lying between 55 ~ and ~ 30 lo. This early note opens
with an acknowlecigment of the assistance received in the
work from Mr. C. H. Cartwright, and it is follower! directly
by a paper in the Physical Review by Baclger and Cartwright,
"The Pure Rotation Spectrum of Ammonia." Thus began
Badger's long series of investigations with a large number of
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
7
graduate students and associates in the field of molecular
spectra and molecular structure.
An intermission in the work at Caltech occurred at this
time, when he spent the year Mentioned above) in Germany
on a National Research Council Fellowship. For the first part
of the year he was at Professor Franck's Institute in Gottin-
gen. There he carried out an interesting research on the fluo-
rescence from open (ambient-pressure) flames. Uncler such
conditions of high pressure, one might have expected that
deactivation by collisions would lead to quenching of the fluo-
rescence. Nevertheless, this research showed clearly that
pressure broadening offset the eRect of deactivation and by
increasing the absorption of the broad lines from the source
exciting the fluorescence.
A return to the work on the spectra of polyatomic mole-
cules was evident in the second part of the year, which he
spent at Professor Mecke's Institute in Bonn. Badger and
Mecke, recognizing the inherent clifficulties in obtaining sen-
sitivity and high resolution in the middle and far infrared,
turned to the measurement of the spectra of polyatomic mol-
ecules in their overtones anc! combination tones, which lie in
the near infrarec! anct visible region of the spectrum. Here
there were two important advantages: the use of photo-
graphic plates (which now could be sensitized for this regions
~ ,
permitting extender! exposure times, and the high resolution
obtainable with long-focus gratings.
Upon going to the use of a long-focus grating and high
resolution, they encountered the interesting circumstance
that with this considerable laboratory air path, there always
appeared in absorption on their plates the lines of an oxygen
molecule band at 7600 A, well-known in the solar spectrum,
Fraunhofer's A. This band had been measured earlier several
times, but always in the solar spectrum where the lines were
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
strongly broadened by the long atmospheric path and diffi-
cult to measure, and it had never been observed in absorption
in the laboratory. This latter they now had under favorable
circumstances for measurement. Since this transition in the
oxygen molecule was of some theoretical interest, they pro-
ceeded to measure the many lines of the band and to study
the combination relations of this electronic transition. The
work verified Mulliken's term assignment of ii-3> to it.
There followed with Mecke an extensive investigation and
analysis of rotation-vibration bands of ammonia in the near
infrared and visible. This established several features of the
molecule the frequencies of the three fundamental vibra-
tions of the symmetrical NH3 pyramid, the two moments of
inertia, and the N-H bond length.
On return to Pasadena, and utilizing the high resolution
obtainable with long-focus gratings and photography,
Badger instituted a program for the investigation of the
rotation-vibration spectra of a number of the simpler poly-
atomic molecules. This developed into a long series of studies
with graduate students and associates, continuing into the
spectra of molecules of increasingly complicated structure,
and becoming the main portion of his life's scientific work.
An experimental observation by R. W. Wood and F. W.
Loomis concerning the fluorescence of the iodine molecule
indicated that there were two forms of the molecule, presum-
ably ortho and pare forms analogous to ortho and pare hy-
drogen. This led Badger and Urmston at this early date to
an interesting photochemical experiment involving separa-
tion of two forms of the same molecule.
Wood and Loomis had found that the iodine bands in
fluorescence stimulated by white light differed from those in
the fluorescence excited by the green mercury line A5461
in that half of the lines were missing in the bands observed
in the latter case. Badger and Urmston saw that it should be
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
9
possible to remove from the gas the form of the molecule
that absorbed the green mercury line if some molecule could
be found that reacted preferentially with this optically ex-
cited species. This they found in the molecule of hexene, anti
they were able to show a small depletion of the number of
molecules in the ortho form of the iodine molecule by this
photochemical reaction.
