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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (1995)
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP)

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities

APPENDIX B:

Trend Tables, 1983–1993

Appendix B includes the following two tables:

B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983–1993

B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993

*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***

The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends.

Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993.

Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data.

All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report.

In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities APPENDIX B: Trend Tables, 1983–1993 Appendix B includes the following two tables: B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983–1993 B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993 *** IMPORTANT NOTICE *** The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends. Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993. Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data. All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report. In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities TABLE B-1: Table B-1 presents data for the most recent decade by subfield of doctorate. In general, the subfields correspond to the fields on the questionnaire 's Specialties List located at the back of this report; some, however, do not appear on the current Specialties List because they are no longer included in the survey taxonomy. A dash (-) in a column indicates that the field was not on the Specialties List for that year. Field groupings in this table may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED); see inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables. The “general” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, general” —include individuals who either received the doctorate in the general subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The “other” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, other” —include individuals whose specified doctoral discipline was not among the specialty fields. The seven tables in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by field of doctorate. TABLE B-2:Table B-2 displays data on the race/ethnicity of doctorate recipients for 1978 and the last decade by gender and citizenship. (The year 1978 is included because it serves as the earliest point of comparison for racial/ethnic data presented in the body of the report.) Table B-2 contains three panels, each displayed on a separate page. The first panel includes all doctorates; the others disaggregate the data by gender. The reader should note that numbers in Table B-2 have been revised since publication of Summary Report 1992. Because of late questionnaire returns and responses to follow-ups for missing information, data are subject to revision in the year after survey closure. New follow-up procedures first implemented in 1990 have increased coverage of several variables, including citizenship and race/ethnicity. One result has been greater postsurvey adjustment to racial/ethnic data than in earlier years. (Note: The greatest adjustment was to the numbers of black Ph.D.s in 1990 and 1991—an increase of about 7.5 percent each year.) Updates to 1992 racial/ethnic data are shown in Table B-2in this year's report. See the notice on page 71 for additional information on recent increases in response rates and their impact on time-series data. The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. In 1977, it was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the moving of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to the Asian category.) In 1980, the item was further revised in two ways: (1) the Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one racial category. (Before 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in 1982 to separate the questions on race and ethnicity. Since then, respondents have been asked to first check one of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In Table B-2, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic heritage, regardless of racial designation, are counted as Hispanic. The remaining survey respondents

