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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TRENDS IN DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS
Selected Demographic Characteristics
The number of new Ph.D.s increased to an all-time high of 39,754 in 1993. This record continues the upward trend in doctoral attainment that started in 1986 after a period of stagnation during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The doctorates awarded in 1993 were granted by 368 colleges and universities in the United States and Puerto Rico.
Women continued to earn increasing numbers of Ph.D.s (15,108 in 1993), while men still fell short of their record number of doctorates in 1972 (24,646 in 1993 compared to 27,754 in 1972).
Whereas the number of male Ph.D.s barely doubled from 11,336 to 24,646 over the last three decades, the number of female Ph.D.s increased nearly elevenfold from 1,392 to 15,108. Women's representation grew from 11 percent in 1963 to 38 percent in 1993.
FIGURE 1 Doctorate recipients, total and by gender, 1963–1993.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TRENDS IN DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS
Selected Demographic Characteristics
The number of new Ph.D.s increased to an all-time high of 39,754 in 1993. This record continues the upward trend in doctoral attainment that started in 1986 after a period of stagnation during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The doctorates awarded in 1993 were granted by 368 colleges and universities in the United States and Puerto Rico.
Women continued to earn increasing numbers of Ph.D.s (15,108 in 1993), while men still fell short of their record number of doctorates in 1972 (24,646 in 1993 compared to 27,754 in 1972).
Whereas the number of male Ph.D.s barely doubled from 11,336 to 24,646 over the last three decades, the number of female Ph.D.s increased nearly elevenfold from 1,392 to 15,108. Women's representation grew from 11 percent in 1963 to 38 percent in 1993.
FIGURE 1 Doctorate recipients, total and by gender, 1963–1993.
See Tables 1 and 2.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
U.S. citizens earned more than two-thirds (26,386) of the doctorates awarded in 1993. However, the share for non-U.S. citizens has increased steadily over the last 30 years, rising from 13 percent (1,605 Ph.D.s) in 1963 to 32 percent (12,173 Ph.D.s) in 1993.
In 1993, non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s on temporary visas outnumbered those on permanent visas by more than four to one—9,923 compared to 2,250. Temporary residents earned 26 percent of all Ph.D.s, whereas permanent residents received only 6 percent. (Note: Temporary residents are nonimmigrants who are granted visas for a specified temporary period of time. Permanent residents are immigrants who are granted legal permanent residence in the United States.)
After 14 years of significant annual increases, the number of doctorates earned by temporary residents appears to have leveled off. However, it is too early to determine if this is the beginning of a new trend. Both the number and the proportion of Ph.D.s received by temporary residents were about the same as last year. Since 1963, temporary residents have increased their share of Ph.D.s from 10 to 26 percent.
Permanent residents doubled their representation among doctorate recipients from 3 percent in 1963 to 6 percent in 1993. Moreover, permanent residents earned 2,250 degrees in 1993, surpassing their previous high of 2,093 doctorates in 1972.
Over half of all non-U.S. Ph.D. recipients originated from four Asian countries: the People's Republic of China (19 percent), Taiwan (12 percent), Korea (12 percent), and India (9 percent). (See Table 4.)
FIGURE 2 Doctorate recipients, by citizenship, 1963–1993.
See Tables 3 and 4.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on citizenship status.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Just over 11 percent of the doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in 1993 were earned by racial/ethnic minorities—Asians, black Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. This represents an increase in minority representation of 3 percentage points since 1978 and a half-point increase since last year.
Most U.S. minority groups increased their numbers and proportions of Ph.D.s since 1978 (except for blacks, whose 1993 proportion was just under that in 1978). Asian Ph.D.s experienced the largest growth, more than doubling their representation. (See Appendix Table B-2.)
Black Americans received 1,106 degrees in 1993, continuing an increase in awards that began in 1988 (except for a dip of less than 4 percent between 1991 and 1992). This upward trend reversed a period of decline in the number of black Ph.D.s from 1972 to 1987. The 1,106 doctorates awarded in 1993 topped the 1,031 Ph.D.s earned by blacks in 1978 and nearly reached the all-time peak of 1,113 Ph.D.s in 1977. Blacks ' 4.2 percent share of doctorates in 1993 was about the same as in 1978 (4.3 percent) and just slightly less than in the peak year of 1977 (4.4 percent).
Of the top 21 institutions (ranked by number of Ph.D.s) that awarded bachelor's degrees to blacks who later received Ph.D.s between 1989 and 1993, 17 are Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Three of the leading Ph.D. institutions (ranked by the number of Ph.D.s) are also HBCUs. (See Tables 6 and 7.)
FIGURE 3 Percentage of doctorates earned by U.S. minorities, 1978 and 1993.
NOTE: Percentages are based on the number of U.S. citizen Ph.D.s with known race/ethnicity. “Native Americans” includes American Indians and Alaskan Natives.