Recognizing the importance of regularities in behavior
from molecule to molecule in unclerstancling the nature of
the chemical bond, and giving consideration to the earlier
attempts to express these analytically, Badger carried out an
extensive survey of the information available on the force
constant and internuclear distance in a considerable number
of diatomic molecules.
The result of this survey lecT him to the expression for
diatomic molecules kO(re - 1,j)3 = T.86 x 105, where ko is in
i05 dynes/cm, and re and dij are in Angstroms, a relation
widely spoken of as "Baciger's rule." This is probably the best
known of this type of relation, and what is particularly im-
portant, it can be extencled in a rather simple manner, as
Badger further showed, to polyatomic molecules.
To do this, however, was not entirely devoic! of difficulties.
There were but few cases available where one knew inter
nuclear distances and at the same time hac] acloquate vibra-
tional data. Also it was difficult to know the best form of
potential function to apply for polyatomic molecules. Since,
in the study of molecular properties, it tract been found that
they may be expressed to a good approximation as sums of
several individual parts, Badger fount! it convenient to ex-
press the potential energy as macle up of three parts. The
first and most important part was taken to be clepenclent only
on the distances between atoms that are directly bondecl to
each other. The second part was dependent on the angles
between the chemical bonds, ant! finally, the third part con
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
rained terms arising from interactions between atoms not cti-
rectly bonded to each other. These last terms are usually
small.
Foreseeing the help that spectroscopic studies in the pho-
tographic infrared couIct contribute to an understanding of
the special type of chemical linkage known as the hydrogen
boncI, Badger initiated in 1937 a series of researches that
contributed greatly to the elucidation of this phenomenon,
as it appears in both inter- and intramolecular boncting by
hydrogen atoms.
Utilizing the excellent spectroscopic facilities that he had
developed, he, with a considerable number of graduate stu
dents and postdoctoral fellows, stuclied, over the ensuing
years, the spectra of a series of compounds in which this type
of linkage occurred, each of these studies helping to clarify
the manner in which hydrogen atoms act in forming such a
bond.
Somewhat early in these researches anc! in a manner rem
iniscent of his previous stucly on the relation of force constant
and internuclear distance in diatomic and simple polyatomic
molecules (the stucly that yielded "Ba(lger's Rule"), he inves-
tigatect the relation between the energy of a hydrogen bone!
and the frequencies of the bands of an OH group involved
in the formation of an intramolecular bond. He was able to
throw interesting light on the character of the vibrations of
the OH group in their clepenclence on the unusual potential
function of such boncts.
During World War I! Badger remained! at Caltech work-
ing on fundamental physical problems for the Manhattan
District and investigating the properties of smokeless powder
for the Navy Bureau of Ordnance. He also was engaged in
projects for the Office of Scientific Research and Develop-
ment ant! the Army Air Corps. Important advances in tech
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
11
nology and instrumentation during these years facilitated his
clistinguished work in infrared spectroscopy.
Following WorIct War lI, Badger, with his students anct
postdoctoral fellows, stuclied organic molecules of increasing
complexity and of greater interest to chemists, introducing
new experimental techniques in the course of the work. The
spectra of urea and thiourea were among the early studies of
this kind, which continued into the spectra of polypepticles
ant! proteins.
A further excellent illustration of his unusual ability in
Resigning and constructing apparatus is container] in in-
stances that permitted extending these researches not only
to organic molecules of greatly increasing complexity, but
also to the optical investigation of these substances in the solicI
state. The work requires! the use of polarized infrared raclia-
tion anct measurements of circular clichroism, working with
minute crystalline specimens. It involved the construction of
a "microilluminator" with a polarizer of silver chIoricle plates,
suitable for measuring the absorption in the infrared of tiny
crystals at low temperatures.
