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OCR for page 81
Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
APPENDIX C:
Technical Notes
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***
The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends.
Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993.
Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data.
All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to farther revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report.
In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
SED RESPONSE RATES*
Nonresponse Rate
Self-Report
Basic Information Provided by:
Year
Rate
Institution**
NRC/OSEP**
1980
96.2
1.6
2.1
1981
95.7
1.4
2.8
1982
95.3
1.5
3.2
1983
95.5
1.6
3.0
1984
95.1
1.8
3.1
1985
94.8
2.5
2.7
1986
93.5
0.9
5.6
1987
93.1
0.9
6.0
1988
92.9
0.3
6.8
1989
92.3
0.4
7.4
1990
93.6
0.3
6.1
1991
94.6
0.6
4.9
1992
95.1
0.6
4.3
1993
94.6
0.5
4.9
* These rates may not sum to 100.0 because of rounding. The rates for 1980– 1992 reflect late responses. The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients.
** The National Research Council's Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (NRC/OSEP) enters information from commencement programs, such as name, Ph.D. field and year, and earlier educational history if available. Gender is assumed from the name of the recipient wherever possible. Institutions provide similar information and, occasionally, other demographic variables such as citizenship and race/ethnicity.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
As shown on the previous page, 94.6 percent of all doctorate recipients in 1993 completed survey forms; this percentage is referred to as the “self-report” rate. For the remaining 5.4 percent of recipients, “skeletal” forms were created using information from doctorate-granting institutions or commencement programs. Whether or not individuals completed the survey questionnaire, the following four data items are available for all recipients: gender, Ph.D. institution, Ph.D. field, and Ph.D. year.
This report presents data obtained from all survey forms, both self-reported and skeletal. The reader should note that nonresponse in a tabulation varies according to the combination of selected variables. Higher nonresponse rates occur when any of the four above-mentioned variables are cross-tabulated with another variable (e.g., educational debt) because the universe consists of the entire doctoral cohort. In other words, the 5.4 percent of Ph.D.s who did not respond to the survey are included, even though their records contain minimal information. Nonresponse is generally lower when citizenship or race/ethnicity is cross-tabulated with a variable such as debt because the population is restricted to a group (e.g., U.S. citizens) largely drawn from self-reported forms and thus more likely to have responses to the debt question. To be more precise, information on debt was not available for only 3.9 percent of U.S. citizens in 1993; nonresponse was low because information on both citizenship and debt was obtained mostly from self-reported forms. Nonresponse was higher for the entire 1993 cohort (7.3 percent) because it included the 5.4 percent of forms that were only partially filled in by institutions or staff of the National Research Council. The same was true for men (7.6 percent) and women (6.8 percent) because gender was known even for Ph.D.s who did not complete a survey form. Cross-tabulating debt with field of doctorate would yield similarly high nonresponse rates because Ph.D. field is available for all recipients.
For the most part, the tables and figures in this report display percentages that are based only on the number of doctorate recipients who responded to the applicable survey questions; recipients who did not respond are excluded.1 The technical notes in this appendix provide rates of nonresponse for questions covered in the body of the report. Rates for selected populations and years are presented, along with descriptive explanations of the data as needed. There are six technical notes in all, pertaining to the following tables and figures and focusing on the topics indicated in parentheses:
Technical Note 1: Figures 2 and 6, Tables 3 and 4 (citizenship)
Technical Note 2: Figures 3 and 7, Tables 5–7 (race/ethnicity)
Technical Note 3: Figures 8 and 9, Tables 9 and 10 (time-to-doctorate)
Technical Note 4: Figure 10, Table 11 (primary source of graduate school support)
Technical Note 5: Figure 11, Tables 12 and 13 (educational debt)
Technical Note 6: Figures 12–14, Tables 14–19 (postgraduation plans)
1
Appendix Tables A-3 and A-4 are exceptions. Because these tables include categories for “unknown” responses, percentages are based on the total doctoral cohort.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
The 1993 nonresponse rates for items discussed in this report are shown below.
ITEM NONRESPONSE RATES: 1993
Data Item
Nonresponse Rate (%)
Baccalaureate Field
8.2
Baccalaureate Institution
3.7*
Baccalaureate Year (for time-to-Ph.D.)