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities are then counted in the respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients who checked the category “American Indian or Alaskan Native ” are identified as Native American in this report.) Tables A-2 and A-4 in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by race/ethnicity.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities APPENDIX TABLE B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983 –1993   Year of Doctorate   1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL ALL FIELDS 31,282 31,337 31,298 31,899 32,367 33,499 34,324 36,068 37,517 38,853 39,754 PHYSICAL SCIENCES 4,426 4,452 4,531 4,807 5,030 5,309 5,455 5,859 6,279 6,502 6,496 MATHEMATICS 701 698 688 729 740 749 859 892 1,039 1,058 1,146 Applied Mathematics 125 108 116 135 131 142 158 185 193 213 188 Algebra 55 65 55 46 57 54 50 39 72 69 84 Analysis and Functional Analysis 76 71 83 81 86 76 103 90 132 105 105 Geometry 44 27 35 38 30 44 47 42 66 45 44 Logic 21 25 30 23 18 20 12 19 23 28 19 Number Theory 19 27 18 20 15 26 23 26 30 25 42 Mathematical Statistics 151 181 150 141 143 152 167 157 206 217 228 Topology 44 42 35 34 41 27 37 50 57 58 54 Computing Theory and Practice 12 13 15 10 14 12 12 12 19 12 18 Operations Research 20 27 22 29 22 29 22 29 16 22 37 Mathematics, General 86 78 85 125 137 134 177 191 180 209 276 Mathematics, Other 48 34 44 47 46 33 51 52 45 55 51 COMPUTER SCIENCE 286 295 310 399 450 515 612 705 800 869 878 Computer Science 264 256 249 355 384 442 519 612 720 791 823 Information Sciences and Systems 22 39 61 44 66 73 93 93 80 78 55 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY 1,043 1,080 1,080 1,187 1,237 1,302 1,274 1,393 1,411 1,537 1,543 Astronomy 50 42 43 52 46 66 49 52 50 55 76 Astrophysics 65 56 57 57 54 64 64 76 75 79 69 Acoustics 14 21 10 15 17 16 15 21 13 18 27 Chemical and Atomic/Molecular 71 77 58 70 79 77 74 87 76 85 95 Electron 1 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 1 – – Elementary Particles 136 138 154 147 159 174 135 163 182 153 170 Fluids 15 11 16 6 21 17 14 17 14 17 19 Nuclear 90 72 86 89 74 88 81 73 66 86 81 Optics 50 53 51 58 50 65 78 76 85 94 96 Plasma and High-Temperature 72 73 55 61 72 65 61 42 58 65 62 Polymer 10 8 11 11 15 20 7 11 17 17 29 Solid State and Low-Temperature 222 258 248 280 287 252 296 306 372 408 335 Physics, General 150 170 176 222 238 271 269 323 247 297 340 Physics, Other 97 99 111 117 119 125 127 144 155 163 144 CHEMISTRY 1,759 1,765 1,836 1,903 1,975 2,015 1,970 2,100 2,193 2,214 2,139 Analytical 264 228 285 257 314 301 289 293 304 304 286 Inorganic 215 233 251 260 240 250 256 242 260 268 238 Nuclear 13 18 7 18 13 7 6 13 14 7 8 Organic 503 525 494 511 511 531 511 452 538 512 517 Medicinal/Pharmaceutical 78 56 60 58 65 73 64 48 82 68 98 Physical 311 329 304 293 302 318 310 325 364 399 337 Polymer 62 63 84 72 96 81 78 81 111 83 107 Theoretical 48 37 48 41 46 50 46 55 45 59 53 Chemistry, General 177 183 213 289 297 310 312 524 400 449 433 Chemistry, Other 88 93 90 104 91 94 98 67 75 65 62 EARTH, ATMOS., & MARINE SCI. 637 614 617 589 628 728 740 769 836 824 790 Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry 21 11 16 21 24 19 15 18 20 36 13 Atmospheric Dynamics 16 25 21 16 17 25 16 20 21 23 23 Meteorology 17 28 23 27 17 35 27 20 31 28 34 Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, General 16 5 10 7 16 14 14 23 26 27 22 Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, Other 27 12 10 7 13 10 15 2 10 6 7 Geology 105 124 111 118 114 144 165 166 192 166 197 Geochemistry 48 43 48 37 31 46 39 56 64 62 50 Geophysics and Seismology 75 68 92 89 75 83 87 91 117 108 101 Paleontology 17 35 23 16 21 24 17 21 24 25 21 Mineralogy, Petrology 24 28 28 17 24 19 36 26 36 29 9 Stratigraphy, Sedimentation 25 16 23 14 22 30 24 25 29 23 28 Geomorphology and Glacial Geology 10 9 13 11 18 9 10 14 18 12 16 Applied Geology 8 7 8 4 5 7 6 6 1 – – Geological & Related Sci., General 15 10 11 12 18 8 19 31 30 18 15 Geological & Related Sci., Other 21 25 11 12 29 31 28 28 33 31 17 Environmental Science 50 45 42 35 29 58 68 50 35 57 68 Hydrology and Water Resources 20 18 17 16 18 24 24 13 16 29 25 Oceanography 87 78 68 78 73 81 87 89 85 82 99 Marine Sciences 22 21 24 22 38 28 26 39 27 32 27 Misc. Physical Sciences, Other 13 6 18 30 26 33 17 31 21 30 18 ENGINEERING 2,781 2,913 3,166 3,376 3,712 4,187 4,543 4,894 5,215 5,439 5,696 Aerospace, Aeronautic. & Astronautic. 