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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Trend Tables, 1983-1993." National Research Council. 1995. Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9033.

APPENDIX B:

Trend Tables, 1983–1993

Appendix B includes the following two tables:

B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983–1993

B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993

*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***

The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends.

Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993.

Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data.

All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report.

In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.

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TABLE B-1: Table B-1 presents data for the most recent decade by subfield of doctorate. In general, the subfields correspond to the fields on the questionnaire 's Specialties List located at the back of this report; some, however, do not appear on the current Specialties List because they are no longer included in the survey taxonomy. A dash (-) in a column indicates that the field was not on the Specialties List for that year.

Field groupings in this table may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED); see inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables. The “general” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, general” —include individuals who either received the doctorate in the general subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The “other” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, other” —include individuals whose specified doctoral discipline was not among the specialty fields.

The seven tables in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by field of doctorate.

TABLE B-2:Table B-2 displays data on the race/ethnicity of doctorate recipients for 1978 and the last decade by gender and citizenship. (The year 1978 is included because it serves as the earliest point of comparison for racial/ethnic data presented in the body of the report.) Table B-2 contains three panels, each displayed on a separate page. The first panel includes all doctorates; the others disaggregate the data by gender.

The reader should note that numbers in Table B-2 have been revised since publication of Summary Report 1992. Because of late questionnaire returns and responses to follow-ups for missing information, data are subject to revision in the year after survey closure. New follow-up procedures first implemented in 1990 have increased coverage of several variables, including citizenship and race/ethnicity. One result has been greater postsurvey adjustment to racial/ethnic data than in earlier years. (Note: The greatest adjustment was to the numbers of black Ph.D.s in 1990 and 1991—an increase of about 7.5 percent each year.) Updates to 1992 racial/ethnic data are shown in Table B-2in this year's report. See the notice on page 71 for additional information on recent increases in response rates and their impact on time-series data.

The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. In 1977, it was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the moving of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to the Asian category.) In 1980, the item was further revised in two ways: (1) the Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one racial category. (Before 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in 1982 to separate the questions on race and ethnicity. Since then, respondents have been asked to first check one of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In Table B-2, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic heritage, regardless of racial designation, are counted as Hispanic. The remaining survey respondents

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are then counted in the respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients who checked the category “American Indian or Alaskan Native ” are identified as Native American in this report.)

Tables A-2 and A-4 in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by race/ethnicity.

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APPENDIX TABLE B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983 –1993