See Appendix Table B-2.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to citizenship and race/ethnicity.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Field of Doctorate
Of the seven broad fields of study profiled in this report, life sciences had the largest number of Ph.D.s-7,397 in 1993. (See Table 2.)
Within science and engineering, life sciences outnumbered social sciences (6,545 Ph.D.s), physical sciences (6,496 Ph.D.s), and engineering (5,696 Ph.D.s). Engineering and physical sciences lost ground to the life and social sciences during the 1970s and early 1980s, but began to close the gap in the mid-1980s.
Among the nonscience fields in 1993, education continued to outstrip humanities and professional/other fields, producing 6,647 doctorates compared to 4,481 in humanities and 2,492 in professional/other fields. However, the number of Ph.D.s in professional/other fields has increased at a fairly steady rate since 1963, and the number of doctorates in humanities is at its highest level since 1977.
FIGURE 4 Field of doctorate, 1963–1993.
See Table 2.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
In 1993, doctoral awards to men surpassed those to women in all but one broad field—education. Women predominated in the field of education with 59 percent of all doctorates and neared parity in social sciences and humanities. However, women remained underrepresented in the fields of engineering (9 percent of Ph.D.s), physical sciences (21 percent), and life sciences (42 percent).
While women Ph.D.s increased in every broad field over the last 30 years, men experienced major declines after 1973 in social sciences, humanities, and education. Only half as many men received education doctorates in 1993 as in 1973.
FIGURE 5 Field of doctorate, by gender of doctorate recipients, 1963 –1993.
See Table 2.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Non-U.S. citizens earned 32 percent of all doctorates awarded in 1993. Their representation varied by field—accounting for 59 percent of Ph.D.s in engineering, 45 percent in physical sciences, and just 11 percent in education. U.S. citizens received more than three-quarters of the doctorates awarded in social sciences, humanities, and education.
Among non-U.S. citizens, both permanent and temporary residents were most concentrated in engineering, followed by physical sciences and life sciences. U.S. citizens were most heavily concentrated in education, although they were highly represented in the fields of social and life sciences as well.
FIGURE 6a Citizenship status of doctorate recipients in all fields, 1993.
See Table 3.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on citizenship status.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
FIGURE 6b Broad field composition, by citizenship status of doctorate recipients, 1993.
See Table 3.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on citizenship status.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Racial/ethnic minorities received 11 percent of all doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in 1993. As a group, they accounted for 15 percent of the doctorates in education, 14 percent in engineering, and 9 to 10 percent in each of the other broad fields.
In 1993, black, Hispanic, and Native American doctorate recipients were most concentrated in the field of education, followed by social sciences. Life sciences and engineering were the leading fields among Asian Americans. (See Table 5.)
In 1993, black Americans received more than one-half of the doctorates awarded to minorities in the field of education and professional/other fields; blacks were also the predominant minority recipients of doctorates in the field of social sciences. Asian Americans accounted for well over one-half of minority Ph.D.s in engineering and physical sciences and also earned more doctorates in life sciences than any other minority group. Hispanics were the predominant minority group to receive doctorates in the field of humanities. (See Table 5.)
FIGURE 7 Broad field composition, by minority status of doctorate recipients, 1993.
NOTE: Percentages designate the nonwhite minority representation among U.S. citizens in each field.
See Table 5.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on race/ethnicity.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Time-to-Degree
Total time-to-degree (TTD) measures the number of years elapsed between receipt of the baccalaureate and the Ph.D. Registered time-to-degree (RTD) gauges the amount of time actually enrolled in graduate school; RTD includes master's degrees, enrollment in nondegree programs, and time spent working on the dissertation.
TTD has remained fairly level since the mid-1980s, while RTD has increased at a slow but steady pace. The median TTD in 1993 was 10.5 years, and the median RTD was 7.1 years.
Both TTD and RTD varied considerably by field. In 1993, doctorate recipients in physical sciences had the shortest TTD (8.3 median years), while those in education had the longest (19.2 median years). The shortest RTD was in engineering (6.3 median years), and the longest RTD was in the humanities (8.3 median years).
Time-to-degree was shorter for men than for women, though differences in RTD almost disappear for Ph.D.s in the same broad field. Temporary residents exhibited shorter time-to-degree than both permanent residents and U.S. citizens, and Asian Americans had the shortest time-to-degree of all U.S. racial/ethnic groups. (See Table 10.)
FIGURE 8 Median years to doctorate from baccalaureate award, 1963 –1993.
NOTE: A different method of computing TTD using baccalaureate-year cohorts rather than doctorate-year cohorts is discussed in Bowen, W., G.Lord, and J.A.Sosa. 1991. Measuring Time to the Doctorate: A Reinterpretation of the Evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 88. Washington, D.C. Pp. 713–717.
See Tables 9 and 10.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
FIGURE 9 Median years to doctorate from baccalaureate award, by broad field, 1993.
NOTE: A different method of computing TTD using baccalaureate-year cohorts rather than doctorate-year cohorts is discussed in Bowen, W., G.Lord, and J.A.Sosa. 1991. Measuring Time to the Doctorate: A Reinterpretation of the Evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 88. Washington, D.C. Pp. 713–717.