106 119 124 118 142 150 178 192 207 234 228 Agricultural 58 74 60 52 74 70 102 101 84 84 86 Bioengineering and Biomedical 74 70 69 67 75 114 115 129 149 147 171 Ceramic Sciences 24 25 19 25 42 30 35 43 58 42 42 Chemical 349 361 440 476 527 624 625 561 621 607 624 Civil 354 351 358 387 441 488 498 505 509 541 563 Communications 25 11 30 23 26 24 25 35 21 30 22 Computer 83 56 55 77 62 100 117 131 178 178 167 NOTE: Dash (–) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialities List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities   Year of Doctorate   1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Electrical, Electronics 517 593 631 706 691 886 995 1,110 1,206 1,278 1,353 Engineering Mechanics 68 91 89 94 113 105 110 111 113 132 128 Engineering Physics 10 8 12 13 13 9 16 16 23 25 21 Engineering Science 30 28 31 30 26 32 27 37 42 51 55 Environmental Health Engineering 43 57 33 42 36 43 40 48 66 54 61 Industrial/Manufacturing 86 84 92 101 120 127 162 151 165 196 236 Materials Science 157 168 188 187 238 252 257 307 361 365 416 Mechanical 311 336 424 442 544 610 650 773 762 855 901 Metallurgical 87 78 96 93 112 92 88 90 70 78 77 Mining and Mineral 22 16 16 22 27 17 33 39 38 26 24 Naval Architecture, Marine Eng. 4 5 8 9 7 9 9 8 5 – – Nuclear 103 120 96 98 84 104 86 114 107 120 108 Ocean 12 11 25 14 24 21 20 17 21 21 24 Operations Research 44 50 54 54 51 44 68 46 76 56 56 Petroleum 22 17 24 18 23 33 29 49 28 54 52 Polymer/Plastics 21 31 40 37 34 28 58 48 42 64 61 Systems 57 52 57 33 47 44 30 51 48 37 57 Engineering, General 30 29 26 55 54 49 61 75 78 64 47 Engineering, Other 84 72 69 103 79 82 109 107 137 103 116 LIFE SCIENCES 5,554 5,758 5,781 5,734 5,754 6,165 6,341 6,604 6,929 7,114 7,397 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 3,741 3,880 3,793 3,807 3,839 4,112 4,115 4,327 4,645 4,798 5,090 Biochemistry 647 606 581 576 573 613 669 678 765 715 845 Biophysics 88 90 69 72 86 97 87 103 100 125 103 Biotechnology Research – – – – – – – – – – 8 Bacteriology 10 12 17 12 13 7 11 15 11 13 14 Plant Genetics 19 20 31 20 26 26 18 31 23 33 41 Plant Pathology 29 30 38 28 33 30 22 37 50 32 41 Plant Physiology 67 70 58 52 62 74 47 51 65 68 48 Botany, Other 116 126 120 121 106 112 117 104 105 107 105 Anatomy 107 103 135 86 92 88 80 70 77 75 76 Biometrics and Biostatistics 45 49 40 30 37 47 46 47 59 63 74 Cell Biology 118 123 100 130 127 118 133 145 149 188 231 Ecology 183 202 200 183 158 155 161 166 189 180 176 Developmental Biology /Embryology 13 15 15 9 6 7 10 22 37 48 57 Endocrinology 28 30 17 17 19 21 21 24 33 27 16 Entomology 141 156 173 170 123 133 139 147 138 139 114 Biological Immunology 154 133 124 146 136 179 152 153 177 181 169 Molecular Biology 225 275 277 298 303 364 413 413 480 527 582 Microbiology 309 346 289 326 301 333 340 335 372 377 433 Neuroscience 134 145 156 120 153 163 181 192 238 238 275 Nutritional Sciences 111 109 113 122 141 127 128 118 106 132 134 Parasitology 9 30 21 25 16 20 20 13 20 17 17 Toxicology 60 97 99 104 115 108 111 91 86 105 99 Human and Animal Genetics 95 82 105 91 113 118 112 153 160 142 172 Human and Animal Pathology 97 88 110 91 127 112 105 101 122 114 130 Human and Animal Pharmacology 218 237 235 245 234 252 241 243 262 278 273 Human and Animal Physiology 246 237 245 240 248 225 272 278 272 266 271 Zoology, Other 192 158 147 155 139 167 132 122 125 134 114 Biological Sciences, General 174 190 190 213 229 256 231 333 278 315 308 Biological Sciences, Other 106 121 88 125 123 160 116 142 146 159 164 HEALTH SCIENCES 640 722 729 770 800 882 974 956 1,042 1,112 1,201 Speech-Lang. Pathology & Audiology 113 104 99 82 107 93 91 93 90 82 98 Environmental Health 38 40 31 39 29 52 35 38 38 44 38 Health Systems/Services Admin. – – – – – – – – – – 35 Public Health 54 53 103 103 96 121 129 123 132 157 155 Epidemiology 76 103 76 80 86 97 107 102 115 108 120 Nursing 126 161 183 216 218 247 308 261 326 338 373 Pharmacy 81 102 106 104 133 95 111 116 115 160 148 Rehabilitation/Therapeutic Services – – – – – – – – 17 25 36 Veterinary Medicine 45 46 51 41 31 48 48 70 56 63 61 Health Sciences, General 20 14 13 27 12 29 19 36 28 30 38 Health Sciences, Other 87 99 67 78 88 100 126 117 125 105 99 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1,173 1,156 1,259 1,157 1,115 1,171 1,252 1,321 1,242 1,204 1,106 Agricultural Economics 158 159 148 160 139 156 164 145 168 141 137 Agricultural Business & Management – – – – – 0 2 2 1 0 1 Animal Breeding and Genetics 25 28 28 25 23 27 23 22 18 23 18 Animal Nutrition 56 71 78 65 82 54 67 54 57 41 52 Dairy Science – – – – – 12 16 20 19 14 11 Poultry Science – – – – – 10 11 17 13 22 16 Fisheries Science and Management 36 45 36 31 32 42 34 42 39 26 38 Animal Sciences, Other 92 90 95 91 76 86 95 90 92 97 74 Agronomy and Crop Science 149 137 158 159 143 141 140 143 117 123 104 Plant Breeding and Genetics 71 78 88 78 70 83 64 87 69 82 68 Plant Pathology 92 57 89 85 76 46 63 64 90 63 58 Plant Protection-Pest Management – – – – – 1 6 4 2 – – Plant Sciences, Other 16 20 21 22 20 23 15 23 17 29 28 Food Sciences 141 113 136 121 131 16 1 – – – – Food Engineering – – – – – 6 11 10 12 14 9 Food Sciences, Other – – – – – 119 147 141 137 151 140 Soil Sciences 85 99 97 103 74 18 – – – – – Soil Chemistry/Microbiology – – – – – 33 28 27 24 24 26 Soil Sciences, Other – – – – – 62 75 91 78 63 59 Horticulture Science 72 66 76 60 71 61 75 101 78 65 62