	Year of Doctorate
	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
TOTAL ALL FIELDS	31,282	31,337	31,298	31,899	32,367	33,499	34,324	36,068	37,517	38,853	39,754
PHYSICAL SCIENCES	4,426	4,452	4,531	4,807	5,030	5,309	5,455	5,859	6,279	6,502	6,496
MATHEMATICS	701	698	688	729	740	749	859	892	1,039	1,058	1,146
Applied Mathematics	125	108	116	135	131	142	158	185	193	213	188
Algebra	55	65	55	46	57	54	50	39	72	69	84
Analysis and Functional Analysis	76	71	83	81	86	76	103	90	132	105	105
Geometry	44	27	35	38	30	44	47	42	66	45	44
Logic	21	25	30	23	18	20	12	19	23	28	19
Number Theory	19	27	18	20	15	26	23	26	30	25	42
Mathematical Statistics	151	181	150	141	143	152	167	157	206	217	228
Topology	44	42	35	34	41	27	37	50	57	58	54
Computing Theory and Practice	12	13	15	10	14	12	12	12	19	12	18
Operations Research	20	27	22	29	22	29	22	29	16	22	37
Mathematics, General	86	78	85	125	137	134	177	191	180	209	276
Mathematics, Other	48	34	44	47	46	33	51	52	45	55	51
COMPUTER SCIENCE	286	295	310	399	450	515	612	705	800	869	878
Computer Science	264	256	249	355	384	442	519	612	720	791	823
Information Sciences and Systems	22	39	61	44	66	73	93	93	80	78	55
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY	1,043	1,080	1,080	1,187	1,237	1,302	1,274	1,393	1,411	1,537	1,543
Astronomy	50	42	43	52	46	66	49	52	50	55	76
Astrophysics	65	56	57	57	54	64	64	76	75	79	69
Acoustics	14	21	10	15	17	16	15	21	13	18	27
Chemical and Atomic/Molecular	71	77	58	70	79	77	74	87	76	85	95
Electron	1	2	4	2	6	2	4	2	1	–	–
Elementary Particles	136	138	154	147	159	174	135	163	182	153	170
Fluids	15	11	16	6	21	17	14	17	14	17	19
Nuclear	90	72	86	89	74	88	81	73	66	86	81
Optics	50	53	51	58	50	65	78	76	85	94	96
Plasma and High-Temperature	72	73	55	61	72	65	61	42	58	65	62
Polymer	10	8	11	11	15	20	7	11	17	17	29
Solid State and Low-Temperature	222	258	248	280	287	252	296	306	372	408	335
Physics, General	150	170	176	222	238	271	269	323	247	297	340
Physics, Other	97	99	111	117	119	125	127	144	155	163	144
CHEMISTRY	1,759	1,765	1,836	1,903	1,975	2,015	1,970	2,100	2,193	2,214	2,139
Analytical	264	228	285	257	314	301	289	293	304	304	286
Inorganic	215	233	251	260	240	250	256	242	260	268	238
Nuclear	13	18	7	18	13	7	6	13	14	7	8
Organic	503	525	494	511	511	531	511	452	538	512	517
Medicinal/Pharmaceutical	78	56	60	58	65	73	64	48	82	68	98
Physical	311	329	304	293	302	318	310	325	364	399	337
Polymer	62	63	84	72	96	81	78	81	111	83	107
Theoretical	48	37	48	41	46	50	46	55	45	59	53
Chemistry, General	177	183	213	289	297	310	312	524	400	449	433
Chemistry, Other	88	93	90	104	91	94	98	67	75	65	62
EARTH, ATMOS., & MARINE SCI.	637	614	617	589	628	728	740	769	836	824	790
Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry	21	11	16	21	24	19	15	18	20	36	13
Atmospheric Dynamics	16	25	21	16	17	25	16	20	21	23	23
Meteorology	17	28	23	27	17	35	27	20	31	28	34
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, General	16	5	10	7	16	14	14	23	26	27	22
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, Other	27	12	10	7	13	10	15	2	10	6	7
Geology	105	124	111	118	114	144	165	166	192	166	197
Geochemistry	48	43	48	37	31	46	39	56	64	62	50
Geophysics and Seismology	75	68	92	89	75	83	87	91	117	108	101
Paleontology	17	35	23	16	21	24	17	21	24	25	21
Mineralogy, Petrology	24	28	28	17	24	19	36	26	36	29	9
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation	25	16	23	14	22	30	24	25	29	23	28
Geomorphology and Glacial Geology	10	9	13	11	18	9	10	14	18	12	16
Applied Geology	8	7	8	4	5	7	6	6	1	–	–
Geological & Related Sci., General	15	10	11	12	18	8	19	31	30	18	15
Geological & Related Sci., Other	21	25	11	12	29	31	28	28	33	31	17
Environmental Science	50	45	42	35	29	58	68	50	35	57	68
Hydrology and Water Resources	20	18	17	16	18	24	24	13	16	29	25
Oceanography	87	78	68	78	73	81	87	89	85	82	99
Marine Sciences	22	21	24	22	38	28	26	39	27	32	27
Misc. Physical Sciences, Other	13	6	18	30	26	33	17	31	21	30	18
ENGINEERING	2,781	2,913	3,166	3,376	3,712	4,187	4,543	4,894	5,215	5,439	5,696
Aerospace, Aeronautic. & Astronautic.	106	119	124	118	142	150	178	192	207	234	228
Agricultural	58	74	60	52	74	70	102	101	84	84	86
Bioengineering and Biomedical	74	70	69	67	75	114	115	129	149	147	171
Ceramic Sciences	24	25	19	25	42	30	35	43	58	42	42
Chemical	349	361	440	476	527	624	625	561	621	607	624
Civil	354	351	358	387	441	488	498	505	509	541	563
Communications	25	11	30	23	26	24	25	35	21	30	22
Computer	83	56	55	77	62	100	117	131	178	178	167
NOTE: Dash (–) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialities List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.