4.4*
Birth Year (for age)
2.7*
Citizenship
3.0*
Country of Citizenship
1.4 (of non-U.S. citizens)
Debt
7.3
Doctorate Field
0.0
Doctorate Institution
0.0
Doctorate Year
0.0
Gender
0.0
Marital Status
8.6
Master's Institution
21.5 (includes non-M.A.s)
Postdoctoral Employer Type
6.5 (of employed Ph.D.s)
Postdoctoral Location
6.3
Postdoctoral Plans (employment vs. study)
8.0
Postdoctoral Status (definite vs. seeking)
8.3
Race/Ethnicity
3.4*
Sources of Graduate School Support
6.1
Primary Source of Graduate School Support
33.9
Year of Graduate Entry into Ph.D. Institution
13.2
Years Not Enrolled from (for time-to-Ph.D.):
Baccalaureate to Graduate Entrance
11.5
Graduate Entrance to Doctorate
17.0
NOTE: In 1993, 94.6 percent of new doctorate recipients completed the survey form. The item nonresponse rates in this table include the 5.4 percent of recipients who were not self-reporting. Basic information for the missing group was obtained from the doctorate-granting institutions or commencement programs. Field, institution, and year of doctorate are available for all recipients, as is gender.
* The nonresponse rate for this item is less than the overall nonresponse rate of 5.4 percent because institutions are asked to provide this information for doctorate recipients who either did not complete a survey form or did not respond to the survey question. Commencement programs are an additional source of baccalaureate institution data.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
1. Figures 2 and 6; Tables 3 and 4: Percentages in Figure 6 are based on the number of doctorate recipients who reported their citizenship status. Nonresponses are excluded from the computations (see below).
Citizenship Status: Nonresponse Rates (%)
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
All Ph.D.s
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.7
3.7
7.1
3.0
Physical Sciences
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.1
3.1
6.3
3.1
Engineering
1.1
1.4
1.3
2.8
4.6
7.6
3.9
Life Sciences
0.8
1.1
1.7
2.5
2.7
6.2
2.2
Social Sciences
2.3
2.1
2.0
3.7
4.7
8.6
3.1
Humanities
2.0
1.8
2.1
2.7
4.0
6.8
3.0
Education
0.7
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.1
6.4
2.7
Professional/Other
2.7
3.7
6.1
2.3
4.5
9.7
3.5
NOTE: See Table 3 for total numbers of Ph.D.s in each field. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
Table 3 displays the numbers of Ph.D.s in each citizenship group. See the table above for rates of nonresponse to the question on citizenship status. Table 4 lists the leading countries of origin of non-U.S. Ph.D.s. Of the 12,173 non-U.S. Ph.D.s in 1993, 172 (or 1.4 percent) did not report their country of citizenship.
2. Figures 3 and 7; Tables 5–7: Figure 3 compares the representation of minorities among U.S. citizen Ph.D.s in 1993 with their representation in 1978. Nonresponses are excluded from the percentage computations. The nonresponse rate among U.S. citizens to the question on race/ethnicity was 6.0 percent in 1978 and 0.9 percent in 1993. Nonresponse to race/ethnicity for the 1989 –1993 period shown in Tables 6 and 7 was 1.5 percent. Note that response has improved since 1990, when race/ethnicity was first followed up if not reported on the survey form. (See Appendix Table B-2 for total numbers of U.S. Ph.D.s; see technical note 1 for rates of nonresponse to citizenship status.)
Table 5 distributes the U.S. racial/ethnic groups in 1993 among the major fields. Figure 7 shows the percentage of whites versus minorities in each broad field. Rates of nonresponse to race/ethnicity by broad field are given on the next page. A historical discussion of the racial/ethnic question and important information on recent adjustments to racial/ethnic data follow the nonresponse tables.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Race/Ethnicity: Nonresponse Rates (%)
1993
All Ph.D.s
0.9
Physical Sciences
1.2
Engineering
0.9
Life Sciences
0.9
Social Sciences
0.7
Humanities
1.2
Education
0.5
Professional/Other
1.1
NOTE: See Table 5 for total numbers of Ph.D.s in each field. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
History of the racial/ethnic question: Although the item on race/ethnicity was first introduced to the Survey of Earned Doctorates in 1973, over 25 percent of recipients in 1973 and about 13 percent in 1974 either completed earlier questionnaires or provided unusable responses. The racial/ethnic data have been more reliable since 1975, with response rates ranging between 91 and 97 percent. The information on race/ethnicity presented in this report is limited to the period 1978 to 1993.