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities   Year of Doctorate   1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Wildlife Management 31 31 38 20 23 3 – – – – – Forestry Science 90 94 105 88 100 15 – – – – – Forest Biology – – – – – 21 22 27 17 29 18 Forest Engineering – – – – – 3 1 2 2 2 3 Forest Management – – – – – 18 21 14 22 16 17 Wood Sci. and Pulp/Paper Tech. – – – – – 7 16 16 16 21 20 Conservation/Renewable Nat. Res. – – – – – 7 12 16 19 9 13 Forestry and Related Sci., Other – – – – – 35 57 62 45 62 55 Wildlife/Range Management – – – – – 36 52 58 59 55 54 Agricultural Sciences, General 7 1 5 4 5 9 7 5 3 9 10 Agricultural Sciences, Other 52 67 61 45 50 21 27 38 28 23 15 SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL. PSYCH.) 6,095 5,929 5,765 5,893 5,790 5,781 5,961 6,094 6,152 6,217 6,545 Anthropology 373 335 353 381 352 325 325 324 341 320 342 Area Studies 20 23 19 28 17 16 17 22 24 33 36 Criminology 49 41 38 24 29 43 32 42 35 37 39 Demography/Population Studies 26 17 25 15 26 19 22 20 28 17 22 Economics 792 766 784 834 796 825 872 836 861 885 906 Econometrics 21 27 27 25 25 27 26 26 24 25 24 Geography 121 114 120 120 111 129 105 131 108 111 137 International Relations/Affairs 76 95 78 76 82 77 94 97 88 76 102 Political Science and Government 397 419 406 414 404 392 430 462 434 513 507 Public Policy Analysis 69 54 70 81 83 73 79 87 111 107 98 Sociology 525 515 461 491 423 449 436 428 465 495 513 Statistic 47 39 60 65 49 47 69 69 31 29 48 Urban Affairs/Studies 74 81 75 50 72 86 62 67 90 86 123 Social Sciences, General 17 17 17 36 30 28 26 23 36 33 32 Social Sciences, Other 141 127 114 127 118 171 158 178 226 186 197 PSYCHOLOGY 3,347 3,257 3,118 3,126 3,173 3,074 3,208 3,282 3,250 3,264 3,419 Cinical 1,241 1,195 1,181 1,173 1,214 1,095 1,259 1,338 1,305 1,310 1,372 Cognitive and Psycholiguistics 65 77 76 70 80 83 79 76 94 101 104 Comparative 11 13 11 14 9 7 8 8 7 2 5 Counseling 432 464 431 449 486 482 501 466 497 507 488 Developmental and Child 219 207 175 184 200 176 148 159 155 170 202 Experimental 209 169 165 147 146 136 146 143 142 154 143 Educational 154 210 127 106 89 103 105 98 110 91 91 Industrial and Organizational 90 106 102 110 107 118 104 126 142 138 158 Personality 32 25 21 16 25 18 28 20 13 17 22 Physiological/Psychobiology 94 73 79 73 69 85 62 46 45 55 85 Psychometrics 10 6 10 11 9 11 6 8 9 5 9 Quantitative 14 17 16 23 13 12 11 15 7 10 16 School 121 89 92 116 93 115 107 82 82 88 94 Social 191 157 167 141 133 140 128 145 147 139 125 Psychology, General 292 267 266 309 343 368 364 371 324 295 308 Psychology, Other 172 182 199 184 157 126 152 181 171 182 197 HUMANITIES 3,500 3,536 3,429 3,461 3,500 3,556 3,553 3,822 4,098 4,443 4,481 History, American 224 240 176 197 198 209 206 211 251 277 269 History, European 168 150 143 121 121 127 107 151 127 176 162 History/Philosophy of Sci. & Tech. 13 24 23 24 25 22 20 26 27 28 37 History, General 58 76 85 83 94 103 85 111 121 103 117 History, Other 153 127 116 138 148 142 120 113 137 141 143 Classics 44 57 44 51 55 56 51 58 55 58 61 Comparative Literature 124 133 133 101 121 139 103 97 150 163 153 Linguistics 164 160 176 189 199 166 188 167 227 266 214 Speech and Rhetorical Studies 48 41 38 30 37 37 35 38 86 98 111 Letters, General 3 14 13 19 25 16 13 19 17 18 18 Letters, Other 19 31 26 37 39 43 60 52 44 38 37 American Studies 99 76 87 68 75 70 76 72 92 81 101 Archeology 30 31 24 28 31 23 26 22 33 33 38 Art History/Criticism/Conservation 150 141 137 126 143 134 145 135 125 154 158 Music 390 445 447 476 499 505 522 572 589 641 616 Philosophy 241 215 238 248 233 222 270 243 285 279 274 Religion 177 183 181 182 182 217 215 219 187 231 255 Drama/Theater Arts 108 101 92 88 82 92 79 106 91 95 91 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1,219 1,255 1,164 1,164 1,112 1,147 1,152 1,308 1,350 1,465 1,525 American 173 190 204 215 190 186 192 229 253 291 293 English 542 543 252 204 478 531 528 564 599 612 655 French 121 108 86 102 103 101 106 123 100 124 137 German 77 80 62 79 77 76 73 78 71 96 105 Italian 22 17 14 15 21 14 20 25 32 20 19 Spanish 161 144 145 122 133 137 134 173 173 179 180 