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	Year of Doctorate
	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Electrical, Electronics	517	593	631	706	691	886	995	1,110	1,206	1,278	1,353
Engineering Mechanics	68	91	89	94	113	105	110	111	113	132	128
Engineering Physics	10	8	12	13	13	9	16	16	23	25	21
Engineering Science	30	28	31	30	26	32	27	37	42	51	55
Environmental Health Engineering	43	57	33	42	36	43	40	48	66	54	61
Industrial/Manufacturing	86	84	92	101	120	127	162	151	165	196	236
Materials Science	157	168	188	187	238	252	257	307	361	365	416
Mechanical	311	336	424	442	544	610	650	773	762	855	901
Metallurgical	87	78	96	93	112	92	88	90	70	78	77
Mining and Mineral	22	16	16	22	27	17	33	39	38	26	24
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng.	4	5	8	9	7	9	9	8	5	–	–
Nuclear	103	120	96	98	84	104	86	114	107	120	108
Ocean	12	11	25	14	24	21	20	17	21	21	24
Operations Research	44	50	54	54	51	44	68	46	76	56	56
Petroleum	22	17	24	18	23	33	29	49	28	54	52
Polymer/Plastics	21	31	40	37	34	28	58	48	42	64	61
Systems	57	52	57	33	47	44	30	51	48	37	57
Engineering, General	30	29	26	55	54	49	61	75	78	64	47
Engineering, Other	84	72	69	103	79	82	109	107	137	103	116
LIFE SCIENCES	5,554	5,758	5,781	5,734	5,754	6,165	6,341	6,604	6,929	7,114	7,397
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES	3,741	3,880	3,793	3,807	3,839	4,112	4,115	4,327	4,645	4,798	5,090
Biochemistry	647	606	581	576	573	613	669	678	765	715	845
Biophysics	88	90	69	72	86	97	87	103	100	125	103
Biotechnology Research	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8
Bacteriology	10	12	17	12	13	7	11	15	11	13	14
Plant Genetics	19	20	31	20	26	26	18	31	23	33	41
Plant Pathology	29	30	38	28	33	30	22	37	50	32	41
Plant Physiology	67	70	58	52	62	74	47	51	65	68	48
Botany, Other	116	126	120	121	106	112	117	104	105	107	105
Anatomy	107	103	135	86	92	88	80	70	77	75	76
Biometrics and Biostatistics	45	49	40	30	37	47	46	47	59	63	74
Cell Biology	118	123	100	130	127	118	133	145	149	188	231
Ecology	183	202	200	183	158	155	161	166	189	180	176
Developmental Biology /Embryology	13	15	15	9	6	7	10	22	37	48	57
Endocrinology	28	30	17	17	19	21	21	24	33	27	16
Entomology	141	156	173	170	123	133	139	147	138	139	114
Biological Immunology	154	133	124	146	136	179	152	153	177	181	169
Molecular Biology	225	275	277	298	303	364	413	413	480	527	582
Microbiology	309	346	289	326	301	333	340	335	372	377	433
Neuroscience	134	145	156	120	153	163	181	192	238	238	275
Nutritional Sciences	111	109	113	122	141	127	128	118	106	132	134
Parasitology	9	30	21	25	16	20	20	13	20	17	17
Toxicology	60	97	99	104	115	108	111	91	86	105	99
Human and Animal Genetics	95	82	105	91	113	118	112	153	160	142	172
Human and Animal Pathology	97	88	110	91	127	112	105	101	122	114	130
Human and Animal Pharmacology	218	237	235	245	234	252	241	243	262	278	273
Human and Animal Physiology	246	237	245	240	248	225	272	278	272	266	271
Zoology, Other	192	158	147	155	139	167	132	122	125	134	114
Biological Sciences, General	174	190	190	213	229	256	231	333	278	315	308
Biological Sciences, Other	106	121	88	125	123	160	116	142	146	159	164
HEALTH SCIENCES	640	722	729	770	800	882	974	956	1,042	1,112	1,201
Speech-Lang. Pathology & Audiology	113	104	99	82	107	93	91	93	90	82	98
Environmental Health	38	40	31	39	29	52	35	38	38	44	38
Health Systems/Services Admin.	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	35
Public Health	54	53	103	103	96	121	129	123	132	157	155
Epidemiology	76	103	76	80	86	97	107	102	115	108	120
Nursing	126	161	183	216	218	247	308	261	326	338	373
Pharmacy	81	102	106	104	133	95	111	116	115	160	148
Rehabilitation/Therapeutic Services	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17	25	36
Veterinary Medicine	45	46	51	41	31	48	48	70	56	63	61
Health Sciences, General	20	14	13	27	12	29	19	36	28	30	38
Health Sciences, Other	87	99	67	78	88	100	126	117	125	105	99
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES	1,173	1,156	1,259	1,157	1,115	1,171	1,252	1,321	1,242	1,204	1,106
Agricultural Economics	158	159	148	160	139	156	164	145	168	141	137
Agricultural Business & Management	–	–	–	–	–	0	2	2	1	0	1
Animal Breeding and Genetics	25	28	28	25	23	27	23	22	18	23	18
Animal Nutrition	56	71	78	65	82	54	67	54	57	41	52
Dairy Science	–	–	–	–	–	12	16	20	19	14	11
Poultry Science	–	–	–	–	–	10	11	17	13	22	16
Fisheries Science and Management	36	45	36	31	32	42	34	42	39	26	38
Animal Sciences, Other	92	90	95	91	76	86	95	90	92	97	74
Agronomy and Crop Science	149	137	158	159	143	141	140	143	117	123	104
Plant Breeding and Genetics	71	78	88	78	70	83	64	87	69	82	68
Plant Pathology	92	57	89	85	76	46	63	64	90	63	58
Plant Protection-Pest Management	–	–	–	–	–	1	6	4	2	–	–
Plant Sciences, Other	16	20	21	22	20	23	15	23	17	29	28
Food Sciences	141	113	136	121	131	16	1	–	–	–	–
Food Engineering	–	–	–	–	–	6	11	10	12	14	9
Food Sciences, Other	–	–	–	–	–	119	147	141	137	151	140
Soil Sciences	85	99	97	103	74	18	–	–	–	–	–
Soil Chemistry/Microbiology	–	–	–	–	–	33	28	27	24	24	26
Soil Sciences, Other	–	–	–	–	–	62	75	91	78	63	59
Horticulture Science	72	66	76	60	71	61	75	101	78	65	62