A still further illustration of his craftsmanship is con-
tained in a mechanical mode] that he constructed to aid in
the study of the vibrations of the peptide group, a mode! in
which unusual attention was given to the character of the
springs, helical springs being avoidecI because of the likeli-
hood of their having vibrational modes of their own that
would interfere. The type of spring used consisted! of a single
circular loop of spring-steel wire provided with diametrical
projections for attachment to the atoms. The mode] gave au-
tomatically about the correct ratio of the force constants for
stretching and bending of the peptide group.
Treating the increasingly complex spectra of ever more
complex molecules presented new ctifEculties. This was both
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
because of their not being resolvable into lines, even with
perfect resolution, anct because many or most of these mol-
ecules were unsymmetrical rotators. Under these conditions
the features of their spectra that were of importance and
actual help to the chemist were the envelopes of the bands.
Badger gave special effort to the calculation of the theoretical
envelopes of the bands of such molecules.
At the same time investigations were being carried out on
a number of simpler molecules of special interest. Spectra in
the visible and ultraviolet, as well as in the infrared, contrib
uted to an understanding of their structures anct of their
photochemical behavior.
Uncertainties regarding the structure of the isothiocyanic
acid molecule led Badger, with one of his students, to record
a portion of the infrared spectrum of isothiocyanic acid va-
por, an analysis of which contributed importantly to an
unclerstancTing of the structure of this molecule.
The infrared spectrum and molecular configuration of
hydrogen persulfide, the sulfur analog of hydrogen perox
icle, were studied, the results strongly supporting a chain
structure for the molecule.
The infrared absorption of the urea molecule in the crys-
talline state was recorded, working with single micro-crystals
ot urea and with polarized radiation. This was done using
the microilluminator with polarizing attachment, mentioned
above. The results of this study establishect reasonably well
the complete planarity of the urea molecule in the crystal.
The structure of the ozone molecule had remained un-
certain for a number of years cluring which Badger, with his
students an<] postdoctoral associates, macle several contribu-
tions to knowledge of the spectrum of this substance in the
infrared, visible, and ultraviolet. Especially important in one
of these was the finding of a new funciamental vibration, vat.
This permitted a revised vibrational analysis that left little
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
13
doubt that the molecule was in the form of an isosceles tri-
angle with an obtuse apical angle, in accord with the structure
incticatecI by electron diffraction studies.
The infrared spectra of hydrogen hypochIorite and of
cleuterium hypochIorite were stuclies in the T-15 ~ region.
These seem to have been the first infrarec! spectral observa-
tions of these substances. The O-C! and the WH funciamen-
tals were measured as well as the bencling frequency, and the
first overtone of the O-H stretching mocle of HOC} was stuct-
iec! under high dispersion. This bane! was a goof! example of
a hybric! banct, a type of band named and first correctly in-
terpretect by Badger ant! his associates. In this case the band
was a bane! from a nearly symmetrical-top molecule with the
top axis the axis of least moment of inertia.
Several studies of the spectra and structure of oxides of
nitrogen and relater! compounds by Badger and his co-
workers yielclec! important results. Thus, one of these having
to clo with the molecule NO2, led to the observation in the
infrared of two of the funciamental vibrational frequencies
of the molecule and to a structure in accorc! with that incti
catec! by electron diffraction observations.
Also, an extensive spectroscopic stucly of the infrarec!
spectrum anti the structure of gaseous nitrous acid, using
both the molecules HONO and DONO, showed that this sub
stance exists in two tautomeric forms, apparently bans ant!
cis, the cis-form being the form of higher energy. A complete
vibrational analysis was given, yielding the OH (anct OD) fre-
quencies (both in-plane and out-of-plane) for both the trans-
anc! cis-forms. An estimate was given of the ONO angle in
both the trans- and cis-forms, from which some conclusions
were drawn regarding the electronic structure of the mole
cule. From the frequencies and the moments of inertia, es-
timates were macle of certain thermodynamic properties of
. .
nitrous acre ..
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
There followed later a further study of the infrared spec-
trum of NO2, resulting in a remarkably complete description
of the vibrational and rotational constants of the molecule.