The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. In 1977, it was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the reclassification of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to the Asian category.) In 1980, the question was further revised in two ways: (1) the Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one racial category. (Before 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in 1982 to separate the questions on race and ethnicity. Since then, respondents have been asked to first check one of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In this report, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic heritage are classified as Hispanic regardless of their racial designations; the remaining Ph.D.s are then counted in the respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients who checked the category “American Indian or Alaskan Native ” are identified as “Native American” in this report.)
OCR for page 87
Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
*** ADJUSTMENTS TO RACIAL/ETHNIC DATA ***
The reader should keep in mind that increasing or decreasing numbers in a racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.
In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented to increase coverage of several variables, including race/ethnicity. Response rates to the racial/ethnic questions have since improved, resulting in greater postsurvey adjustment than in previous years. The largest impact was on the number of black Ph.D.s in 1990 and 1991. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended to allow receipt of additional follow-up responses; the same is expected for 1993 data.
Updated numbers for 1990–1992 are included in Appendix Table B-2 in this report. Adjustments to the 1993 data will appear in next year's report. See the notice on page 81 for additional information.
3. Figures 8 and 9; Tables 9 and 10: Registered time-to-degree (RTD) measures the actual time in attendance at colleges and universities between receipt of the baccalaureate and the doctorate; enrollment may include years of attendance not related to a recipient's doctoral program. RTD cannot be computed for individuals who have not provided all years of college attendance after earning the baccalaureate. Total time-to-degree (TTD) measures the elapsed time from baccalaureate to doctorate (including time not enrolled in school). TTD can be computed only for individuals whose baccalaureate year is known. (Note: Baccalaureate year is often obtained from commencement programs or doctorate institutions when not reported by the recipient.)
Months are excluded from all computations because they are rarely reported by the respondent. Nonresponse rates for the two measures of time-to-degree are presented on the next page.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Time-to-Doctorate: Nonresponse Rates (%)
(Figures 8 and 9, Tables 9 and 10)
1963 RTD
1963 TTD
1973 RTD
1973 TTD
1983 RTD
1983 TTD
1993 RTD
1993 TTD
All Fields
5.8
0.6
8.2
1.8
11.6
3.6
17.0
4.4
Physical Sciences
4.8
0.2
7.1
1.5
9.9
3.0
16.5
4.2
Engineering
4.9
0.1
7.7
2.4
14.0
5.9
15.7
4.8
Life Sciences
6.2
2.3
9.7
3.4
10.0
3.8
20.4
5.4
Social Sciences
5.9
0.2
7.7
1.2
11.8
3.9
16.6
4.1
Humanities
7.1
0.4
8.7
1.6
12.0
3.5
15.9
3.9
Education
5.3
0.0
7.7
0.7
12.2
2.6
16.2
3.6
Professional/Other
8.6
1.3
11.0
4.3
13.0
3.8
16.8
4.8
(Table 10, 1993 only)
All Ph.D.s
17.0
4.4
Men
17.5
4.9
Women
16.3
3.6
U.S. Citizens
12.0
1.0
Permanent Residents
18.2
5.5
Temporary Residents
20.5
5.4
U.S. Citizens
Asians
14.6
1.5
Blacks
16.5
1.4
Hispanics
13.7
1.7
Native Americans
9.2
0.0
Whites
11.3
0.8
NOTE: For total numbers of Ph.D.s, see Table 2 (field and gender), Table 3 (citizenship), and Table 5 (race/ethnicity). Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
4. Figure 10; Table 11: The percentages given in Figure 10 and Table 11 are based on the numbers of doctorate recipients in 1993 who reported their primary source of support in graduate school. The numbers shown in Table 11 are the base for these percentages; they represent only those Ph.D.s whose primary support is known—not the total cohort of Ph.D.s in 1993. Because many recipients answered the support question but failed to designate a primary source, nonresponse was quite high in 1993. The reader should note that while nonresponse to primary support has consistently been greater than nonresponse to other variables, it was especially high in the last two years (probably a result of revisions to the questionnaire format). The nonresponse rate for the total cohort of Ph.D.s in 1993 was 33.9 percent, compared to 22.5 percent in 1991 (as reported in Summary Report 1991). See next page for nonresponse rates in 1993, as applicable to Figure 10 and Table 11.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Primary Source of Support: Nonresponse Rates in 1993 (%)
All Fields
Phys. Sci.