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	Year of Doctorate
	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Wildlife Management	31	31	38	20	23	3	–	–	–	–	–
Forestry Science	90	94	105	88	100	15	–	–	–	–	–
Forest Biology	–	–	–	–	–	21	22	27	17	29	18
Forest Engineering	–	–	–	–	–	3	1	2	2	2	3
Forest Management	–	–	–	–	–	18	21	14	22	16	17
Wood Sci. and Pulp/Paper Tech.	–	–	–	–	–	7	16	16	16	21	20
Conservation/Renewable Nat. Res.	–	–	–	–	–	7	12	16	19	9	13
Forestry and Related Sci., Other	–	–	–	–	–	35	57	62	45	62	55
Wildlife/Range Management	–	–	–	–	–	36	52	58	59	55	54
Agricultural Sciences, General	7	1	5	4	5	9	7	5	3	9	10
Agricultural Sciences, Other	52	67	61	45	50	21	27	38	28	23	15
SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL. PSYCH.)	6,095	5,929	5,765	5,893	5,790	5,781	5,961	6,094	6,152	6,217	6,545
Anthropology	373	335	353	381	352	325	325	324	341	320	342
Area Studies	20	23	19	28	17	16	17	22	24	33	36
Criminology	49	41	38	24	29	43	32	42	35	37	39
Demography/Population Studies	26	17	25	15	26	19	22	20	28	17	22
Economics	792	766	784	834	796	825	872	836	861	885	906
Econometrics	21	27	27	25	25	27	26	26	24	25	24
Geography	121	114	120	120	111	129	105	131	108	111	137
International Relations/Affairs	76	95	78	76	82	77	94	97	88	76	102
Political Science and Government	397	419	406	414	404	392	430	462	434	513	507
Public Policy Analysis	69	54	70	81	83	73	79	87	111	107	98
Sociology	525	515	461	491	423	449	436	428	465	495	513
Statistic	47	39	60	65	49	47	69	69	31	29	48
Urban Affairs/Studies	74	81	75	50	72	86	62	67	90	86	123
Social Sciences, General	17	17	17	36	30	28	26	23	36	33	32
Social Sciences, Other	141	127	114	127	118	171	158	178	226	186	197
PSYCHOLOGY	3,347	3,257	3,118	3,126	3,173	3,074	3,208	3,282	3,250	3,264	3,419
Cinical	1,241	1,195	1,181	1,173	1,214	1,095	1,259	1,338	1,305	1,310	1,372
Cognitive and Psycholiguistics	65	77	76	70	80	83	79	76	94	101	104
Comparative	11	13	11	14	9	7	8	8	7	2	5
Counseling	432	464	431	449	486	482	501	466	497	507	488
Developmental and Child	219	207	175	184	200	176	148	159	155	170	202
Experimental	209	169	165	147	146	136	146	143	142	154	143
Educational	154	210	127	106	89	103	105	98	110	91	91
Industrial and Organizational	90	106	102	110	107	118	104	126	142	138	158
Personality	32	25	21	16	25	18	28	20	13	17	22
Physiological/Psychobiology	94	73	79	73	69	85	62	46	45	55	85
Psychometrics	10	6	10	11	9	11	6	8	9	5	9
Quantitative	14	17	16	23	13	12	11	15	7	10	16
School	121	89	92	116	93	115	107	82	82	88	94
Social	191	157	167	141	133	140	128	145	147	139	125
Psychology, General	292	267	266	309	343	368	364	371	324	295	308
Psychology, Other	172	182	199	184	157	126	152	181	171	182	197
HUMANITIES	3,500	3,536	3,429	3,461	3,500	3,556	3,553	3,822	4,098	4,443	4,481
History, American	224	240	176	197	198	209	206	211	251	277	269
History, European	168	150	143	121	121	127	107	151	127	176	162
History/Philosophy of Sci. & Tech.	13	24	23	24	25	22	20	26	27	28	37
History, General	58	76	85	83	94	103	85	111	121	103	117
History, Other	153	127	116	138	148	142	120	113	137	141	143
Classics	44	57	44	51	55	56	51	58	55	58	61
Comparative Literature	124	133	133	101	121	139	103	97	150	163	153
Linguistics	164	160	176	189	199	166	188	167	227	266	214
Speech and Rhetorical Studies	48	41	38	30	37	37	35	38	86	98	111
Letters, General	3	14	13	19	25	16	13	19	17	18	18
Letters, Other	19	31	26	37	39	43	60	52	44	38	37
American Studies	99	76	87	68	75	70	76	72	92	81	101
Archeology	30	31	24	28	31	23	26	22	33	33	38
Art History/Criticism/Conservation	150	141	137	126	143	134	145	135	125	154	158
Music	390	445	447	476	499	505	522	572	589	641	616
Philosophy	241	215	238	248	233	222	270	243	285	279	274
Religion	177	183	181	182	182	217	215	219	187	231	255
Drama/Theater Arts	108	101	92	88	82	92	79	106	91	95	91
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE	1,219	1,255	1,164	1,164	1,112	1,147	1,152	1,308	1,350	1,465	1,525
American	173	190	204	215	190	186	192	229	253	291	293
English	542	543	252	204	478	531	528	564	599	612	655
French	121	108	86	102	103	101	106	123	100	124	137
German	77	80	62	79	77	76	73	78	71	96	105
Italian	22	17	14	15	21	14	20	25	32	20	19
Spanish	161	144	145	122	133	137	134	173	173	179	180
Russian	24	33	28	28	19	13	13	19	25	28	28
Slavic	9	12	10	8	5	5	7	7	14	15	13
Chinese	16	13	14	13	13	12	9	16	19	20	21
Japanese	5	12	13	9	9	6	13	9	7	12	11
Hebrew	11	13	9	11	13	12	10	14	11	20	15
Arabic	8	8	5	9	8	14	6	7	4	12	10
Other Language and Literature	50	52	49	49	43	40	41	41	42	36	38
Humanities, General	17	22	27	23	23	25	19	28	29	21	30
Humanities, Other	50	44	59	68	58	61	61	74	75	77	71
NOTE: Dash (–) includes that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.