Spectroscopic observations on the ultraviolet absorption
of the NO molecule removed an uncertainty that had existed
for some time concerning a possible pressure broadening in
the gamma bands of NO, thought to have been observed by
others. It was shown that such cloes not exist.
Professor Badger was famed for his teaching, especially
in his undergraduate course in physical chemistry. His infor-
mal notes, prepared for the students, on his lectures and on
the laboratory work were well known for their excellence ant!
for having been carefully revised every year.
Baciger's last scientific publication illustrates particularly
well his concern for helping undergracluate students. In this
research he had two collaborators. The work concerned the
very weak transition in the oxygen molecule involving the
low-lying ilk level. The writer of this biography, in referring
back to that research, tract occasion to look for the doctoral
theses of the two collaborators, assuming that they tract been
graduate students. To his surprise no theses were catalogued
under these two names, and on further inquiry he discovered
that they were both undergracluates. This was very much in
the tradition of Professor A. A. Noyes, who shower! constant
concern for undergraduate education, and under whom
Badger himself carrier! out the research leading to his cloc
torate many years before.
THE WRITER of this biographical memoir sincerely acknowledges
his great indebtedness to Professor William H. Eberhardt, Dr. Ed-
ward W. Hughes, Professor tohn D. Roberts, Professor and Mrs.
Verner Schomaker, and to the editor of the journal Engineering and
Science of the California Institute of Technology for permission to
use material from that journal. He feels strongly his gratitude for
all of this help.
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1923
15
With R. C. Tolman. The entropy of diatomic gases and rotational
specific heat. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 45:2277.
1924
The ammonia, carbon, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen equilibrium
and the free energy of hydrogen cyanide. I. Am. Chem. Soc.,
46:2166-72.
1926
With R. C. Tolman. A new kind of test of the correspondence prin-
ciple based on the prediction of absolute intensities of spectral
lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 12: 173-74; Phys. Rev.,
27:383-96.
1927
Absolute intensities in the hydrogen-chloride rotation spectrum.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 13 :408-13.
Two devices facilitating spectrometry in the far infra red. i. Opt.
Soc. Am., 15:370-72.
1929
Fluorescence in flames. Z. Phys., 55:56-64.
With C. H. Cartwright. The pure rotation spectrum of ammonia.
Phys. Rev., 33:692-700.
With R. Mecke. The absorption spectra of ammonia in the near
infra-red. Trans. Faraday Soc., 25:936-38.
1930
Absorption bands of ammonia gas in the visible. Phys. Rev.,
35: 1038-46.
Absorption of acetylene and ethylene in the infra-red. Phys. Rev.,
35:1433.
The possibility of separating two forms of the ammonia molecule.
Nature, 126:310.
With I. W. Urmston. The separation of the two types of iodine
molecule and the photochemical reaction of gaseous iodine
with hexene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 16:808-11.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1931
With i. L. Binder. Absorption bands of hydrogen cyanide gas in
the near infra-red. Phys. Rev., 37:800-808.
With D. M. Yost. An infrared band system of iodine bromide. Phys.
Rev., 37: 1548.
With S.-C. Woo. The absorption spectra, structure, and dissocia-
tion energies of the gaseous halogen cyanides. i. Am. Chem.
Soc., 54:2572-78.
With i. L. Binder. Absorption band in ethylene gas in the near
infrared. Phys. Rev., 38:1442-47.
1932
With S.-C. Woo. Absorption spectrum of cyanogen gas in the ul-
traviolet. Phys. Rev., 39:932-38.
With S.-C. Woo. The entropies of some simple polyatomic gases
calculated from spectral data. }. Am. Chem. Soc., 54:3523-29.
1933
With L. G. Bonner. The infrared spectrum and the molecular
structure of ozone and sulfur dioxide. Phys. Rev., 43:305-6.
