NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approvedby the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose membersare drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosenfor their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors accordingto procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting ofmembers of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academyof Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuatingsociety of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineeringresearch, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technologyand to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of thecharter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has amandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientificand technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the NationalAcademy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, underthe charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organizationof outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administrationand in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academyof Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programsaimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. HaroldLiebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the NationalAcademy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members ofappropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertainingto the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibilitygiven to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charterto be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative,to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr.Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academyof Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science andtechnology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge andadvising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with generalpolicies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principaloperating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and theNational Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government,the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Councilis administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vicechairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report is funded in part by a contract from the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA orany of its sub-agencies.
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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GLOBAL OCEAN–ATMOSPHERE–LAND SYSTEM (GOALS) PANEL
PETER J. WEBSTER (Chair),
University of Colorado, Boulder
GRANT W. BRANSTATOR,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
DUDLEY B. CHELTON, JR.,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
ISAAC M. HELD,
NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
ROGER B. LUKAS,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
J. DAVID NEELIN,
University of California, Los Angeles
EUGENE M. RASMUSSON,
University of Maryland, College Park
PETER B. RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
JAGADISH SHUKLA,
Institute of Global Environment and Society, Calverton, Maryland
W. JAMES SHUTTLEWORTH,
The University of Arziona, Tucson
KEVIN E. TRENBERTH,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ROBERT A. WELLER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
Staff
MARK D. HANDEL, Senior Program Officer
THERESA M. FISHER, Administrative Assistant
CLIMATE RESEARCH COMMITTEE
ERIC J. BARRON (Chair),
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
DAVID S. BATTISTI,
University of Washington, Seattle
RUSS E. DAVIS,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
MELINDA M. HALL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
THOMAS R. KARL,
National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina
JEFFREY T. KIEHL,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
CLAIRE L. PARKINSON,
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
BARRY SALTZMAN,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
RICHARD P. TURCO,
University of California, Los Angeles
Ex Officio Members
DOUGLAS G. MARTINSON,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
EDWARD S. SARACHIK,
University of Washington, Seattle
SOROOSH SOROOSHIAN,
University of Arizona, Tucson
PETER J. WEBSTER,
University of Colorado, Boulder
W. LAWRENCE GATES,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
Staff
WILLIAM A. SPRIGG, Director
THERESA M. FISHER, Administrative Assistant
BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE
JOHN A. DUTTON (Chair),
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
ERIC J. BARRON,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
WILLIAM L. CHAMEIDES,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
CRAIG E. DORMAN, Consultant
Arlington, Virginia
FRANCO EINAUDI,
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
MICHAEL FOX-RABINOVITZ,
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
MARVIN A. GELLER,
State University of New York, Stony Brook
PETER V. HOBBS,
University of Washington, Seattle
WITOLD F. KRAJEWSKI,
The University of Iowa, Iowa City
MARGARET A. LeMONE,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
DOUGLAS K. LILLY,
University of Oklahoma, Norman
RICHARD S. LINDZEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
GERALD R. NORTH,
Texas A&M University, College Station
EUGENE M. RASMUSSON,
University of Maryland, College Park
ROBERT J. SERAFIN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
Staff
WILLIAM A. SPRIGG, Director
H. FRANK EDEN, Senior Program Officer
MARK D. HANDEL, Senior Program Officer
DAVID H. SLADE, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN F. RICE, Reports Officer
DORIS BOUADJEMI, Administrative Assistant
THERESA M. FISHER, Administrative Assistant
MARK BOEDO, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN (Chair),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EDITH BROWN WEISS,
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
W. BARCLAY KAMB,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, California
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS A. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
JIM MALLORY, Administrative Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
SUSAN SHERWIN, Project Assistant