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	Year of Doctorate
	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
EDUCATION	7,174	6,808	6,733	6,646	6,450	6,359	6,278	6,511	6,442	6,640	6,647
Curriculum and Instruction	861	869	825	794	762	815	841	839	807	899	853
Educational Admin. and Supervision	1,632	1,569	1,625	1,637	1,686	1,749	1,632	1,663	1,428	1,287	1,339
Educational Leadership	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	1	483	681	762
Educ./Instruct. Media Design	88	83	101	79	68	67	76	55	73	62	95
Educ. Stat./Research Methods	86	105	74	58	73	51	59	59	80	61	64
Educ. Assess., Test., & Meas.	51	56	44	47	37	55	42	40	32	45	23
Educational Psychology	274	233	388	330	320	323	301	323	323	346	288
School Psychology	88	110	102	92	95	98	85	87	90	88	86
Social/Phil, Found. of Educ.	142	151	135	124	114	122	110	86	109	101	108
Special Education	349	312	270	273	248	257	259	225	226	260	276
Counseling Educ./Couns. & Guidance		506	391	397	315	315	324	264	301	270	289
Educ. Eval. & Res./Higher Educ.	635	657	589	612	570	399	373	424	344	380	359
Pre-elementary/Early Childhood	63	54	65	86	73	83	63	42	85	98	97
Elementary Education	111	97	122	94	105	93	99	110	73	73	65
Junior High Education	1	0	1	0	1	1	–	–	–	–	–
Secondary Education	87	62	68	86	65	67	53	56	40	28	33
Adult and Continuing Education	221	218	207	223	203	229	236	211	210	208	233
TEACHING FIELDS	1,327	1,170	1,118	1,142	1,064	988	968	923	970	1,006	940
Agricultural Education	47	47	40	39	39	32	35	38	49	43	54
Art Education	58	41	43	43	52	42	39	44	28	46	38
Business Education	62	52	52	50	36	44	40	34	32	16	27
English Education	76	72	68	79	72	57	51	52	58	61	53
Foreign Languages Education	25	25	30	37	37	53	33	31	46	50	48
Health Education	99	93	89	81	91	86	100	95	78	98	82
Home Economics Education	25	26	21	17	17	17	19	10	21	12	14
Technical/Industrial Arts Education	19	27	13	20	24	11	17	18	13	11	16
Mathematics Education	62	64	65	72	74	56	69	65	73	62	69
Music Education	112	92	81	94	109	76	97	78	96	96	80
Nursing Education	17	21	21	40	36	34	29	24	18	29	19
Physical Education and Coaching	235	219	220	210	192	184	176	191	185	167	161
Reading Education	169	142	113	134	94	74	95	82	102	121	95
Science Education	78	77	88	65	63	67	48	72	72	73	73
Social Science Education	39	22	24	22	17	23	13	11	19	19	9
Speech Education	2	10	7	5	5	5	1	5	1	–	–
Technical Education	–	–	–	–	–	13	28	15	25	35	21
Trade and Industrial Education	138	117	82	86	68	67	47	18	17	11	24
Teacher Ed./Spec. Acad. & Voc., Other	64	23	61	48	38	47	31	40	37	56	57
Education, General	349	311	294	354	366	358	414	535	421	426	410
Education, Other	303	360	308	299	285	280	403	531	378	332	329
PROFESSIONAL/OTHER FIELDS	1,752	1,941	1,893	1,982	2,131	2,142	2,193	2,284	2,402	2,498	2,492
BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT	750	869	790	902	982	1,033	1,067	1,036	1,163	1,248	1,280
Accounting	163	164	150	157	161	175	186	172	172	180	183
Banking/Financial Support Services	94	123	104	126	156	148	151	134	172	172	170
Business/Managerial Economics	25	30	20	28	26	27	27	21	19	21	33
Mgmt. Info. Sys./Business Data Proc.	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	72	103	101
Marketing Management and Research	73	126	94	110	113	126	130	120	134	139	166
Business Statistics	8	7	9	3	8	6	15	10	5	–	–
Operations Research	38	46	45	46	64	50	52	46	58	67	63
Organizational Behavior	53	70	68	57	66	74	95	64	72	81	73
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., General	35	49	49	56	75	75	57	70	123	112	88
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., Other	82	79	77	97	88	87	109	122	132	132	80
COMMUNICATIONS	250	255	266	258	309	247	306	323	332	330	322
Communications Research	51	66	55	79	90	72	85	87	72	45	33
Journalism	20	17	22	18	7	21	15	21	7	–	–
Mass Communications	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	68	85	117
Radio and Television	27	20	19	13	16	12	29	17	6	–	–
Communication Theory	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25	47	41
Communications, General	60	68	89	75	102	70	79	86	70	76	69
Communications, Other	92	84	81	73	94	72	98	112	84	77	62
OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS	730	802	812	796	778	812	766	858	836	880	863
Architectural Environmental Design	34	25	36	27	33	31	43	41	67	60	54
Home Economics	79	107	90	88	67	58	55	74	29	58	57
Law	19	24	25	31	29	33	26	34	23	20	29
Library Science	51	68	71	57	48	57	60	42	52	51	70
Parks/Recreation/Leisure/Fitness	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	44
Public Administration	113	127	112	88	78	92	97	88	107	108	116
Social Work	190	231	220	235	214	241	206	246	240	248	237
Theology/Religious Education	227	212	240	240	254	251	232	271	273	292	240
Professional Fields, General	0	2	0	0	1	2	0	3	3	1	1
Professional Fields, Other	17	6	18	30	54	47	47	59	42	42	15
OTHER FIELDS	22	15	25	26	62	50	54	67	71	40	27
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.