Engr.
Life Sci.
Soc. Sci.
Hum.
Educ.
Prof.
All Ph.D.s
33.9
32.5
29.9
32.6
37.0
37.0
34.5
35.8
Men
34.2
32.7
30.3
33.6
38.2
37.9
35.8
36.3
Women
33.6
31.8
25.9
31.3
35.7
36.0
33.6
35.0
U.S. Citizens
30.1
25.1
21.6
29.7
33.5
33.8
31.6
31.0
Permanent Res.
40.2
36.5
37.8
36.8
42.4
47.2
48.0
42.8
Temporary Res.
35.0
37.0
29.8
33.9
39.9
37.7
40.7
38.3
U.S. Citizens
Asians
31.1
30.8
22.0
31.5
36.5
40.0
41.5
30.8
Blacks
38.9
34.1
34.1
36.1
47.3
44.2
36.5
35.6
Hispanics
38.8
37.1
16.1
34.1
36.8
46.2
45.5
40.0
Native Amers.
35.3
45.5
0.0
21.4
36.8
38.5
38.0
30.0
Whites
29.1
23.9
21.2
29.0
32.3
32.7
30.0
29.9
NOTE: For total numbers of Ph.D.s in each field, see Table 2 (gender), Table 3 (citizenship), and Table 5 (race/ethnicity). Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
5. Figure 11; Tables 12 and 13: Percentages are based on the numbers of doctorate recipients who reported debt related to their combined undergraduate and graduate education. Nonresponses are excluded from percentage and median computations.
Educational Debt: Nonresponse Rates in 1993 (%)
Rate
Rate
All Fields
7.3
Men
7.6
Physical Sciences
7.0
Women
6.8
Engineering
7.4
U.S. Citizens
3.9
Life Sciences
6.6
Permanent Res.
4.8
Social Sciences
8.0
Temporary Res.
6.2
Humanities
6.7
U.S. Asians
3.1
Education
7.6
Blacks
6.6
Professional
8.1
Hispanics
4.2
Native Amers.
5.9
Whites
3.4
NOTE: For total numbers of Ph.D.s, see Table 2 (field and gender), Table 3 (citizenship), and Table 5 (race/ethnicity). Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
6. Figures 12–14; Tables 14–19: The question on postgraduation status asks recipients to indicate whether they have made a “definite” commitment, are in the process of “negotiating” with one or more organizations, or are seeking a position but with no prospects. Because Ph.D.s sometimes complete the survey form months ahead of graduation, it is not possible to determine the final plans of many recipients. It is quite likely, however, that some individuals who check “negotiating” or “seeking” have obtained positions by the time of graduation. Because many outcomes are unknown, data on postgraduation plans in this report are restricted to the group of Ph.D.s who reported “definite” plans (see next page).2
Postgraduation Status: Nonresponse Rates (%)
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
All Fields
5.3
7.8
8.7
10.2
9.2
Physical Sciences
5.3
6.4
8.1
9.9
9.3
Engineering
4.1
8.4
11.0
11.6
10.0
Life Sciences
5.1
6.7
8.0
9.1
8.3
Social Sciences
5.7
9.0
9.6
11.4
9.6
Humanities
6.3
8.7
9.4
9.3
8.4
Education
4.2
7.7
7.4
9.5
9.2
Professional/Other
8.4
7.7
8.6
11.8
9.9
Men
4.9
7.3
8.7
10.6
9.4
Women
7.2
9.2
8.6
9.5
8.9
U.S. Citizens
3.5
5.1
4.6
2.5
5.4
Permanent Residents
3.2
6.4
7.8
6.2
9.2
Temporary Residents
4.7
7.6
9.2
6.7
8.7
U.S. & Perm. Res.