See Tables 9 and 10.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Financial Support
As in the previous two years, university funding (mostly via teaching and research assistantships) was the primary source of graduate school support for the majority of 1993 Ph.D.s (51 percent). Another 37 percent were primarily supported by personal resources (own earnings; family contributions; loans) and the remaining 12 percent by “other ” resources (federal or state governments; nonfederal competitive fellowships; businesses/employers).
The type of primary support varied greatly by field. University sources were most common in the physical and life sciences and in engineering (reported by well over half of recipients). Personal resources were most typical in education (reported by 80 percent of recipients).
Male Ph.D. recipients were primarily supported by their university; female recipients were more likely to be self-supporting. Over two-thirds of non-U.S. citizens reported university support as their primary source of financing, whereas U.S. citizens were somewhat more apt to be supported by their own resources. The largest proportion of Ph.D.s in most U.S. racial/ethnic groups also indicated personal funds as their primary source of financial support; however, university funding was the chief means of support for more than half of Asian Americans. These differences were due in part to the field concentrations of the various demographic groups. (See Table 11.)
FIGURE 10a Primary sources of financial support for doctorate recipients in all fields, 1993.
See Table 11.
See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this question.
*University support also includes research assistantships funded by the federal government.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 10 Median Years to Doctorate from Baccalaureate Award, by Demographic Group and Broad Field, 1993
All Fields
Physical Sci.*
Eng.
Life Sci.
Social Sci.
Humanities
Education
Prof./ Other
Registered Time from Baccalaureate
All Ph.D.s
7.1
6.5
6.3
6.8
7.5
8.3
8.2
7.5
Men
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.8
7.4
8.2
8.1
7.4
Women
7.5
6.5
6.4
6.9
7.5
8.4
8.2
7.7
U.S. Citizens
7.3
6.3
6.3
6.9
7.4
8.4
8.4
7.8
Permanent Residents
7.4
7.3
6.8
7.0
8.3
8.2
7.1
7.5
Temporary Residents
6.6
6.8
6.2
6.6
7.3
7.5
6.3
6.8
U.S. Citizens
Asians
6.8
6.2
6.6
6.5
7.4
7.7
9.6
7.5
Blacks
7.9
6.9
6.6
7.4
7.8
7.8
8.4
7.5
Hispanics
7.7
6.1
6.1
7.2
7.7
8.4
8.7
7.3
Native Americans
6.8
6.2
†
6.4
8.5
10.0
6.4
6.5
Whites
7.3
6.3
6.2
6.9
7.4
8.4
8.4
7.9
Total Time from Baccalaureate
All Ph.D.s
10.5
8.3
8.8
9.4
10.4
11.9
19.2
13.3
Men
9.9
8.3
8.9
9.2
10.3
11.7
18.4
12.4
Women
12.2
8.1
8.0
9.7
10.7
12.0
19.7
15.2
U.S. Citizens
11.5
7.4
8.1
9.0
10.5
12.3
19.9
15.5
Permanent Residents
10.3
10.0
9.7
9.9
11.2
10.9
13.5
11.7
Temporary Residents
9.7
9.2
9.2
9.9
10.0
10.4
12.4
10.5
U.S. Citizens
Asians
8.4
6.6
8.4
7.4
9.2
10.8
20.4
12.0
Blacks
16.5
8.4
8.6
12.4
12.6
14.0
20.0
17.4
Hispanics
12.0
8.0
7.4
9.1
10.8
12.9
18.7
15.5
Native Americans
13.9
10.0
†
8.5
10.7
13.3
19.0
10.5
Whites
11.4
7.4
8.0
9.0
10.5
12.2
19.9
15.5
NOTE: Medians are based on the number of individuals who provided complete information about their postbaccalaureate education. “Registered time” gauges the amount of time actually enrolled in graduate school, including master's degrees and enrollment in nondegree programs. “Total time” measures the number of years elapsed between receipt of the baccalaureate and the Ph.D. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions.
*Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
†A median was not computed because there were fewer than five Ph.D.s with known time-to-degree.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 11 Primary Sources of Support for Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Demographic Group, 1993
Primary Source of Support (responses only)
U.S. Citizens
All Ph.D.s
Men
Women
U.S. Cits.
Perm. Res.
Temp. Res.
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
Native Amers.
