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OCR for page 323
Index
Absorption of arsenic compounds
by plants, 80-81, 218
dermal, 116
from gastrointestinal tract, 105-7
Acrocyanosis, from arsenic exposure,
181, 182
Adaptation to arsenic toxicity
by laboratory animals, 136-37
by microorganisms, 118-19
Agriculture, use of arsenic in, 26
in desiccants, 37-38
in herbicides, 36-37
in pesticides, 3, 9, 33-34
suggested research on, 231
Air, arsenic in, 27, 218. See also Pollu-
tion, from arsenic
from cotton plant dust, 58
from pesticides, 76-77
from smelting of metals, 56-57, 224
removal of, 56
threshold limit for, 25-26
Air samples
for arsenic concentration, 56-57
suggested research on analytic tech-
niques for, 229
323
Alcohol, role in arsenic poisoning, 177,
179
Algae
arsenic concentration in, 24, 217
arsenic metabolism in, 92-96
Alkylarsines, effect on biologic systems,
14
Alkylbis(organylthio) arsines,l5
Alkyldihaloarsines, 14, 15
Alkyldihydroxyarsines, 14, 15
Aluminum arsenate, 45
Analytic methods for arsenic
atomic absorption, 224, 259-60
atomic emission spectroscopy, 260
coprecipitation, 258
electrochemical, 224, 261
gas chromatography, 261
liquid-liquid extraction, 258
molecular-absorption spectrophotom-
etry, 259
neutron-activation analysis, 224, 260-61
volatilization, 258-59
Animals
arsenic concentration in, 24-25, 243-53
arsenic derived from tissues of, 104-5
OCR for page 324
324
arsenic residues in, 53-54
arsenic toxicity in domestic, 144-45
diagnosis of, 147~8, 156-57
factors affecting, 151-53
from feed additives, 149-50
symptoms of, 146-47, 153-54
treatment of, 148-49
arsenic toxicity in laboratory
adaptation to, 136-37
by inhalation, 137-39
factors influencing, 128-32
mechanism of, 133-36
disposal of arsenic wastes from, 61-62
distribution of arsenic in, 108, 111
excretion of arsenic by, 39~0, 105-7,
108, 110, 154-55
studies on carcinogenic effects of
arsenic in, 202-6
Aquatic organisms. Sect Marine organisms
Arsanilic acid
as growth promoter, 132
effect on swine, ISS, 156, 158
infeed additives, 149, ISI
safe dietary concentration of. 152
Arsenates
concentration in urine, 106, 107
effect on plants, 120
reduction of, 11, 77
Arsenic. See also Arsenicals; Arsenic
compounds
as trace element, 69, 230
beneficial effects of, 142-44
by-product, 26
folklore related to, 2-3
high-purity, 42
man-made sources of, 26. 32-33, 217
methods for measuring, 223-24, 225-26,
259-61
production of, 26, 28
radioactive, 86
recycling of, 43, 97
supply-demand relationship of, 28-29
vaporization of, 33
Arsenic acids
as desiccant, 37-38
compared with phosphoric acids, 9
disposal of, S9
effect on thiols, 13
esterif~ed, 12
formation of, 7-8
Index
Arsenicals
agricultural uses of organic, 34
aliphatic, 132
as chemotherapeutics, 2, 189
as toxicant to domestic animals, 144~9
criminal abuses of, 3
for resistance to infection, 139-141
imports of, by class, 3 1
interaction between nutrients and, 125-
26
phytotoxicity of organic, 120-125
toxicity of synthetic, 129, 132
transformation of, in soil, 78
volatile, 77
Arsenic chloride, burns caused by, 14-15
Arsenic-chlorine bond, I S
Arsenic compounds. Sale also Pentavalent
arsenic compounds; Trivalent
arsenic compounds
absorption by plants. 80-81
as pesticides, 34
biochemical response to, I 19-20
environmental importance of, 4