Russian 24 33 28 28 19 13 13 19 25 28 28 Slavic 9 12 10 8 5 5 7 7 14 15 13 Chinese 16 13 14 13 13 12 9 16 19 20 21 Japanese 5 12 13 9 9 6 13 9 7 12 11 Hebrew 11 13 9 11 13 12 10 14 11 20 15 Arabic 8 8 5 9 8 14 6 7 4 12 10 Other Language and Literature 50 52 49 49 43 40 41 41 42 36 38 Humanities, General 17 22 27 23 23 25 19 28 29 21 30 Humanities, Other 50 44 59 68 58 61 61 74 75 77 71 NOTE: Dash (–) includes that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities   Year of Doctorate   1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 EDUCATION 7,174 6,808 6,733 6,646 6,450 6,359 6,278 6,511 6,442 6,640 6,647 Curriculum and Instruction 861 869 825 794 762 815 841 839 807 899 853 Educational Admin. and Supervision 1,632 1,569 1,625 1,637 1,686 1,749 1,632 1,663 1,428 1,287 1,339 Educational Leadership – – – 1 – – – 1 483 681 762 Educ./Instruct. Media Design 88 83 101 79 68 67 76 55 73 62 95 Educ. Stat./Research Methods 86 105 74 58 73 51 59 59 80 61 64 Educ. Assess., Test., & Meas. 51 56 44 47 37 55 42 40 32 45 23 Educational Psychology 274 233 388 330 320 323 301 323 323 346 288 School Psychology 88 110 102 92 95 98 85 87 90 88 86 Social/Phil, Found. of Educ. 142 151 135 124 114 122 110 86 109 101 108 Special Education 349 312 270 273 248 257 259 225 226 260 276 Counseling Educ./Couns. & Guidance   506 391 397 315 315 324 264 301 270 289 Educ. Eval. & Res./Higher Educ. 635 657 589 612 570 399 373 424 344 380 359 Pre-elementary/Early Childhood 63 54 65 86 73 83 63 42 85 98 97 Elementary Education 111 97 122 94 105 93 99 110 73 73 65 Junior High Education 1 0 1 0 1 1 – – – – – Secondary Education 87 62 68 86 65 67 53 56 40 28 33 Adult and Continuing Education 221 218 207 223 203 229 236 211 210 208 233 TEACHING FIELDS 1,327 1,170 1,118 1,142 1,064 988 968 923 970 1,006 940 Agricultural Education 47 47 40 39 39 32 35 38 49 43 54 Art Education 58 41 43 43 52 42 39 44 28 46 38 Business Education 62 52 52 50 36 44 40 34 32 16 27 English Education 76 72 68 79 72 57 51 52 58 61 53 Foreign Languages Education 25 25 30 37 37 53 33 31 46 50 48 Health Education 99 93 89 81 91 86 100 95 78 98 82 Home Economics Education 25 26 21 17 17 17 19 10 21 12 14 Technical/Industrial Arts Education 19 27 13 20 24 11 17 18 13 11 16 Mathematics Education 62 64 65 72 74 56 69 65 73 62 69 Music Education 112 92 81 94 109 76 97 78 96 96 80 Nursing Education 17 21 21 40 36 34 29 24 18 29 19 Physical Education and Coaching 235 219 220 210 192 184 176 191 185 167 161 Reading Education 169 142 113 134 94 74 95 82 102 121 95 Science Education 78 77 88 65 63 67 48 72 72 73 73 Social Science Education 39 22 24 22 17 23 13 11 19 19 9 Speech Education 2 10 7 5 5 5 1 5 1 – – Technical Education – – – – – 13 28 15 25 35 21 Trade and Industrial Education 138 117 82 86 68 67 47 18 17 11 24 Teacher Ed./Spec. Acad. & Voc., Other 64 23 61 48 38 47 31 40 37 56 57 Education, General 349 311 294 354 366 358 414 535 421 426 410 Education, Other 303 360 308 299 285 280 403 531 378 332 329 PROFESSIONAL/OTHER FIELDS 1,752 1,941 1,893 1,982 2,131 2,142 2,193 2,284 2,402 2,498 2,492 BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT 750 869 790 902 982 1,033 1,067 1,036 1,163 1,248 1,280 Accounting 163 164 150 157 161 175 186 172 172 180 183 Banking/Financial Support Services 94 123 104 126 156 148 151 134 172 172 170 Business/Managerial Economics 25 30 20 28 26 27 27 21 19 21 33 Mgmt. Info. Sys./Business Data Proc. – – – – – – – – 72 103 101 Marketing Management and Research 73 126 94 110 113 126 130 120 134 139 166 Business Statistics 8 7 9 3 8 6 15 10 5 – – Operations Research 38 46 45 46 64 50 52 46 58 67 63 Organizational Behavior 53 70 68 57 66 74 95 64 72 81 73 Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., General 35 49 49 56 75 75 57 70 123 112 88 Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., Other 82 79 77 97 88 87 109 122 132 132 80 COMMUNICATIONS 250 255 266 258 309 247 306 323 332 330 322 Communications Research 51 66 55 79 90 72 85 87 72 45 33 Journalism 20 17 22 18 7 21 15 21 7 – – Mass Communications – – – – – – – – 68 85 117 Radio and Television 27 20 19 13 16 12 29 17 6 – – Communication Theory – – – – – – – – 25 47 41 Communications, General 60 68 89 75 102 70 79 86 70 76 69 Communications, Other 92 84 81 73 94 72 98 112 84 77 62 OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS 730 802 812 796 778 812 766 858 836 880 863 Architectural Environmental Design 34 25 36 27 33 31 43 41 67 60 54 Home Economics 79 107 90 88 67 58 55 74 29 58 57 Law 19 24 25 31 29 33 26 34 23 20 29 Library Science 51 68 71 57 48 57 60 42 52 51 70 Parks/Recreation/Leisure/Fitness – – – – – – – – – – 44 Public Administration 113 127 112 88 78 92 97 88 107 108 116 Social Work 190 231 220 235 214 241 206 246 240 248 237 Theology/Religious Education 227 212 240 240 254 251 232 271 273 292 240 Professional Fields, General 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 3 3 1 1 Professional Fields, Other 17 6 18 30 54 47 47 59 42 42 15 OTHER FIELDS 22 15 25 26 62 50 54 67 71 40 27 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities APPENDIX TABLE B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993 Total All Doctorates   Years of Doctorate   1978 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN 30,875 31,282 31,337 31,298 31,899 32,367 33,499 34,324 36,068 37,517 38,853 39,754 U.S. Citizens 25,291 24,359 24,027 23,370 23,083 22,983 23,290 23,400 24,906 25,559 25,975 26,386 Permanent Visas 1,344 1,275 1,224 1,324 1,433 1,578 1,622 1,626 1,698 1,856 1,978 2,250 Temporary Visas 3,421 4,499 4,832 5,228 5,276 5,610 6,194 6,646 8,093 9,309 9,950 9,923 Unknown Citizenship 819 1,149 1,254 1,376 2,107 2,196 2,393 2,652 1,371 793 950 1,195 Total Known Race/Ethnicity 28,451 29,398 29,280 29,058 28,924 29,216 30,345 30,940 33,868 35,751 37,128 38,194 U.S. Citizens 23,778 23,739 23,423 22,848 22,653 22,504 22,900 23,014 24,525 25,063 25,601 26,152 Permanent Visas 1,313 1,249 1,194 1,291 1,357 1,509 1,545 1,564 1,636 1,794 1,901 2,216 Temporary Visas 3,246 4,254 4,509 4,848 4,837 5,141 5,838 6,293 7,555 8,783 9,531 9,661 Unknown Citizenship 114 156 154 71 77 62 62 69 152 111 95 165 Native Americans 61 82 74 96 100 116 94 94 97 132 152 120 U.S. Citizens 60 81 74 96 99 115 94 94 96 130 149 119 Permanent Visas* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Temporary Visas* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 Unknown Citizenship 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Asians 2,394 3,125 3,394 3,642 3,727 4,126 4,778 5,181 6,291 7,521 8,276 8,653 U.S. Citizens 390 492 512 516 530 542 614 626 641 786 837 891 Permanent Visas 642 551 507 553 528 625 621 635 664 741 914 1,118 Temporary Visas 1,311 2,007 2,295 2,526 2,645 2,933 3,516 3,903 4,930 5,946 6,504 6,595 Unknown Citizenship 51 75 80 47 24 26 27 17 56 48 21 49 Blacks 1,381 1,384 1,494 1,440 1,270 1,218 1,263 1,246 1,349 1,458 1,421 1,606 U.S. Citizens 1,031 922 953 912 823 768 814 821 898 1,003 961 1,106 Permanent Visas 73 83 102 131 126 139 152 141 149 155 143 169 Temporary Visas 269 365 419 395 313 305 291 273 290 293 310 319 Unknown Citizenship 8 14 20 2 8 6 6 11 12 7 7 12 Hispanics 861 969 916 1,000 1,056 1,054 1,048 1,062 1,228 1,318 1,400 1,429 U.S. Citizens 486 539 534 561 572 617 595 581 721 731 778 834 Permanent Visas 67 69 71 73 107 91 98 112 116 136 130 138 Temporary Visas 293 342 300 360 372 338 349 363 386 445 481 453 Unknown Citizenship 15 19 11 6 5 8 6 6 5 6 11 4 Whites 23,754 23,838 23,402 22,880 22,771 22,702 23,162 23,357 24,903 25,322 25,879 26,386 U.S. Citizens 21,811 21,705 21,350 20,763 20,629 20,462 20,783 20,892 22,169 22,413 22,876 23,202 Permanent Visas 531 545 514 534 596 654 674 676 707 760 714 791 Temporary Visas 1,372 1,540 1,495 1,567 1,506 1,564 1,682 1,754 1,948 2,099 2,234 2,293 Unknown Citizenship 40 48 43 16 40 22 23 35 79 50 55 100 Unknown Race/Ethnicity 2,424 1,884 2,057 2,240 2,975 3,151 3,154 3,384 2,200 1,766 1,725 1,560 U.S. Citizens 1,513 620 604 522 430 479 390 386 381 496 374 234 Permanent Visas 31 26 30 33 76 69 77 62 62 62 77 34 Temporary Visas 175 245 323 380 439 469 356 353 538 526 419 262 Unknown Citizenship 705 993 1,100 1,305 2,030 2,134 2,331 2,583 1,219 682 855 1,030 NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin America.