With i. McMorris. The heat of combustion, entropy, and free en-
ergy of cyanogen gas. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 55: 1952-57.
1934
With }. W. Urmston. The photochemical reaction between bromine
vapor and platinum. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 56:343-47.
A relation between internuclear distances and bond force con-
stants. i. Chem. Phys., 2:128-31.
With R. C. Barton. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of carbon
suboxide gas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 20:166-69.
The moments of inertia and the shape of the ethylene molecule.
Phys. Rev., 45:648.
Remarks on the band spectrum of sulfur and the statistics of the
sulfur nucleus. Phys. Rev., 46: 1025 -26.
1935
With Charles M. Blair. Note on the band spectrum of silicon fluo-
ride. Phys. Rev., 47:881.
The relation between the internuclear distances and force con-
stants of molecules. Phys. Rev., 48:284-85.
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
17
With L. G. Bonner and P. C. Cross. An absorption tube for the
investigation of gases in the photographic infrared. }. Opt. Soc.
Am., 25:355-56.
The relation between the internuclear distances and force con-
stants of molecules and its application to polyatomic molecules.
i. Chem. Phys., 3:710-15.
1936
Researches in the photographic infrared. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.,
76:776-79.
With S. H. Bauer. The absorption spectrum of methyl alcohol va-
por in the photographic infrared. J. Chem. Phys., 4:469-73.
With S. H. Bauer. Absorption spectra of the vapors of twelve al-
cohols and of nitric acid in the region of the O-H harmonic
band at 9500. l. Chem. Phys., 4:711-15.
1937
With S. H. Bauer. Remarks on the spectra of methyl cyanide and
methyl isocyanide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:303-5.
Note on the spectra of the disubstituted acetylenes and of the mus-
tard oils. }. Chem. Phys., 5: 178-80.
With S. H. Bauer. The spectrum characteristic of hydrogen bonds.
J. Chem. Phys., 5:369.
With S. H. Bauer. The infrared spectrum and internuclear dis-
tances of methyl acetylene. i. Chem. Phys., 5:599.
With S. H. Bauer. Spectroscopic studies of the hydrogen bonds. I.
A photometric investigation of the association equilibrium in
the vapor of acetic acid. J. Chem. Phys., 5:605-8.
With S. H. Bauer. The O-H band in the vapors of some organic
acids and of tertiary amyl alcohol in the region 9700. I. Chem.
Phys., 5:852-55.
With S. H. Bauer. Spectroscopic studies of the hydrogen bond. II.
The shift of the O-H vibrational frequency in the formation of
the hydrogen bond. J. Chem. Phys., 5:839-51.
1938
With L. R. Zumwalt. The band envelopes of unsymmetrical rotator
molecules. I. Calculation of the theoretical envelopes. l. Chem.
Phys.,6:711-17.
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18
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1939
With L. R. Zumwalt. Structure of the O-H bands in the vapors of
halogen-substituted alcohols. I. Chem. Phys., 7:87.
With L. R. Zumwalt. An absorption band of formaldoxime at 9572.
J. Chem. Phys., 7:235-37.
With L. R. Zumwalt. The N-H harmonic bands of pyrrole at 9900,
and the structure of the pyrrole molecule. I. Chem. Phys.,
7 :629-30.
1940
With L. R. Zumwalt. An investigation of the complex structure of
the WH harmonic bands of substituted alcohols, and of the
effect of temperature on the relative intensities of the multiplet
components. I Am. Chem. Soc., 62:305-11.
The relation between the energy of a hydrogen bond and the fre-
quencies of the O-H bands. I. Chem. Phys., 8:288-89.
1941
With D. P. Stevenson, E. E. Gullekson, and A. O. Beckman. Factors
which may influence corrosion of metal surfaces protected by
bituminous coatings. Ind. Eng. Chem., 33:984-90.
1946
Infrared and Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules (book re-
view). Science, 103:239 - 40.