hydrolytic instability of, 9
imports of, 26, 31
inorganic, I I
methods for determining, 261
methods for disposing of, 67-68
methylation of, I 1-12
mutagenic effects of, 193-95
organic, 10-1 1
plant translocation of, 81-88
suggested research for analyzing, 229
teratogenic effects of, 191-93
toxic and no-effect doses of, 128, 130-
31, 132-33
toxicity of
adaptation to, 136-37
factors influencing, 128-32
mechanism of, 133-36
of trivalent versus pentavalent, 133-36
used as feed additives, 149-52
vaporization of, 33
war and riot-control uses for, 41
Arsenic cycle, 46, 218
for total environment, 68, 70
importance of change in, 79
in agronomic ecosystem, 68-69
in terrestrial ecosystem, 69
Arsenic halide, 15
OCR for page 325
Index
Arsenic-oxygen-arsenic bond, 6-7, 217
Arsenic-oxygen-carbon bond, 9
Arsenic pentasulfide, 10
Arsenic pentoxide, 6, 33, 175
Arsenic poisoning. See also Symptoms of
arsenic toxicity; Toxicity of arsenic
acute, 176
arsenic residues causing, 53
chronic, 2
effect on hair, 113, 180, 183, 188, 189-90
effect oilskin, 114, 176, 178-79, 181-87,
188, 189-91
from contaminated food, 55
indicators of, 25
in domestic animals, 144, 146
in literature, 1
of Napoleon, 2
polyneuritis from, 25
sources of, 144
subacute, 176-84
suggested research on mechanism
responsible for, 230
susceptibility to, 145
treatment of, 148-49
Arsenic sulfides, 10
Arsenic-sulfur bond, 217
Arsenic trioxide
as primary arsenic compound, 5, 216
carcinogenicity of, 76, 205
causticity of, 174
dietary effects of, 112
disposal of, 62-63
effect on birds, 166
effects of dissolving, 6, 7
formation of, 6
from coal, 66
from smelters, 5, 81, 216
in home-use products, 36
medicinal use of, 174
modifications of. 5
solubility of, 6
toxicity of, 128-29, 138-39
U.S. imports of, 26, 27
Arsenic trisulfide 4, 10
Arsenism. See Exposure to arsenic
Arsenites, 9
effect on plants, 120, 126
reduction of, 11, 77
Arsenous acids, 6-7
Arsonates, toxicity of, 127
325
Arsonic acids, 39-40
Arsphenamine, 2, 40
Atmosphere
arsenic concentration in, 25-26, 27
arsenic emission into, 26
Atom, arsenic, 5, 10
Atomic absorption, to measure
224, 259-60
Atomic emission spectroscopy, 260
Bacteria
arsenic metabolism in, 77, 88-89
reduction of arsenate to arsenite by, 8
Beer, toxic amounts of arsenic in, 179, 180
Bees, arsenic concentration in, 54
Biologic effects of arsenic
in aquatic organisms, 157-60, 161-63,
220
in domestic animals, 144-57, 158, 220
in laboratory animals, 128-44, 221
in man, 173-215 passim, 222-23
in microorganisms, 117-18, 221
in plants, 119-27
in wildlife, 160, 164-72, 220
Birds
arsenic metabolism in, 101, 103
arsenic toxicity to, 166-67, 169, 172
Blood, arsenic concentration, 113
Blood-mammary barrier to arsenic, 113
Bowen's disease, from arsenic exposure,
185-86
Bronchiectasis, from arsenic exposure, 181
Bronchopneumonia, from arsenic
exposure, 180-81
Burns, from arsenic chloride, 14- 1 S
Cacodylic acid
absorption of, 116
as desiccant, 45
as herbicide, 36, 37, 58
disposal of, 58-59, 64
in algae, fish, and snails, 93, 94, 95
reactions of, 13-14
reduction of, 77
translocation of, 83, 87
Calcium arsenate
as pesticide, 9, 34
disposal of, 59-60, 64-65
Caparsolate, 41
Carbarsone, 40, 152
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326
Carcinogenic effects of arsenic, 3, 114
delayed, 186
experimental animal studies of, 202-6