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APPENDIX TABLE B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993 Total All Doctorates

	Years of Doctorate
	1978	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN	30,875	31,282	31,337	31,298	31,899	32,367	33,499	34,324	36,068	37,517	38,853	39,754
U.S. Citizens	25,291	24,359	24,027	23,370	23,083	22,983	23,290	23,400	24,906	25,559	25,975	26,386
Permanent Visas	1,344	1,275	1,224	1,324	1,433	1,578	1,622	1,626	1,698	1,856	1,978	2,250
Temporary Visas	3,421	4,499	4,832	5,228	5,276	5,610	6,194	6,646	8,093	9,309	9,950	9,923
Unknown Citizenship	819	1,149	1,254	1,376	2,107	2,196	2,393	2,652	1,371	793	950	1,195
Total Known Race/Ethnicity	28,451	29,398	29,280	29,058	28,924	29,216	30,345	30,940	33,868	35,751	37,128	38,194
U.S. Citizens	23,778	23,739	23,423	22,848	22,653	22,504	22,900	23,014	24,525	25,063	25,601	26,152
Permanent Visas	1,313	1,249	1,194	1,291	1,357	1,509	1,545	1,564	1,636	1,794	1,901	2,216
Temporary Visas	3,246	4,254	4,509	4,848	4,837	5,141	5,838	6,293	7,555	8,783	9,531	9,661
Unknown Citizenship	114	156	154	71	77	62	62	69	152	111	95	165
Native Americans	61	82	74	96	100	116	94	94	97	132	152	120
U.S. Citizens	60	81	74	96	99	115	94	94	96	130	149	119
Permanent Visas*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0
Temporary Visas*	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	2	1
Unknown Citizenship	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Asians	2,394	3,125	3,394	3,642	3,727	4,126	4,778	5,181	6,291	7,521	8,276	8,653
U.S. Citizens	390	492	512	516	530	542	614	626	641	786	837	891
Permanent Visas	642	551	507	553	528	625	621	635	664	741	914	1,118
Temporary Visas	1,311	2,007	2,295	2,526	2,645	2,933	3,516	3,903	4,930	5,946	6,504	6,595
Unknown Citizenship	51	75	80	47	24	26	27	17	56	48	21	49
Blacks	1,381	1,384	1,494	1,440	1,270	1,218	1,263	1,246	1,349	1,458	1,421	1,606
U.S. Citizens	1,031	922	953	912	823	768	814	821	898	1,003	961	1,106
Permanent Visas	73	83	102	131	126	139	152	141	149	155	143	169
Temporary Visas	269	365	419	395	313	305	291	273	290	293	310	319
Unknown Citizenship	8	14	20	2	8	6	6	11	12	7	7	12
Hispanics	861	969	916	1,000	1,056	1,054	1,048	1,062	1,228	1,318	1,400	1,429
U.S. Citizens	486	539	534	561	572	617	595	581	721	731	778	834
Permanent Visas	67	69	71	73	107	91	98	112	116	136	130	138
Temporary Visas	293	342	300	360	372	338	349	363	386	445	481	453
Unknown Citizenship	15	19	11	6	5	8	6	6	5	6	11	4
Whites	23,754	23,838	23,402	22,880	22,771	22,702	23,162	23,357	24,903	25,322	25,879	26,386
U.S. Citizens	21,811	21,705	21,350	20,763	20,629	20,462	20,783	20,892	22,169	22,413	22,876	23,202
Permanent Visas	531	545	514	534	596	654	674	676	707	760	714	791
Temporary Visas	1,372	1,540	1,495	1,567	1,506	1,564	1,682	1,754	1,948	2,099	2,234	2,293
Unknown Citizenship	40	48	43	16	40	22	23	35	79	50	55	100
Unknown Race/Ethnicity	2,424	1,884	2,057	2,240	2,975	3,151	3,154	3,384	2,200	1,766	1,725	1,560
U.S. Citizens	1,513	620	604	522	430	479	390	386	381	496	374	234
Permanent Visas	31	26	30	33	76	69	77	62	62	62	77	34
Temporary Visas	175	245	323	380	439	469	356	353	538	526	419	262
Unknown Citizenship	705	993	1,100	1,305	2,030	2,134	2,331	2,583	1,219	682	855	1,030
NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin America.