3.4
5.2
4.7
2.7
5.7
Asians
N/A
5.6
6.7
6.2
9.1
Blacks
N/A
7.4
4.3
3.7
8.6
Hispanics
N/A
6.9
5.6
2.6
6.5
Native Americans
N/A
6.7
3.7
4.3
8.4
Whites
N/A
3.5
3.6
2.2
4.8
NOTE: N/A=not available. For total numbers of Ph.D.s, see Table 2 (field and gender), Table 3 (citizenship), and Appendix Table B-2 (race/ethnicity by citizenship). Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
2
Comparisons with the most recent longitudinal Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) have shown the data on “definite” postgraduation plans to be a reasonable indicator of the actual employment status of new Ph.D.s in the year following receipt of the doctorate, although results vary by sector. (The SDR, also conducted by the National Research Council, is a follow-up employment survey of a sample of doctorate recipients in science, engineering, and humanities fields.) According to the 1991 SDR, 97 percent of the 1990 Ph.D.s who had indicated “definite” employment plans at the time of graduation were in the U.S. labor force as of September 1991 (1–2 years after graduation), and most were working in the sector reported on their survey forms. Disaggregation by citizenship revealed that all permanent residents and 95.3 percent of temporary residents in the sample were employed in the United States in September 1991.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
The proportions of Ph.D.s with “definite” commitments are given in the next two tables. These percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who responded to the question on postgraduation status (see table on previous page for rates of nonresponse to this question).
Year
% Definite
Year
% Definite
1973
75.4
1988
73.8
1978
73.2
1993
67.6
1983
74.1
NOTE: See Table 1 for total numbers of Ph.D.s. See Table 14 for numbers of Ph.D.s with definite commitments.
The table below displays the proportions of Ph.D.s with “definite” commitments in 1993 by field and demographic group, and the range of proportions for the five years included in Figures 12–14and Tables 14–19(i.e., 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993).
% Definite
% Definite
Range
(1993)
Range
(1993)
All Fields
68–75
(67.6)
Men
67–77
(66.6)
Physical Sciences
67–77
(66.5)
Women
68–72
(69.2)
Engineering
56–76
(56.0)
U.S. Citizens
72–76
(72.1)
Life Sciences
74–77
(74.3)
Permanent Res.
54–65
(53.8)
Social Sciences
67–80
(66.8)
Temporary Res.
58–72
(58.2)
Humanities
61–71
(60.6)
U.S. & Perm. Res.
71–76
(70.8)
Education
73–76
(73.5)
Asians
58–67
(59.6)
Professional
76–88
(76.2)
Blacks
66–70
(65.8)
Hispanics
69–77
(68.6)
Native Amers.
57–73
(68.8)
Whites
72–77
(72.1)
NOTE: For total numbers of Ph.D.s, see Table 2 (field and gender), Table 3 (citizenship), and Appendix Table B-2 (race/ethnicity by citizenship). See Tables 14 and 15 for numbers of Ph.D.s with definite commitments in each year.
Figure 12; Tables 14 and 15: These tables and figure present data on the type of plans (employment or study) for only those Ph.D.s who reported definite postgraduation commitments; therefore, they do not reflect the entire Ph.D. population. (See page 90 and the tables above for nonresponses to the question on postgraduation status and the proportions of Ph.D.s with definite commitments.)
Nonresponses to the question on type of postdoctoral plans (employment or study) are excluded from the percentage calculations in Figure 12 and Tables 14 and 15. As is evident from the table on the next page, rates of nonresponse were very low in every year and for all fields and demographic groups.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Employment/Study Plans of Ph.D.s with Definite Commitments: Nonresponse Rates (%)
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
All Fields
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.7
Physical Sciences
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.6
Engineering
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.4
Life Sciences
0.5
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.4
Social Sciences
0.6
0.7
0.3
1.0
0.7
Humanities
1.1
1.0
0.3
1.5
1.2
Education
0.8
1.2
0.2
1.5
0.9
Professional/Other
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.9
0.6
Men
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.9
0.6
Women
0.8
1.1
0.3
1.0
0.8
U.S. Citizens
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.8
0.6
Permanent Residents
1.0
1.0
0.1
1.5
1.4
Temporary Residents
0.9
1.8
0.8
1.3
0.9
U.S. & Perm. Res.
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.9
0.6
Asians
N/A
1.4
0.5
1.3
0.9
Blacks
N/A
1.8
0.4
1.2
1.0
Hispanics
N/A
0.3
0.2
1.6
0.5
Native Americans
N/A
0.0
0.0
1.6
0.0
Whites
N/A
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.6
NOTE: N/A=not available. See Tables 14 and 15 for total numbers of Ph.D.s with definite commitments. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how non-response in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
Figure 13; Table 16: Figure 13 gives the proportions of non-U.S. citizens who reported plans to stay in the United States after graduation. Table 16 shows the percentages of both those who planned to stay in the United States and those who planned to leave. Only Ph.D.s who reported definite commitments are included (see page 90 for rates of nonresponse to the question on postgraduation status). Nonresponses to the question on postdoctoral location are excluded from the percentage calculations in Figure 13 and Table 16 (see table on next page).