experimentally induced, 214- 15
from occupational exposure, 187, 197-
201
leukemia, 203
liver cancer, 213-14, 223
lung cancer, 175, 185, 197, 199, 200,
208-13, 223
morphologic changes, 214- l S
mortality rate from, 198-99, 209-11
population studies of, 202, 223
skin cancer, 182, 184, 185, 186
clinical reports of, 195-97
evaluation of, 206-8
Catarrhal symptoms of arsenic poisoning,
177
Chemotherapeutics, 2, 189. See also
Medicinal uses of arsenic
Children, symptoms of arsenic toxicity in,
180-81, 186-87
Chlorosis, from arsenic toxicity, 120-23,
127
Chromatographic tests, for arsenic
translocation, 85
Chromosomal reaction. See Mutagenic
effects of arsenic
Claudetite, 5
Coal
arsenic trioxide from, 66
emission of arsenic from burning, 73-74
Colorimetry, to measure arsenic, 224
Concentration of arsenic
in animals, 24-25, 243-53
in atmosphere, 25-26, 27
in earth's crust, 16
in man, 24-25
in marine organisms, 25, 217
in minerals, 16
in plants, 24, 233-42
in rocks, 4, 17-18
in soils, 4, 18-19, 40, 217
in water, 4, 20-23, 217
systemic, 175, 176
Consumption of arsenic, 26, 217-18
as additive metal, 41-42
in desiccants, 37-38
in drugs, 40-41
in feed additives, 39~0
Index
in glass manufacturing, 42-43
in herbicides, 36-37
in pesticides, 3, 33, 34
in semiconductor technology, 42
in wood preservatives, 38-39
Copper
arsenic emission from smelting, 32
arsenic imported in, 26
Copper acetoarsenite
as pesticide, 3, 34
disposal of, 60, 65-66
poisonous gas emitted by, l l
Copper arsenate, 38-39
Coprecipitation
arsenic from solution by, 20
in analysis of arsenic samples, 258
Corrosion, arsenic's resistance to, 42
Cotton
arsenic acid as desiccant for, 37-38, 52,
59
arsenic residues from production of, 45,
52-53
effect of methanearsonates on, 50-51,
125
use of arsenical herbicides in produc
tion of, 36-37
Crustaceans. See Mollusks and
crustaceans
Cupric arsenite, 9, 11
Deer, arsenic poisoning of, 167-68
Desiccants
arsenic used in, 37-38, 52, 59
cacodylic acid as, 45
. _. . ~ . . .
. ~lagllOSlS OI arSemC pOlSOIllIlg
"index of suspicion" in, 222
in domestic animals, 147-48, 156-57
in man, 180, 222
Dialkylarsines, 14
Dialkylhaloarsines, 15
Dialkylhydroxyarsines, 15
Dichlorophenarsine, 41
Diet
effect of arsenic trioxide in, 112
normal intake of arsenic in, 103-4
from animal tissue, 104-5
from plants, 104
from seafood, 111
Digestive system, symptoms of arsenic
poisoning in, 177
OCR for page 327
Index
See also Gastrointestinal tract
Dimethylarsine, 13, 45
Dipotassium hydrogen arsenate, 9
Disodium methanearsonate
as herbicide, 36, 45, 217
disposal of, 59, 64
effect on cotton, 125
translocation of, 83, 84-85, 87
Disposal of arsenic
from feed additives. 61-62
from herbicides and pesticides 58-60
from industrial uses, 62-66
methods for, 67
Dissipation of arsenic, 75, 76
Distribution of arsenic
in body, 108-16
in environment, 16-26, 217-18
Dodecyl(octyl)ammonium methanearsonate,
83, 84
Doses, of arsenic
suggested research on, 228
therapeutic, 176-77
toxic and no-effect, 128, 130-31, 132-33,
222
toxic, in wildlife, 165
Drugs. See Medicinal use of arsenic
Dust, arsenic in, 26, 27, 56, 174
Earth's crust, arsenic in, 116
Ecosystem, arsenic in, 68-69, 225
Electrochemical methods, for measuring
arsenic, 224, 261
Electrostatic precipitation, for removing
arsenic, 63
Emission of arsenic, 26
