NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported in part by the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the National Institutes of Health, and the Navy Medical Research Institute. The views presented in this report are those of the Committee on Malaria Vaccines and are not necessarily those of the funding organizations.
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Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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COMMITTEE ON MALARIA VACCINES
PHILIP K. RUSSELL
(Chair),
Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
STANLEY O. FOSTER,
Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
MAURICE R. HILLEMAN,*
Institute for Therapeutic Research, Merck Research Labs, West Point, Pennsylvania
RUSSELL J. HOWARD,
AFFYMAX Research Institute, Santa Clara, California
JEFFREY V. RAVETCH,
Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York
HARRISON C. SPENCER,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London
Staff
CHRISTOPHER P. HOWSON,
Project Director
KIMBERLY A. BREWER,
Research Assistant
DELORES H. SUTTON,
Project Assistant
STEPHANIE Y. SMITH,
Project Assistant
MICHAEL A. STOTO,
Director,
Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
KATHLEEN R. STRATTON,
Associate Director,
Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
MONA R. BRINEGAR,
Financial Associate
*Member, National Academy of Sciences. |
BOARD ON INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
BARRY R. BLOOM
(Cochair),*
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University
JOHN H. BRYANT,*
Moscow, Vermont
JACQUELYN CAMPBELL,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
RICHARD G. A. FEACHEM,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London
JULIO FRENK,*
Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, San Jerónimo Líce, Mexico
DEAN JAMISON,*
University of California, Los Angeles
EILEEN T. KENNEDY,
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Washington, D.C.
ARTHUR KLEINMAN,*
Harvard Medical School
WILLIAM E. PAUL,*
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
PATRICIA ROSENFIELD,
The Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York City
THOMAS J. RYAN,
Boston University School of Medicine and Boston University Medical Center
SUSAN C. M. SCRIMSHAW,*
University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago
JUNE E. OSBORN
(Institute of Medicine Liaison),* The University of Michigan School of Public Health
DAVID P. RALL
(Institute of Medicine Foreign Secretary),* National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (retired), Washington, D.C.
Staff
CHRISTOPHER P. HOWSON,
Director
KIMBERLY A. BREWER,
Research Assistant
STEPHANIE Y. SMITH,
Project Assistant
MONA R. BRINEGAR,
Financial Associate
*Member, Institute of Medicine. |
BOARD ON HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION
DONALD R. MATTISON
(Chair),
University of Pittsburgh
M. JOYCELYN ELDERS,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
DOUGLAS C. EWBANK,
University of Pennsylvania
CLAIRE M. FAGIN,*
University of Pennsylvania
PAUL S. FRAME,*
Tri-County Family Medicine, Cohocton, New York
ROBERT E. FULLILOVE,
Columbia University School of Public Health
KRISTINE M. GEBBIE,*
Columbia University School of Nursing
JEAN GOEPPINGER,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
ANTONIO M. GOTTO, Jr.,*
The Methodist Hospital, Houston
ELLEN R. GRITZ,
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas,Houston
RUTH T. GROSS,*
Stanford University (retired), Longboat, Florida
RICHARD B. JOHNSTON,Jr.,
The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, White Plains, New York
MARIE McCORMICK,
Harvard School of Public Health
RICARDO F. MUÑOZ,
University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital
ELENA O. NIGHTINGALE,*
Scholar-in-Residence, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
DIANA B. PETITTI,
Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Pasadena, California
HUGH H. TILSON,
Glaxo Wellcome Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
ROBERT B. WALLACE,
University of Iowa Cancer Center
KENNETH E. WARNER,
University of Michigan School of Public Health
ROBIN WEISS,
Private Practice in Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland
DONALD WHORTON,
Private Practice, Alameda, California
Staff
MICHAEL A. STOTO,
Director,
Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
CYNTHIA ABEL,
Program Officer
DONNA THOMPSON,
Division Assistant
* Member, Institute of Medicine |
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Acknowledgments
The committee is grateful to the many individuals who made substantive and productive contributions to this project. Particular thanks are in order to the following workshop presenters, whose effective efforts provided important information bearing on the topic of this report: W. R. Ballou, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Center; William Bancroft, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; Ian Bathurst, LXR Biotechnology; W. Neal Burnette, Molecular Pharmaceutics Corporation; Graham Brown, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Daniel Colley, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Michael Davies, Medical Research Council; Carter Diggs, U.S. Agency for International Development; Howard Engers, World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases; Kenneth Guito, Connaught Laboratories; Lee Hall, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Stephen Hoffman, Naval Medical Research Institute; Palle Jakobsen, Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and Commission of European Communities; David Kaslow, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Wenceslaus Kilama, National Medical Research Council of Tanzania and the African Malaria Vaccine Testing Network; Donald Krogstad, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Louis Miller, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Ruth Nussenzweig, New York University Medical Center; Adeoye Olukotun, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Jerald Sadoff, Merck Research Laboratories; and John Tine, Virogenetics Corporation. In addition, the committee is indebted to the following persons for their substantive contributions to the workshop: Finley Austin, Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Constance Carrino, U.S. Agency for International Development; Salvatore Cirome, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense; Mary Galinski, The Malaria Foundation, Inc.; Charles Hoke, Jr., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Stephanie James, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Surayanarayan Ramachandran, Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences; Barry Silverman, Cambridge Consulting Company; and John Tomaro, U.S. Agency for International Development. The committee also owes special thanks to Donald Krogstad for ensuring the completeness and accuracy of Chapter 2, and to Michael Katz, The March of Dimes, and Robert Eisinger, NIH Office of AIDS Research, for providing helpful background information for the report.
The committee expresses its appreciation to the IOM staff who facilitated its work: Christopher Howson, study director; Kimberly Brewer, research assistant; Delores Sutton, project assistant; Stephanie Smith, project assistant beginning May 1996; Mona Brinegar, financial associate; Michael Edington, managing editor; and Claudia Carl, administrative associate. The committee also thanks Michael Stoto, director, and Kathleen Stratton, associate director, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, for their substantive input into the project and report, and Gregory Pearson, for his vision and hard work in realizing this project.
This project was funded by the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, The Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the Naval Medical Research Institute of the Department of Defense. The committee and staff are deeply appreciative of their support.