Whites
All Fields
N
26,260
16,227
10,033
18,433
1,345
6,452
614
676
510
77
16,455
Personal
%
36.8
29.9
48.0
46.2
26.4
12.2
25.1
58.3
46.9
62.3
46.5
University
%
51.0
56.7
41.7
42.3
65.8
72.7
56.8
25.3
38.0
19.5
42.6
Federal
%
5.5
5.4
5.8
7.2
2.0
1.6
10.6
8.4
10.2
7.8
6.9
Other
%
6.7
8.0
4.5
4.3
5.8
13.5
7.5
8.0
4.9
10.4
4.0
Physical Sciences*
N
4,385
3,469
916
2,603
289
1,489
126
27
56
6
2,366
Personal
%
12.1
12.0
12.7
16.5
11.4
4.6
9.5
11.1
17.9
33.3
16.8
University
%
77.9
78.1
77.3
72.0
83.7
87.4
77.8
55.6
66.1
50.0
71.9
Federal
%
4.5
4.3
5.3
7.2
0.7
0.7
6.3
14.8
12.5
16.7
7.1
Other
%
5.4
5.6
4.7
4.4
4.2
7.3
6.3
18.5
3.6
0.0
4.2
Engineering
N
3,995
3,609
386
1,745
290
1,954
170
27
47
2
1,487
Personal
%
14.7
15.0
12.2
18.2
21.0
10.7
14.7
22.2
31.9
50.0
18.0
University
%
69.3
69.2
70.2
60.3
72.1
76.9
67.1
25.9
44.7
50.0
60.8
Federal
%
4.9
4.5
8.3
10.4
0.7
0.6
6.5
18.5
12.8
0.0
10.6
Other
%
11.1
11.3
9.3
11.1
6.2
11.9
11.8
33.3
10.6
0.0
10.6
Life Sciences
N
4,982
2,861
2,121
3,395
265
1,315
150
78
83
11
3,055
Personal
%
21.4
18.3
25.6
26.9
17.0
7.9
15.3
29.5
22.9
45.5
27.5
University
%
56.8
59.3
53.5
49.6
70.2
72.9
51.3
34.6
54.2
36.4
49.8
Federal
%
14.4
13.5
15.5
19.6
5.7
2.6
26.0
26.9
18.1
18.2
19.1
Other
%
7.4
8.9
5.4
3.9
7.2
16.6
7.3
9.0
4.8
0.0
3.6
Social Sciences
N
4,124
2,049
2,075
3,289
186
645
66
108
115
12
2,974
Personal
%
47.8
42.5
53.0
53.8
41.4
19.4
42.4
46.3
49.6
50.0
54.5
University
%
41.6
45.0
38.3
37.9
47.3
59.2
43.9
35.2
27.8
25.0
38.2
Federal
%
5.0
5.2
4.7
5.3
2.7
3.6
7.6
10.2
16.5
16.7
4.6
Other
%
5.6
7.2
4.0
3.1
8.6
17.8
6.1
8.3
6.1
8.3
2.7
Humanities
N
2,824
1,461
1,363
2,324
141
354
36
53
70
8
2,135
Personal
%
43.3
43.8
42.8
47.4
32.6
21.2
44.4
32.1
40.0
50.0
48.0
University
%
50.5
49.7
51.4
48.1
61.7
62.1
50.0
60.4
54.3
37.5
47.9
Federal
%
2.2
2.0
2.5
1.9
0.7
4.8
2.8
1.9
1.4
0.0
1.9
Other
%
3.9
4.5
3.2
2.5
5.0
11.9
2.8
5.7
4.3
12.5
2.2
Education
N
4,351
1,760
2,591
3,932
91
324
48
325
115
31
3,404
Personal
%
79.8
77.4
81.4
83.3
65.9
41.0
85.4
81.5
84.3
80.6
83.4
University
%
13.9
14.3
13.6
11.9
29.7
32.4
8.3
11.4
8.7
0.0
12.3
Federal
%
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.1
2.2
1.2
2.1
3.4
3.5
3.2
0.8
Other
%
5.2
6.9
4.1
3.6
2.2
25.3
4.2
3.7
3.5
16.1
3.5
Professional/Other
N
1,599
1,018
581
1,145
83
371
18
58
24
7
1,034
Personal
%
51.5
49.4
55.1
62.7
39.8
19.4
50.0
51.7
54.2
71.4
63.8
University
%
38.8
39.4
37.7
30.8
55.4
59.6
50.0
25.9
45.8
14.3
30.6
Federal
%
1.8
1.6
2.2
2.4
0.0
0.5
0.0
6.9
0.0
0.0
2.0
Other
%
7.9
9.6
5.0
4.1
4.8
20.5
0.0
15.5
0.0
14.3
3.6
NOTE: Numbers represent those Ph.D.s with known primary support; percentages are based on these numbers. Because nonresponse to “ primary” source of support is much greater than for other variables and fluctuates from year to year, the reader is advised not to compare percentages in this table with those published in earlier reports. The overall nonresponse rate to “primary” source of support was 33.9 percent in 1993, compared to 30.4 percent in 1992 and 22.5 percent in 1991. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this question by field and demographic group.
“Personal” includes loans as well as own earnings and contributions from the spouse/family. Federally funded research assistantships (RAs) are grouped under “University” because not all recipients of such support are aware of the actual source of funding. For further definition of “Federal ” support, see item 17 on the survey questionnaire in Appendix D. “Other” support includes U.S. nationally competitive fellowships, business/employer funds, foreign government, state government, and other nonspecified sources.
*Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 12 Median Level of Debt Related to the Education of Doctorate Recipients, 1993
All Ph.D.s
Responses to Debt Status
Percent with Debt
Median Dollars*
All Ph.D.s
39,754
36,861
47.6
10,500
Men
24,646
22,777
47.8
10,500
Women
15,108
14,084
47.4
10,600
U.S. Citizens
26,386
25,362
55.2
10,600
Permanent Residents
2,250
2,143
36.0
10,700
Temporary Residents
9,923
9,309
29.7
9,600
U.S. Citizens
Asians
891
863
54.6
10,200
Blacks
1,106
1,033
61.7
11,800
Hispanics
834
799
65.5
12,500
Native Americans
119
112
55.4
8,000
Whites
23,202
22,415
54.6
10,600
Physical Sciences†
6,496
6,043
42.6
8,500
Engineering
5,696
5,275
38.5
9,300
Life Sciences
7,397
6,908
50.0
9,800
Social Sciences
6,545
6,020
61.9
14,500
Humanities
4,481
4,183
55.2
10,000
Education
6,647
6,142
38.1
10,100
Professional/Other
2,492
2,290
48.8
12,000
NOTE: “All Ph.D.s” includes recipients whose debt status is unknown; percentages are based on the number with “responses to debt status.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on debt.
*Rounded to the nearest hundred dollars. Doctorate recipients who reported “no debt” are not included.
†Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 13 Cumulative Level of Debt Related to the Education of Doctorate Recipients, 1993
Percent owing:
Number of Ph.D.s with Debt
$1 to $5,000
$5,001 to $10,000
$10,001 to $15,000
$15,001 to $20,000
$20,001 to $25,000
$25,001 to $30,000
$30,001 or More
All Ph.D.s
17,557
26.9
21.5
16.2
10.3
7.2
5.6
12.5
Men
10,877
27.1
21.3
16.5
10.1
7.2
5.2
12.6
Women
6,680
26.5
21.8
15.6
10.6
7.1
6.2
12.2
U.S. Citizens
14,002
25.7
22.1
17.2
11.0
7.6
5.7
10.8
Permanent Residents
771
25.7
22.2
15.0
9.2
7.5
5.8
14.5
Temporary Residents
2,762
33.4
17.9
11.2
6.9
5.1
5.0
20.5
U.S. Citizens
Asians
471
22.5
26.5
19.5
10.4
8.1
3.6
9.3
Blacks
637
26.2
18.7
14.4
11.3
6.3
7.1
16.0
Hispanics
523
21.0
20.7
16.6
12.6
8.8
7.1
13.2
Native Americans
62
35.5
24.2
11.3
6.5
4.8
3.2
14.5
Whites
12,234
25.9
22.2
17.3
11.0
7.6
5.6
10.4
Physical Sciences*
2,577
31.5
26.0
18.0
8.3
5.2
3.8
7.1
Engineering
2,030
30.8
22.1
14.7
9.1
6.3
4.5
12.4
Life Sciences
3,457
27.2
23.7
18.3
9.1
6.4
4.7
10.4
Social Sciences
3,725
18.9
17.6
15.0
12.5
8.5
7.7
19.9
Humanities
2,310
27.4
22.4
16.3
11.7
7.4
5.7
9.1
Education
2,340
29.8
19.8
15.3
10.0
8.0
5.5
11.5
Professional/Other
1,118
27.3
17.3
13.3
10.6
9.0
7.2
15.3
NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the question on debt.
*Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 14 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Broad Field for Selected Years, 1973–1993
All Fields
Physical Sci.*
Eng.
Life Sci.
Social Sci.
Humanities
Education
Prof./ Other
All Definite Commitments
1973
N
24,091
3,625
2,323
3,728
4,328
3,610
5,261
1,216
1978
N
20,849
2,992
1,688
3,610
3,914
2,393
4,870
1,382
1983
N
21,187
3,150
1,850
3,914
3,869
2,068
4,978
1,358
1988
N
22,202
3,661
2,495
4,297
3,691
2,113
4,389
1,556
1993
N
24,404
3,918
2,869
5,038
3,948
2,488
4,433
1,710
Definite Commitments with Responses to Type of Plans
1973
N
23,931
3,616
2,317
3,708
4,301
3,569
5,217
1,203
1978
N
20,682
2,979
1,679
3,586
3,885
2,368
4,813
1,372
1983
N
21,127
3,139
1,844
3,908
3,857
2,061
4,966
1,352
1988
N
21,992
3,638
2,480
4,274
3,655
2,082
4,321
1,542
1993
N
24,236
3,893
2,857
5,016
3,922
2,458
4,391
1,699
Employment
1973
%
83.8
60.9
87.1
58.1
91.9
96.2
98.0
98.6
1978
%
80.3
60.5
84.8
47.4
87.0
95.2
97.7
98.4
1983
%
79.3
62.0
87.5
44.8
86.3
95.4
97.4
97.2
1988
%
73.6
51.4
80.2
39.4
84.2
93.1
95.6
97.5
1993
%
71.1
50.3
74.8
35.9
80.0
93.1
97.1
97.2
Study
1973
%
16.2
39.1
12.9
41.9
8.1
3.8
2.0
1.4
1978
%
19.7
39.5
15.2
52.6
13.0
4.8
2.3
1.6
1983
%
20.7
38.0
12.5
55.2
13.7
4.6
2.6
2.8
1988
%
26.4
48.6
19.8
60.6
15.8
6.9
4.4
2.5
1993
%
28.9
49.7
25.2
64.1
20.0
6.9
2.9
2.8
NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. “All definite commitments” includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not type of plans (employment or study). Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s with “responses to type of plans.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans.
*Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 15 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1973–1993
U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents*
All Ph.D.s
Men
Women
U.S. Cits.
Perm. Res.
Temp. Res.
Asians
Blacks
Hispanics
Native Amers.
Whites
All Definite Commitments
1973
N
24,091
20,282
3,809
20,798
1,131
2,113
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1978
N
20,849
15,750
5,099
17,772
781
2,265
625
712
367
41
15,981
1983
N
21,187
14,399
6,788
17,496
759
2,885
647
668
420
45
16,192
1988
N
22,202
14,464
7,738
17,326
913
3,925
772
642
487
64
15,982
1993
N
24,404
14,878
9,526
18,006
1,099
5,273
1,089
766
624
75
16,459
Definite Commitments with Responses to Type of Plans
1973
N
23,931
20,154
3,777
20,670
1,120
2,095
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1978
N
20,682
15,638
5,044
17,656
773
2,225
616
699
366
41
15,890
1983
N
21,127
14,358
6,769
17,459
758
2,863
644
665
419
45
16,166
1988
N
21,992
14,335
7,657
17,182
899
3,874
762
634
479
63
15,855
1993
N
24,236
14,788
9,448
17,903
1,084
5,223
1,079
758
621
75
16,363
Employment
1973
%
83.8
83.6
85.1
85.4
68.1
76.4
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1978
%
80.3
79.2
83.7
81.0
78.3
75.8
71.3
94.0
89.3
90.2
80.7
1983
%
79.3
77.9
82.2
79.6
80.1
77.2
73.6
92.3
86.6
97.8
79.2
1988
%
73.6
71.8
77.2
75.8
72.0
64.7
70.3
87.9
73.7
82.5
75.5
1993
%
71.1
68.5
75.3
74.4
66.1
60.9
60.9
83.8
74.2
85.3
74.3
Study
1973
%
16.2
16.4
14.9
14.6
31.9
23.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1978
%
19.7
20.8
16.3
19.0
21.7
24.2
28.7
6.0
10.7
9.8
19.3
1983
%
20.7
22.1
17.8
20.4
19.9
22.8
26.4
7.7
13.4
2.2
20.8
1988
%
26.4
28.2
22.8
24.2
28.0
35.3
29.7
12.1
26.3
17.5
24.5
1993
%
28.9
31.5
24.7
25.6
33.9
39.1
39.1
16.2
25.8
14.7
25.7
NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. “All definite commitments” includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not type of plans (employment or study). Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s with “responses to type of plans.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans.
*Race/ethnicity was not available in 1973.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 16 Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments, by Visa Status for Selected Years, 1973–1993
All Non-U.S. Citizens
Permanent Residents
Temporary Residents
All Definite Commitments
1973
N
3,244
1,131
2,113
1978
N
3,046
781
2,265
1983
N
3,644
759
2,885
1988
N
4,838
913
3,925
1993
N
6,372
1,099
5,273
Definite Commitments with Responses to Location
1973
N
3,140
1,081
2,059
1978
N
2,892
744
2,148
1983
N
3,376
697
2,679
1988
N
4,372
834
3,538
1993
N
6,294
1,094
5,200
U.S. Location
1973
%
50.8
89.4
30.5
1978
%
52.4
92.1
38.6
1983
%
50.7
91.4
40.2
1988
%
61.0
85.0
55.3
1993
%
60.5
85.5
55.2
Foreign Location
1973
%
49.2
10.6
69.5
1978
%
47.6
7.9
61.4
1983
%
49.3
8.6
59.8
1988
%
39.0
15.0
44.7
1993
%
39.5
14.5
44.8
NOTE: Only non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. “All definite commitments” includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not location (U.S. or foreign). Percentages are based on the number with “responses to location.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 17 Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments, by Major Field and Visa Status, 1993
Postdoctoral Location
Permanent Visas
Temporary Visas
Resp. to Location/ Type of Plans
(N)
U.S. Location
Foreign Location
Resp. to Location/ Type of Plans
(N)
U.S. Location
Foreign Location
Field of Doctorate (responses only)
Empl. (%)
Study (%)
Empl. (%)
Study (%)
Empl. (%)
Study (%)
Empl. (%)
Study (%)
All Fields
1,080
55.0
30.5
11.1
3.4
5,154
25.7
29.5
35.5
9.2