from coal burning, 73-74
from mining and processing of
phosphate rock, 74
from pesticides, 76-77
from processing of nonferrous metals, 72
from smelters, 32, 71, 73, 224
industrial balance for, 74, 75
Environment
arsenic contamination of, 224-26
arsenic cycle for, 68-79
distribution of arsenic in
from residues, 43-58
from waste disposal, 58-68
man-made sources of, 26-43
natural sources of, 16-26
suggested research on, 231
327
effect of arsenic on, 3
Enzymes, interaction with thiol proteins,
13, 15
Epidemiologic effects of arsenic, 202, 223
suggested research on, 227-28
Erythromelalgia, from arsenic poisoning,
178, 182
Esters
hydrolyzed, 12, 220
prepared from arsenous or arsenic acid,
9-10
Excretion of arsenic
in urine, 105-7, 108, 110-11, 113, 132,
154
through skin, 114, 116, 189, 190-91
Exposure to arsenic
chronic, 184-87
delayed effects of, 186-87
effects of, 180-84
from dust, 174
standards for, 25-26
systemic absorption from, 175, 176
Eyes, effect of arsenic on, 153, 154
Fallout, removal of arsenic in, 76, 77
Feed additives
arsenic compounds used as, 149-53
arsenic used in, 39-40, 217
disposal of waste from, 61-62
toxicity of, 149-50, 151, 220
Fertilizer, effect of arsenic content on
soils and crops, 44, 176, 217-18
Filter-bag house operations, for removing
arsenic, 63
Fish
arsenic concentration, 54
arsenic metabolism in, 100-101, 102, 219
arsenic residues in, 103
arsenic toxicity to, 159-60, 161-63
cacodylic acid accumulation in, 93, 94,
95
dietary intake of arsenic in, 111
Fluxing, for vaporization of arsenic, 33
Fly ash, arsenic in, 56, 73
Foods, arsenic in, 54. See also Diet
human intake of, 55
institutional diet with, 55
monitoring of, 54
normal intake of, 103-5, 111
suggested research on, 229
Fungi, arsenic metabolism in, 77, 89-92
OCR for page 328
328
Gas chromatography, for measuring
arsenic, 261
Gastrointestinal tract, arsenic absorption
from, 105-7~ 132, 183
Glass industry, arsenic compounds used
in, 5, 42, 43, 66
. .
Glycobiarsol, 40
Growth promotion
by arsanilic acid, 132
by pentavalent arsenic compounds,
230-31
Hair
arsenic concentration, 24-25
arsenic distributionin, 114, 115
effect of arsenic poisoning on, 113,
180, 183, 188, 189-90
Hemiplegia, from arsenic exposure, 181
Herbicides
arsenic residues from, 45
dimethylarsine, 13
effect on wildlife, 167~8
for cotton production, 36-37
inorganic arsenicals used as, 36, 217
methanearsonic acid, 12
translocation of, 82-88, 90-91
Herpes zoster, from arsenic, 179, 190
Humans. See Man
Hydrogen chloride, toxicity of, 15
Hydrolytic instability, 7, 9
Hyperkeratosis, from arsenic exposure,
181, 183, 189
Hyperpigmentation. See Melanosis
Igneous rocks, arsenic in, 17
Immune response, role of arsenic in, 190
Imports, arsenic, 26, 30, 31
Industry, use of arsenic in, 4
disposal of, 62-66
in glass manufacturing, 5, 42-43, 66
material balance for emission from,
74, 75
Infection, use of arsenicals in resistance
to, 139-41
Ingestion of arsenic, 179, 180, 183
Inhalation of arsenic, 37-39, 228
Insecticides. See Pesticides
Iron arsenate, 45
Iron ore, arsenic in, 74
Ischemia, from arsenic exposure, 181
Index
Keratoderma, from arsenic exposure, 184
Keratoses
from arsenic poisoning, 178-79, 182,
184, 185, 186, 188, 191
skin cancer related to, 196, 202, 206-8
Leaching, arsenic, 44-45
Lead arsenate
as pesticide, 9, 33-34, 58, 217