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Doctorates: MEN

	Year of Doctorate
	1978	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
TOTAL MEN	22,553	20,749	20,638	20,554	20,594	20,939	21,681	21,812	22,962	23,647	24,433	24,646
U.S. Citizens	17,936	15,120	14,730	14,223	13,637	13,575	13,725	13,396	14,166	14,376	14,500	14,484
Permanent Visas	1,052	953	892	999	1,068	1,117	1,164	1,139	1,190	1,224	1,291	1,461
Temporary Visas	2,966	3,872	4,134	4,395	4,414	4,722	5,133	5,442	6,632	7,516	7,960	7,857
Unknown Citizenship	599	804	882	937	1,475	1,525	1,659	1,835	974	531	682	844
Total Known Race/Ethnicity	20,747	19,377	19,131	18,944	18,432	18,673	19,405	19,395	21,336	22,343	23,142	23,495
U.S. Citizens	16,822	14,676	14,303	13,858	13,338	13,248	13,445	13,112	13,899	14,017	14,234	14,312
Permanent Visas	1,029	931	867	971	1,004	1,064	1,097	1,094	1,150	1,176	1,233	1,436
Temporary Visas	2,817	3,649	3,844	4,057	4,037	4,313	4,820	5,139	6,172	7,076	7,611	7,645
Unknown Citizenship	79	121	117	58	53	48	43	50	115	74	64	102
Native Americans	51	51	54	40	59	63	52	49	52	74	82	61
U.S. Citizens	50	50	54	40	58	62	52	49	52	74	82	60
Permanent Visas*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Temporary Visas*	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1
Unknown Citizenship	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Asians	1,972	2,543	2,780	2,945	3,040	3,349	3,843	4,154	5,030	5,875	6,422	6,605
U.S. Citizens	287	312	338	329	347	369	414	441	427	481	528	554
Permanent Visas	531	431	389	437	417	455	456	459	482	488	603	726
Temporary Visas	1,114	1,732	1,982	2,137	2,258	2,505	2,955	3,241	4,076	4,870	5,273	5,287
Unknown Citizenship	40	68	71	42	18	20	18	13	45	36	18	38
Blacks	900	835	903	851	707	701	697	684	731	784	765	839
U.S. Citizens	585	413	427	379	323	317	315	327	351	417	392	440
Permanent Visas	65	73	81	117	106	118	126	125	128	131	122	138
Temporary Visas	251	341	382	354	275	261	251	222	242	232	245	250
Unknown Citizenship	2	8	13	1	3	5	5	10	10	4	6	11
Hispanics	649	635	620	646	665	677	678	662	760	805	858	872
U.S. Citizens	330	288	313	300	302	332	321	307	380	370	410	422
Permanent Visas	54	45	47	50	71	50	64	69	69	88	71	93
Temporary Visas	254	288	252	294	289	288	288	283	309	343	370	356
Unknown Citizenship	11	14	8	2	3	7	5	3	2	4	7	1
Whites	17,175	15,313	14,774	14,462	13,961	13,883	14,135	13,846	14,763	14,805	15,015	15,118
U.S. Citizens	15,573	13,613	13,171	12,810	12,308	12,168	12,343	11,988	12,689	12,675	12,822	12,836
Permanent Visas	379	381	350	367	410	441	451	441	471	469	437	479
Temporary Visas	1,197	1,288	1,228	1,272	1,214	1,258	1,326	1,393	1,545	1,631	1,723	1,751
Unknown Citizenship	26	31	25	13	29	16	15	24	58	30	33	52
Unknown Race/Ethnicity	1,806	1,372	1,507	1,610	2,162	2,266	2,276	2,417	1,626	1,304	1,291	1,151
U.S. Citizens	1,114	444	427	365	299	327	280	284	267	359	266	172
Permanent Visas	23	22	25	28	64	53	67	45	40	48	58	25
Temporary Visas	149	223	290	338	377	409	313	303	460	440	349	212
Unknown Citizenship	520	683	765	879	1,422	1,477	1,616	1,785	859	457	618	742