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities Doctorates: MEN   Year of Doctorate   1978 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL MEN 22,553 20,749 20,638 20,554 20,594 20,939 21,681 21,812 22,962 23,647 24,433 24,646 U.S. Citizens 17,936 15,120 14,730 14,223 13,637 13,575 13,725 13,396 14,166 14,376 14,500 14,484 Permanent Visas 1,052 953 892 999 1,068 1,117 1,164 1,139 1,190 1,224 1,291 1,461 Temporary Visas 2,966 3,872 4,134 4,395 4,414 4,722 5,133 5,442 6,632 7,516 7,960 7,857 Unknown Citizenship 599 804 882 937 1,475 1,525 1,659 1,835 974 531 682 844 Total Known Race/Ethnicity 20,747 19,377 19,131 18,944 18,432 18,673 19,405 19,395 21,336 22,343 23,142 23,495 U.S. Citizens 16,822 14,676 14,303 13,858 13,338 13,248 13,445 13,112 13,899 14,017 14,234 14,312 Permanent Visas 1,029 931 867 971 1,004 1,064 1,097 1,094 1,150 1,176 1,233 1,436 Temporary Visas 2,817 3,649 3,844 4,057 4,037 4,313 4,820 5,139 6,172 7,076 7,611 7,645 Unknown Citizenship 79 121 117 58 53 48 43 50 115 74 64 102 Native Americans 51 51 54 40 59 63 52 49 52 74 82 61 U.S. Citizens 50 50 54 40 58 62 52 49 52 74 82 60 Permanent Visas* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Temporary Visas* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Unknown Citizenship 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asians 1,972 2,543 2,780 2,945 3,040 3,349 3,843 4,154 5,030 5,875 6,422 6,605 U.S. Citizens 287 312 338 329 347 369 414 441 427 481 528 554 Permanent Visas 531 431 389 437 417 455 456 459 482 488 603 726 Temporary Visas 1,114 1,732 1,982 2,137 2,258 2,505 2,955 3,241 4,076 4,870 5,273 5,287 Unknown Citizenship 40 68 71 42 18 20 18 13 45 36 18 38 Blacks 900 835 903 851 707 701 697 684 731 784 765 839 U.S. Citizens 585 413 427 379 323 317 315 327 351 417 392 440 Permanent Visas 65 73 81 117 106 118 126 125 128 131 122 138 Temporary Visas 251 341 382 354 275 261 251 222 242 232 245 250 Unknown Citizenship 2 8 13 1 3 5 5 10 10 4 6 11 Hispanics 649 635 620 646 665 677 678 662 760 805 858 872 U.S. Citizens 330 288 313 300 302 332 321 307 380 370 410 422 Permanent Visas 54 45 47 50 71 50 64 69 69 88 71 93 Temporary Visas 254 288 252 294 289 288 288 283 309 343 370 356 Unknown Citizenship 11 14 8 2 3 7 5 3 2 4 7 1 Whites 17,175 15,313 14,774 14,462 13,961 13,883 14,135 13,846 14,763 14,805 15,015 15,118 U.S. Citizens 15,573 13,613 13,171 12,810 12,308 12,168 12,343 11,988 12,689 12,675 12,822 12,836 Permanent Visas 379 381 350 367 410 441 451 441 471 469 437 479 Temporary Visas 1,197 1,288 1,228 1,272 1,214 1,258 1,326 1,393 1,545 1,631 1,723 1,751 Unknown Citizenship 26 31 25 13 29 16 15 24 58 30 33 52 Unknown Race/Ethnicity 1,806 1,372 1,507 1,610 2,162 2,266 2,276 2,417 1,626 1,304 1,291 1,151 U.S. Citizens 1,114 444 427 365 299 327 280 284 267 359 266 172 Permanent Visas 23 22 25 28 64 53 67 45 40 48 58 25 Temporary Visas 149 223 290 338 377 409 313 303 460 440 349 212 Unknown Citizenship 520 683 765 879 1,422 1,477 1,616 1,785 859 457 618 742