carcinogenicity of, 205-6
disposal of, 59~0, 64~5
effect on humans, 58
effect on plants, 49
in medical drugs, 41
residues from, 43
Leukemia, 203-4
Leukoderma, from arsenic exposure,
184, 186, 187
Lewisite, 5, 14, 175
Liquid-liquid extraction, to analyze
arsenic samples, 258
Liver, arsenic-caused cancer of, 213-14,
223
Lungs,arsenic-caused cancer of, 175, 185,
197, 199, 200, 208-10, 211-12, 213,
223
Magnesium arsenate, 34
Man
arsenic concentration, 24-25
cacodylic acid absorption in, 116
distribution of arsenic in, 108
excretion of arsenic by
in urine, 111, 113, 132
through skin, 114, 116, 189, 190-91
toxicity of arsenic to
from contact, 174-76
from exposure, 184-87
Marine organisms. See also Fish; Shellfish
arsenic concentration, 25
arsenic toxicity to, 157, 159-60, 161 -63
Mass spectrometry, for measuring arsenic,
169, 261
Measurement of arsenic, methods for,
223-24, 225-26, 259-61
Medicinal use of arsenic
diseases treated by, 40-41, 174, 194, 217
needed reevaluation of, 190
safety of, 2
tolerated doses of, 176-77
toxic reactions to, 173, 189
OCR for page 329
Index
Melanosis, from arsenic exposure, 182,
183, 186, 187, 196, 202, 206-8
Melarsonyl, 41
Merlarsoprol, 40
Metabolism
of arsenic
in birds, 101, 103
in fish, 100-101, 102, 219
in mammals, 103-15, 219
in microorganisms, 77, 88-89, 92,
96-97, 219
in mollusks and crustaceans, 98-100,
219
in plants, 80-88, 120, 218-19
of selenium, 141-42
Methanearsonates
as herbicides, 36-37
effect on cotton, 50-51, 125
in plant foods, 104
translocation of, 83-88
Methanearsonic acid
as herbicide, 12, 45
concentration in urine, 105-7
conversion of, 13
effect on cotton, 125
reduction of, 14, 77
translocation of, 86, 87
Methylarsines, 11
effect on biologic systems, 14
oxidation of, 77
Methylation of arsenic compounds,
11-12, 14, 215, 216-17
Microorganisms
adaptation to arsenic, 118-19
arsenic metabolism in, 88-97
in algae, 92-96
in bacteria, 88-89, 219
in fungi and molds, 89, 92, 219
in plankton, 96-97
toxicity of arsenic to, 117-18
Military use of arsenic, 27, 32, 36, 41
Minerals, arsenic in, 16
Molds
arsenic metabolism in, 89, 92-93
conversion of arsenic compounds to
methylated arsines by, 11, 217
Mollusks and crustaceans
arsenic metabolism in, 98-100
dietary intake of arsenic in, l l 1
Monosodium methanearsonate
as herbicide, 36, 45, 217
329
disposal of, 59, 64
effect on cotton, 125
translocation of, 86, 87, 88
Mutagenic effects of arsenic, 193-95, 223
suggested research on, 228
Nails
arsenic concentration, 25
effect of arsenic poisoning on, 179,
183, 189
Necrosis, from arsenic toxicity, 123, 124
Neoarsphenamine, 41
Neurologic symptoms of arsenic
poisoning, 177, 178, 183
Neutron-activation analysis, to
measure arsenic, 224, 260-61
Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid,
152, 153
Nuclear-magnetic resonance studies, 6
Nutrients, interaction between arsenicals
and, 125-26
Occupational hazards of arsenic, 183-84,
222
for vintners, 186, 188, 197, 212
from chemical plants, 201, 208, 210, 212
from gold mining, 213
from sheep dip, 187, 197, 207, 210
from smelters, 175, 187, 209-10
Ores, arsenic from smelting of nonferrous,
26-27
Oxidation
of arsenic, 16, 19, 216
of methylarsines, 77
Particulate matter, from metal smelters, 33
Pentavalent arsenic compounds, 10, 104
for wood preservatives, 39
in feed additives, 150