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Ph.D.s with Definite Commitments: Nonresponse Rates (%)
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
Permanent Residents
4.4
4.7
8.2
8.7
0.5
Temporary Residents
2.6
5.2
7.1
9.9
1.4
NOTE: The much lower nonresponse in 1993 was largely a result of a questionnaire revision that allowed the recipient to check a box for “U.S.” or “non-U.S.” instead of naming a specific state or foreign country. See Table 16 for total numbers of non-U.S. Ph.D.s with definite commitments. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
Table 17: This table presents data on the postdoctoral location and type of plans (employment or study) for only those non-U.S. citizens who reported definite commitments (see page 90 for nonresponses to the question on postgraduation status). Percentages in Table 17 are based on the number of non-U.S. Ph.D.s who reported both postdoctoral location and type of plans. Nonresponse rates for these questions are given below.
Postdoctoral Location/Type of Plans of Non-U.S. Citizens with Definite Commitments: Nonresponse Rates in 1993 (%)
Permanent Residents
Temporary Residents
All Fields
1.7
2.3
Physical Sciences
0.5
2.6
Engineering
2.0
2.2
Life Sciences
1.2
2.5
Social Sciences
1.3
1.8
Humanities
3.9
1.7
Education
5.9
2.0
Professional/Other
0.0
1.9
NOTE: Numbers were low for Ph.D.s not reporting both postdoctoral location and type of plans: a total of 19 permanent residents and 119 temporary residents. See Table 15 for total numbers of non-U.S. Ph.D.s with definite commitments. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Figure 14; Tables 18 and 19: As with the other tables on postgraduation plans, Figure 14 and Tables 18 and 19 do not include data on the entire Ph.D. cohort. Rather, they display the type of employer (i.e., sector) for only those Ph.D.s who reported definite commitments in the United States. (See pages 90–92 for rates of nonresponse to the questions on postgraduation status and type of plans.)
The table below shows the proportions of all Ph.D.s with definite commitments (and known type of plans) who reported employment in the United States.
U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents
Temporary Residents
1973
82.3
15.1
1978
79.3
19.1
1983
78.3
21.8
1988
74.3
23.9
1993
71.7
25.3
NOTE: See Table 15 for total numbers of Ph.D.s with definite commitments. See Table 19 for numbers of Ph.D.s with employment commitments in the United States.
Nonresponses to the question on employment sector are excluded from the percentages in Figure 14 and Tables 18 and 19. As can be seen in the following two tables, nonresponse was very low in all years.
Figure 14; Table 18
Employment Sector of Ph.D.s with Definite Plans to Work in the United States: Nonresponse Rates by Field (%) (U.S. citizens and permanent residents)
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
All Fields
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.5
Physical Sciences
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
Engineering
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.4
Life Sciences
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.8
0.9
Social Sciences
0.4
0.7
1.2
1.5
2.5
Humanities
0.6
0.6
1.2
1.0
0.9
Education
0.7
0.8
1.7
1.3
2.2
Professional/Other
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.8
NOTE: See Table 18 for numbers of U.S. citizen and permanent resident Ph.D.s who reported employment commitments in the United States. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how nonresponse in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Table 19
Employment Sector of Ph.D.s with Definite Plans to Work in the United States: Nonresponse Rates by Demographic Group (%)
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
U.S. Citizens
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
Permanent Residents
1.0
1.1
2.0
0.9
2.0
Temporary Residents
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.7
U.S. & Perm. Res.
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.5
Men
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.2
Women
0.8
0.7
1.5
1.3
1.9
Asians
N/A
1.4
1.1
0.4
1.2
Blacks
N/A
2.0
3.0
1.8
2.9
Hispanics
N/A
1.9
2.8
1.2
2.7
Native Americans
N/A
0.0
2.3
0.0
1.6
Whites
N/A
0.4
0.8
0.9
1.4
NOTE: N/A=not available. See Table 19 for numbers of Ph.D.s with employment commitments in the United States. Refer to page 83 for an explanation of how non-response in a tabulation is affected by the combination of selected variables.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
doctorate recipients
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