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Doctorates: WOMEN

	Year of Doctorate
	1978	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
TOTAL WOMEN	8,322	10,533	10,699	10,744	11,305	11,428	11,818	12,512	13,106	13,870	14,420	15,108
U.S. Citizens	7,355	9,239	9,297	9,147	9,446	9,408	9,565	10,004	10,740	11,183	11,475	11,902
Permanent Visas	292	322	332	325	365	461	458	487	508	632	687	789
Temporary Visas	455	627	698	833	862	888	1,061	1,204	1,461	1,793	1,990	2,066
Unknown Citizenship	220	345	372	439	632	671	734	817	397	262	268	351
Total Known Race/Ethnicity	7,704	10,021	10,149	10,114	10,492	10,543	10,940	11,545	12,532	13,408	13,986	14,699
U.S. Citizens	6,956	9,063	9,120	8,990	9,315	9,256	9,455	9,902	10,626	11,046	11,367	11,840
Permanent Visas	284	318	327	320	353	445	448	470	486	618	668	780
Temporary Visas	429	605	665	791	800	828	1,018	1,154	1,383	1,707	1,920	2,016
Unknown Citizenship	35	35	37	13	24	14	19	19	37	37	31	63
Native Americans	10	31	20	56	41	53	42	45	45	58	70	59
U.S. Citizens	10	31	20	56	41	53	42	45	44	56	67	59
Permanent Visas*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0
Temporary Visas*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0
Unknown Citizenship	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Asians	422	582	614	697	687	777	935	1,027	1,261	1,646	1,854	2,048
U.S. Citizens	103	180	174	187	183	173	200	185	214	305	309	337
Permanent Visas	111	120	118	116	111	170	165	176	182	253	311	392
Temporary Visas	197	275	313	389	387	428	561	662	854	1,076	1,231	1,308
Unknown Citizenship	11	7	9	5	6	6	9	4	11	12	3	11
Blacks	481	549	591	589	563	517	566	562	618	674	656	767
U.S. Citizens	449	509	526	533	500	451	499	494	547	586	569	666
Permanent Visas	8	10	21	14	20	21	26	16	21	24	21	31
Temporary Visas	18	24	37	41	38	44	40	51	48	61	65	69
Unknown Citizenship	6	6	7	1	5	1	1	1	2	3	1	1
Hispanics	212	334	296	354	391	377	370	400	468	513	542	557
U.S. Citizens	156	251	221	261	270	285	274	274	341	361	368	412
Permanent Visas	13	24	24	23	36	41	34	43	47	48	59	45
Temporary Visas	39	54	48	66	83	50	61	80	77	102	111	97
Unknown Citizenship	4	5	3	4	2	1	1	3	3	2	4	3
Whites	6,579	8,525	8,628	8,418	8,810	8,819	9,027	9,511	10,140	10,517	10,864	11,268
U.S. Citizens	6,238	8,092	8,179	7,953	8,321	8,294	8,440	8,904	9,480	9,738	10,054	10,366
Permanent Visas	152	164	164	167	186	213	223	235	236	291	277	312
Temporary Visas	175	252	267	295	292	306	356	361	403	468	511	542
Unknown Citizenship	14	17	18	3	11	6	8	11	21	20	22	48
Unknown Race/Ethnicity	618	512	550	630	813	885	878	967	574	462	434	409
U.S. Citizens	399	176	177	157	131	152	110	102	114	137	108	62
Permanent Visas	8	4	5	5	12	16	10	17	22	14	19	9
Temporary Visas	26	22	33	42	62	60	43	50	78	86	70	50
Unknown Citizenship	185	310	335	426	608	657	715	798	360	225	237	288
NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin American countries. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.