Physical Sciences
220
55.0
34.1
5.9
5.0
1,267
25.0
41.5
19.8
13.7
Physics/Astronomy
45
31.1
55.6
0.0
13.3
297
10.8
61.6
7.7
19.9
Chemistry
55
43.6
45.5
3.6
7.3
379
15.8
60.7
11.3
12.1
Earth, Atmos., Marine
22
36.4
50.0
13.6
0.0
124
15.3
33.9
36.3
14.5
Mathematics
46
73.9
15.2
10.9
0.0
260
39.6
20.8
26.5
13.1
Computer Sciences
52
78.8
13.5
5.8
1.9
207
49.8
8.2
34.3
7.7
Engineering
193
63.7
22.8
10.9
2.6
1,207
34.1
23.3
35.8
6.9
Life Sciences
247
20.2
67.2
8.1
4.5
1,167
8.6
54.7
25.9
10.9
Biological Sciences
190
13.2
78.9
3.2
4.7
780
5.6
71.3
12.4
10.6
Health Sciences
34
52.9
20.6
26.5
0.0
123
26.8
22.8
42.3
8.1
Agricultural Sciences
23
30.4
39.1
21.7
8.7
264
8.7
20.5
58.0
12.9
Social Sciences*
147
66.7
19.0
11.6
2.7
600
30.0
7.7
56.2
6.2
Psychology
50
62.0
36.0
2.0
0.0
84
26.2
21.4
42.9
9.5
Economics
34
67.6
5.9
23.5
2.9
265
33.6
2.6
57.7
6.0
Poli. Sci./Int'l. Relat.
20
65.0
10.0
20.0
5.0
64
25.0
6.3
60.9
7.8
Sociology
16
68.8
18.8
12.5
0.0
63
33.3
3.2
58.7
4.8
Humanities
124
78.2
6.5
11.3
4.0
296
39.9
6.1
45.6
8.4
Education
64
62.5
6.3
29.7
1.6
250
15.6
2.8
73.2
8.4
Professional/Other*
85
76.5
4.7
18.8
0.0
367
43.9
1.9
51.8
2.5
Business & Mgmt.
55
85.5
1.8
12.7
0.0
259
52.1
1.2
45.9
0.8
NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included; see Table 16 for numbers of non-U.S. citizens with commitments. Numbers represent those Ph.D.s who responded to both postdoctoral location and type of plans; percentages are based on these numbers. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to these questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans.
*Totals include other fields not shown.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 18 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1973–1993 (U.S. citizens and permanent residents)
All Fields
Physical Sci.*
Eng.
Life Sci.
Social Sci.
Humanities
Education
Prof./ Other
All Employment Commitments
1973
N
17,931
1,947
1,712
1,778
3,479
3,148
4,833
1,034
1978
N
14,612
1,575
1,081
1,359
2,996
2,056
4,398
1,147
1983
N
14,269
1,607
979
1,347
2,981
1,764
4,476
1,115
1988
N
13,430
1,458
1,268
1,275
2,671
1,707
3,839
1,212
1993
N
13,619
1,349
1,234
1,336
2,531
1,954
3,981
1,234
Employment Commitments with Responses to Sector
1973
N
17,847
1,942
1,707
1,773
3,464
3,130
4,800
1,031
1978
N
14,531
1,572
1,074
1,357
2,976
2,044
4,362
1,146
1983
N
14,122
1,604
978
1,339
2,946
1,743
4,400
1,112
1988
N
13,301
1,452
1,266
1,265
2,631
1,690
3,791
1,206
1993
N
13,415
1,342
1,229
1,324
2,467
1,937
3,892
1,224
Academe†
1973
%
64.3
49.5
24.8
63.5
69.1
92.0
59.8
80.4
1978
%
56.4
37.9
23.5
59.0
58.5
82.6
51.9
74.1
1983
%
50.2
34.0
29.3
53.0
48.8
80.0
43.8
71.0
1988
%
49.7
36.1
28.6
52.2
44.9
79.3
43.7
73.5
1993
%
52.5
37.0
24.2
51.2
49.7
85.2
45.5
75.8
Industry/Self-Employed
1973
%
11.5
29.0
51.1
13.6
5.2
1.4
1.8
6.4
1978
%
15.3
45.2
57.1
20.4
9.6
4.9
3.4
7.0
1983
%
19.8
52.7
55.8
25.2
17.2
6.5
7.5
10.5
1988
%
20.4
50.1
55.5
23.6
19.5
5.8
7.3
8.1
1993
%
18.7
49.6
56.1
24.2
18.2
3.8
5.4
8.6
Government
1973
%
11.6
18.6
20.0
16.6
14.4
1.7
9.4
6.4
1978
%
12.5
14.4
17.5
16.4
15.9
3.8
12.5
7.2
1983
%
11.1
11.2
13.2
15.9
15.5
3.4
10.3
6.6
1988
%
10.8
11.9
15.0
16.7
14.2
3.7
9.0
6.6
1993
%
10.0
11.1
16.8
16.3
14.4
2.0
7.7
6.1
Other‡
1973
%
12.5
2.9
4.0
6.3
11.2
4.9
29.0
6.8
1978
%
15.9
2.4
2.0
4.3
16.0
8.7
32.2
11.8
1983
%
18.9
2.0
1.6
5.8
18.5
10.1
38.5
12.0
1988
%
19.1
1.9
0.9
7.6
21.4
11.2
39.9
11.8
1993
%
18.8
2.3
3.0
8.3
17.8
8.9
41.5
9.5
NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. “All employment commitments” includes recipients whose employment sector is unknown; percentages are based on the number with “responses to sector.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this question.