reaction with thiols, 13
suggested research on growth-promoting
effect of, 230-31
toxicity of, 8, 133-135
Pesticides
arsenic residues from, 43, 58
arsenic used in, 3, 9, 33-34, 35, 217
effect on wildlife, 160, 164, 166
hazards from arsenical, 35-36, 188
mobile arsenic from, 76-77
suggested assessment of effects of
nonuse of, 229-30
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330
Petroleum, arsenic content of, 74
Phenylarsonic acids
in feed additives, 149-57, 217
toxicity of, 156-57
Phosphate rock
. . . ~ . . _,
arsenic emlSS1011 IrOm mllllllg, /4
arsenic in, 18, 19
Phosphorus, interaction between arsenic
and, 9-10, 120, 125-26
Phosphorylation, 120, 127
Phytotoxicity, arsenic
in plants, 48, 50, 120-25, 127, 221
in soils, 45
Plankton, arsenic in, 96
Plants
absorption of arsenic by, 80-81
arsenic concentration, 24, 233-42
arsenic derived from, 104
arsenic metabolism in, 81-88, 120
arsenic residues in, 48-53
arsenic toxicity in, 44, 120-25
beneficial effects of arsenic on, 50
Pollution from arsenic
'control of, 216
from coal-burning power plants, 137
from smelters', 32-33, 218, 224
Polyneuritis, from arsenic poisoning, 25
Potassium arsenate, 9, 191
Potassium arsenite, 204-5
Poultry
arsenic concentration, 53
arsenic toxicity in, 154, 157
safe concentration of arsenic for, 152
Production of arsenic, 26, 28
Psoriasis
arsenic therapy for, 194
skin cancer realted to, 196
Radioactive isotopes, to study arsenic
distribution, 108, 109
Rain, removal of arsenic from atmosphere
by, 76
Raman spectral studies, 6
Raynaud's syndrome, from arsenic
exposure, 181, 182
Recycling of arsenic, 43, 67, 218
Research suggestions for assessing
environmental effects of arsenic,
227-231
Residues of arsenic, 218
in air, 56-58
Index
in animals, 53-54
in fish, 103
in foods, 54-55, 225
in plants, 48-53
in soils, 43~6, 103
in water, 46-48, 103
suggested guidelines for disposal of, 230
Respiratory tract, arsenic-caused cancer
of,l99-201,210,212
Riot control, arsenical compounds used
for, 41
Rocks, arsenic in, 4, 17- 18
Samples, arsenic
analysis of, 258-59
collection of, 255-56
dissolution of, 256-57
preparation of, 257-58
Scrubbers, for removing arsenic, 63
Seafood. See also Fish; Shellfish
arsenic toxicity to, 132
natural concentration of arsenic in, 225
normal intake of arsenic in, 111
Seaweed, arsenic in. 95, 96, 97, 217
Sedimentary rocks, arsenic in. 17- 18
Sediments, arsenic concentration in, 20,
23
Selenium poisoning, 179
protective effect of arsenic against,
141~2, 143, 192, 221
Semiconductor technology, use of arsenic
in, 42
Sewage sludge, arsenic waste from, 66
Shellfish, arsenic toxicity to, 132, 161-63
Skin
absorption of arsenic through, 114, 116,
175
effect ofarsenic on, 14,41, 153, 175
abnormal pigmentation, 181, 182, 183,
184, 185, 189
cancer, 182, 184, 185, 186, 195-97,
206-8, 223
keratoses, 178-79, 182, 184, 185, 188,
191
Smelting
arsenic-caused cancer from, 175, 187,
198-99, 200
arsenic emission from, 32, 33, 56-57
arsenic produced by, 26, 217
arsenic residues in soil from, 45-46,
48-49'
OCR for page 331
Index
cost of removing arsenic during, 27
disposal of arsenic from, 63
Snails, cacodylic acid accumulation in, 93,
94, 95
Sodium arsanilate, 151, 152, 153
Sodium arsenate
as pesticide, 34-35, 217
carcinogenicity of, 205-6
chromosomal reactions to, 193-94
effect on skin, 175