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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities Doctorates: WOMEN   Year of Doctorate   1978 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 TOTAL WOMEN 8,322 10,533 10,699 10,744 11,305 11,428 11,818 12,512 13,106 13,870 14,420 15,108 U.S. Citizens 7,355 9,239 9,297 9,147 9,446 9,408 9,565 10,004 10,740 11,183 11,475 11,902 Permanent Visas 292 322 332 325 365 461 458 487 508 632 687 789 Temporary Visas 455 627 698 833 862 888 1,061 1,204 1,461 1,793 1,990 2,066 Unknown Citizenship 220 345 372 439 632 671 734 817 397 262 268 351 Total Known Race/Ethnicity 7,704 10,021 10,149 10,114 10,492 10,543 10,940 11,545 12,532 13,408 13,986 14,699 U.S. Citizens 6,956 9,063 9,120 8,990 9,315 9,256 9,455 9,902 10,626 11,046 11,367 11,840 Permanent Visas 284 318 327 320 353 445 448 470 486 618 668 780 Temporary Visas 429 605 665 791 800 828 1,018 1,154 1,383 1,707 1,920 2,016 Unknown Citizenship 35 35 37 13 24 14 19 19 37 37 31 63 Native Americans 10 31 20 56 41 53 42 45 45 58 70 59 U.S. Citizens 10 31 20 56 41 53 42 45 44 56 67 59 Permanent Visas* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Temporary Visas* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Unknown Citizenship 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Asians 422 582 614 697 687 777 935 1,027 1,261 1,646 1,854 2,048 U.S. Citizens 103 180 174 187 183 173 200 185 214 305 309 337 Permanent Visas 111 120 118 116 111 170 165 176 182 253 311 392 Temporary Visas 197 275 313 389 387 428 561 662 854 1,076 1,231 1,308 Unknown Citizenship 11 7 9 5 6 6 9 4 11 12 3 11 Blacks 481 549 591 589 563 517 566 562 618 674 656 767 U.S. Citizens 449 509 526 533 500 451 499 494 547 586 569 666 Permanent Visas 8 10 21 14 20 21 26 16 21 24 21 31 Temporary Visas 18 24 37 41 38 44 40 51 48 61 65 69 Unknown Citizenship 6 6 7 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 Hispanics 212 334 296 354 391 377 370 400 468 513 542 557 U.S. Citizens 156 251 221 261 270 285 274 274 341 361 368 412 Permanent Visas 13 24 24 23 36 41 34 43 47 48 59 45 Temporary Visas 39 54 48 66 83 50 61 80 77 102 111 97 Unknown Citizenship 4 5 3 4 2 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 Whites 6,579 8,525 8,628 8,418 8,810 8,819 9,027 9,511 10,140 10,517 10,864 11,268 U.S. Citizens 6,238 8,092 8,179 7,953 8,321 8,294 8,440 8,904 9,480 9,738 10,054 10,366 Permanent Visas 152 164 164 167 186 213 223 235 236 291 277 312 Temporary Visas 175 252 267 295 292 306 356 361 403 468 511 542 Unknown Citizenship 14 17 18 3 11 6 8 11 21 20 22 48 Unknown Race/Ethnicity 618 512 550 630 813 885 878 967 574 462 434 409 U.S. Citizens 399 176 177 157 131 152 110 102 114 137 108 62 Permanent Visas 8 4 5 5 12 16 10 17 22 14 19 9 Temporary Visas 26 22 33 42 62 60 43 50 78 86 70 50 Unknown Citizenship 185 310 335 426 608 657 715 798 360 225 237 288 NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin American countries. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

response rates