With V. Schomaker and l. Waser. Light scattering of high polymer
solutions. }. Chem. Phys., 1 4:43 - 45 .
1947
With G. }. Doyle, G. Harbottle, and R. M. Noyes. Molecular prop-
erties of nitrocellulose. I. Studies of viscosity. }. Phys. Colloid
Chem., 51:569-74.
With R H. Blaker and R. M. Noyes. Molecular properties of
f nitro
cellulose. II. Studies of molecular heterogeneity. I. Phys. Col
loid Chem., 51: 574-79.
With G. L. Humphrey. The absorption spectrum of ozone in the
visible. I. Examination for fine structure. II. The effect of tem-
perature. l. Chem. Phys., 15: 794-98.
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RICHARD MCLEAN BADGER
1948
19
With G. I. Doyle. The visco-elastic behavior of a highly plasticized
nitrocellulose in compression under constant load. }. Appl.
Phys., 19:373-77.
With M. K. Wilson. A reinvestigation of the vibration spectrum of
ozone. i. Chem. Phys., 16:741-42.
With M. C. Brooks. A semi-micro diffusion method for the char-
acterization of high polymer fractions. T. Phys. Colloid Chem.,
52: 1390-403.
With P. A. Giguere. The elimination of water vapor in infrared
spectrometers. }. Opt. Soc. Am., 38:987-88.
With R. M. Zumwalt and P. A. Giguere. A vacuum spectrograph
for infrared. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 19:861-65.
1949
With T. S. Gilman and R. H. Blaker. The investigation of the prop-
erties of nitrocellulose molecules in solution by light scattering
methods. I. Experimental procedures. l. Phys. Colloid Chem.,
53: 794-803.
With R. H. Blaker. The investigation of the properties of nitrocel-
lulose molecules in solution. II. Experimental results and inter-
pretation. l. Phys. Colloid Chem., 53:1056-69.
With M. K. Wilson. The infrared spectrum and molecular config-
uration of hydrogen persulfide. i. Chem. Phys., 17: 1232-36.
1950
With M. C. Brooks. Partition systems for the fractionation of nitro-
cellulose with respect to molecular weight. i. Am. Chem. Soc.,
72: 1705-9.
With R. D. Waldron. The planarity of the urea molecule. i. Chem.
Phys., 18:566.
With R. H. Blaker. A study of the interaction of nitrocellulose with
some solvents and non-solvents by light-scattering methods. I.
Am. Chem. Soc., 72:3129-32.
With M. K. Wilson. A reply to H. S. Gutowsky and E. M. Peterson
regarding the ozone spectrum. I. Chem. Phys., 18:998.
With M. C. Brooks. An adsorption system for the fractionation of
nitrocellulose with respect to molecular weight. I. Am. Chem.
Soc., 72:4384-88.
OCR for page 20
20
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With S. C. Burket. The vibrational spectra of tetrahydropyran and
p-dioxane. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:4397-405.
With L. H. Jones. The infrared spectrum and molecular structure
of HNCS. }. Chem. Phys., 18: 1511-12.
1957
With R. D. Waldron. The spectra of urea and thiourea in the 3
region. J. Chem. Phys., 26:255-56.
With W. R. Thorson. On the pressure broadening in the gamma
bands of nitric oxide. i. Chem. Phys., 27:609-11.
1958
With N. Albert. Infrared absorption associated with strong hydro-
gen bonds. I. Chem. Phys., 29:1193-94.
1961
With R. C. Greenough. The association of phenol in water-
saturated carbon tetrachloride solutions. T Chem. Phys.,
65:2088-90.
1965
With A. C. Wright and R. F. Whitlock. Absolute intensities of the
discrete absorption bands of oxygen gas at 1.26 and 1.065
and the radiative lifetime of the i/\g state of oxygen. i. Chem.
Phys., 43:4345-50.
OCR for page 21
Representative terms from entire chapter:
polyatomic molecules