*Includes mathematics and computer sciences.
†Academe includes two- and four-year colleges and universities and medical schools. Elementary and secondary schools are included in “Other.”
‡“Other” is mainly composed of elementary and secondary schools and nonprofit organizations.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE 19 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1973–1993.
U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents*
All Ph.D.s
Men
Women
Asians
Blanks
Hispanics
Native Amers.
Whites
U.S. Cits.
Perm. Res.
Temp. Res.
All Employment Commitments
1973
N
17,931
14,935
2,996
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
17,263
668
316
1978
N
14,612
10,677
3,935
419
650
319
37
12,575
14,061
551
424
1983
N
14,269
9,069
5,200
444
606
357
43
12,614
13,714
555
624
1988
N
14,430
7,988
5,442
498
544
341
49
11,808
12,871
559
924
1993
N
13,619
7,263
6,356
579
620
446
64
11,858
13,023
596
1,323
Employment Commitments with Responses to Sector
1973
N
17,847
14,875
2,972
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
17,186
661
316
1978
N
14,531
10,624
3,907
413
637
313
37
12,524
13,986
545
423
1983
N
14,122
9,000
5,122
439
588
347
42
12,508
13,986
544
624
1988
N
13,301
7,930
5,371
496
534
337
49
11,700
12,747
554
924
1993
N
13,415
7,177
6,238
572
602
434
63
11,693
12,831
584
1,300
Academe†
1973
%
64.3
62.3
74.7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
64.6
57.3
66.5
1978
%
56.4
52.9
65.7
33.2
64.5
63.9
56.8
56.7
56.8
45.7
58.9
1983
%
50.2
47.4
55.2
37.6
48.6
53.6
50.0
50.6
50.4
46.0
63.5
1988
%
49.7
46.2
55.0
35.3
56.7
52.8
40.8
50.0
49.5
54.3
67.4
1993
%
52.5
47.5
58.3
44.1
57.3
59.4
57.1
52.4
52.3
57.2
53.6
Industry/Self-Employed
1973
%
11.5
13.0
4.2
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
10.7
32.7
22.5
1978
%
15.3
18.1
7.4
51.6
4.9
9.6
10.8
14.6
14.2
43.3
31.7
1983
%
19.8
23.9
12.6
46.9
9.2
15.9
11.9
19.4
19.0
40.4
31.7
1988
%
20.4
25.1
13.5
45.0
9.6
16.9
12.2
19.9
19.9
32.5
28.2
1993
%
18.7
24.2
12.4
40.7
8.5
15.9
7.9
18.3
18.0
33.7
39.4
Government
1973
%
11.6
12.4
7.8
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
11.9
3.9
1.9
1978
%
12.5
13.8
8.9
9.0
11.0
13.7
21.6
12.5
12.8
5.1
2.4
1983
%
11.1
12.3
8.8
8.2
13.8
12.7
11.9
11.0
11.3
4.6
2.1
1988
%
10.8
12.2
8.6
8.7
11.2
12.2
20.4
10.8
11.1
3.4
1.2
1993
%
10.0
11.5
8.2
8.0
9.5
12.2
17.5
10.0
10.3
3.6
2.2
Other‡
1973
%
12.5
12.4
13.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
12.8
6.1
9.2
1978
%
15.9
15.1
18.1
6.3
19.6
12.8
10.8
16.2
16.3
5.9
7.1
1983
%
18.9
16.4
23.4
7.3
28.4
17.9
26.2
19.0
19.3
9.0
2.7
1988
%
19.1
16.6
22.9
11.1
22.5
18.1
26.5
19.4
19.5
9.7
3.1
1993
%
18.8
16.8
21.1
7.2
24.8
12.4
17.5
19.3
19.4
5.5
4.8
NOTE: Only doctorates with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. “All employment commitments ” includes recipients whose employment sector is unknown; percentages are based on the number with “responses to sector.” See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this question.
*Race/ethnicity was not available in 1973.
†Academe includes two- and four-year colleges and universities and medical schools. Elementary and secondary schools are included in “Other.”
‡“Other” is mainly composed of elementary and secondary schools and nonprofit organizations.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
OCR for page 38
Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
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