for home-use products, 36
teratogenic effects of, 192-93
Sodium arsenite, 36, 217
carcinogenicity of, 205
chromosomal reaction to, 195
disposal of, 60, 65-66
effect on birds, 167
effect on plants, 119
effect on skin, 175
teratogenic effects of, 193
translocation of, 82-83
Sodium cacodylate, 40
Soil
arsenic concentration, 4, 18-19, 40
arsenic residues in, 43-46, 103, 218
effect on plants, 49-52
Solubility
of arsenates, 9, 44-45
of arsenic sulfides, 10
of arsenic trioxide, 5-6
of arsenites, 9
Spectrometry. See Mass spectrometry
Speiss, arsenic in, 72-73
Sulfides, arsenic in, 16, 18-19
Swine
arsanilic acid in feed additives for, 151,
153
effect of arsenic on, 155, 156, 157-58
Symptoms of arsenic toxicity
in domestic animals, 146-47, 153-54
in man, 173
cardiac, 178, 188
catarrhal, 177
digestive, 177, 183
in children, 180-81, 186-87
in skin, 14, 41, 153, 175, 178-79,
182-83, 184-87
necrologic, 177, 178, 183
vascular, 181, 188
in plants, 119, 120-25
331
Telangiectasia, from arsenic exposure, 184
Temperature, effect on arsenic toxicity in
plants, 123, 124
Teratogenic effects of arsenic, 191-93,
222
suggested research on, 228
Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide, 4
Tetrapotassium diarsenate, 9
Therapeutic use of arsenic. See Medicinal
use of arsenic
Thiols
effect on arsenic acids, 13
interaction with enzymes, 13, 15
Threshold limit for arsenic, 25-26
Tobacco, arsenic content of, 48
Tolerance to arsenic
by microorganisms, 119
by plants, 49, 53
by wildlife, 164, 165
Toxicity of arsenic. See also Arsenic
poisoning; Symptoms of arsenic
toxicity
to aquatic organisms, 159-60, 220
to domestic animals, 144-54, 220
to laboratory animals, 128-44
to man, 220, 222
from contact, 174-76
from exposure, 184-87
to microorganisms, 117-18, 221
to plants, 44, 120-25
to wildlife, 164-69, 172, 220
Translocation of arsenic in plants, 81,
218-19
by acid-arsenic method, 82
from foliage to tubers, 83-85
Trimethylarsine, 11, 13, 45, 77, 217
Triorganyl arsenite, 9
Trivalent arsenic compounds, 10
reaction with thiols, 13
toxicity of, 8, 133-36
Tryparsamide, 41
Uptake, arsenic
by algae, 92
by plankton, 97
by plants, 19, 49, 81
Urban areas, arsenic concentration in air,
5~57
Urinary arsenic, 25
excretion, 105-7, 108, 110-11, 113,
132, 180
OCR for page 332
332
from occupational exposure, 175,
183-84, 188, 198
Valence, of arsenic, 113, 114
Vapor pressure, of cubic arsenic trioxide,
6
Vegetables, arsenic content of, 48~9, 52
Venereal disease, arsphenamine to
treat, 2
Volatilization
of arsenic, during smelting, 27
to analyze arsenic samples, 258-59
Volcanic rock, arsenic-rich water from, 23
Warts, from arsenic exposure, 183, 187,
188
Wastes, arsenic. See Residues of arsenic
Wastewater, arsenic content of, 66
Water
arsenic-caused cancer from, 202, 208
Index
arsenic concentration, 4, 46
in fresh water, 21-22
in groundwater, 20, 23
in seawater, 20
in sediments of, 20, 23
arsenic poisoning from, 180, 183
arsenic residues in, 47~8, 103
emission of arsenic into, 76, 77
Weathering, arsenic, 69
Wet-vacuum pumps, for removing
arsenic, 63
Wildlife
effect of arsenic on, 164, 166, 167-68
tissue arsenic concentration in, 169-71
Wood preservatives, arsenic used in,
38-39, 157
Zinc, interaction of arsenicals with, 126
Zinc arsenate, as pesticide, 34
Representative terms from entire chapter:
arsenic toxicity
