Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 229
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
Index
A
Absorption, intestinal, 11-18;
see also Intestinal absorption
Acclimation to heat
affecting fluid intake, 199-201
salt consumption in, 41
sweat sodium losses in, 178-184
Acidity of beverages
examples of, 211-212
and quenching of thirst, 209
Aging
and body fluid responses to heat exposure, 218-225
thirst and rehydration in, 164, 223
and total body water, 195-197
Aldosterone secretion, in potassium deficiency from training in heat 120
Altitude affecting food intake, 207-208
Angiotensin II
atrial natriuretic factor affecting, 220
as thirst stimulus, 162, 172
Antidiuretic hormone
and plasma volume in heat exposure, 218
release of
cellular energy levels affecting, 188
plasma osmolality affecting, 172-173
secretion affected by aging, 219
Apple juice, composition of, 29
Arginine vasopressin;
see Antidiuretic hormone
Armyade in diarrheal disease, 113-114
OCR for page 230
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
ATP levels, thirst related to, 188
Atrial natriuretic factor, plasma level changes in aging, 219-220
B
Barometric pressure, and fluid intake, 207-208
Beer intake, effects during marching in heat, 210
Beverage composition
acidity and osmotic concentrations in, 211-212
affecting thirst-quenching properties, 208-211
examples of, 29
Bicarbonate
affecting water and sodium absorption, 16
in Armyade, 113
Blood flow
muscle, in potassium deficiency, 121-123
to skin
dehydration affecting, 25-26, 92
in heat exposure, 217
splanchnic
aging affecting, 225
in heat exposure, 218
Blood volume ratio to plasma volume, 195
Body Fuel450,
composition of, 29
C
Caffeine as thirst stimulus, 209
Calcium
in beverage formulations, with sodium, chloride, potassium, and sucrose 27
losses in sweat, 138
plasma levels in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
Carbohydrate intake;
see also Glucose
concentrations in beverages affecting performance, 31, 32-33
during exercise, 56-59
in continuous exercise, 56-58
in intermittent exercise, 58
and reversal of fatigue, 101-105
gastric emptying of supplements in;
see Gastric emptying
postexercise, 59-66
comparison of carbohydrates in, 64-66
glucose infusions in, 63-64
and glycogen storage rates, 60
multiple supplements and amounts of glucose polymer in, 62-63
timing of, 61-62
prior to fatigue, affecting exercise performance, 105-108
timing of
affecting performance, 45, 59, 105-108
during exercise, 99-109
in exercise of mild to moderate intensities, 108-109
postexercise, 61-62
and value of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, 3-4, 7-8
Carbonated beverages, effects
OCR for page 231
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
during marching in heat, 212
Carbonic acid in beverages affecting quenching of thirst, 209, 211
Cerebrospinal fluid, sodium levels in
and antidiuretic hormone release, 172
hyperosmotic solutions affecting, 189
Chloride
affecting water and sodium absorption, 16
in Armyade, 113
in beverage formulations, 8, 18
glucose and fructose with, 27
sodium, potassium, calcium, and sucrose with, 27
sodium, potassium, and glucose with, 27
losses in sweat and urine after dehydration, 131-132
plasma levels
dehydration affecting, 133
in exercise without fluid replenishment, 26
rehydration affecting, 149-152
Citrus drinks, effects during marching in heat, 212
Cola drinks, composition of, 29
Cold exposure at high altitude, respiratory water loss in, 181
Contraindications to
carbohydrate-electrolyte supplements, 45
Creatine excretion, in potassium deficiency from training in heat 120
D
Dehydration
cellular, and thirst production, 172, 189
circulatory strain in, 26
electrolyte distributions in, 26-27
exercise performance in, 89
fluid intake in, 197-201
beverage composition affecting, 209-211
and gastric emptying during exercise, 86-87
hypotonic water deficit in
in hydrated heat-acclimatized state, 178-179
in hypohydrated heat-acclimatized state, 180-181
in nonacclimatized state, 177-178
involuntary, 199
plasma volume and osmolality in, 143-160
in nursing home patients, 218-219
osmolality of body fluid in, 25
physiological responses to, 89-93
plasma volume decrease in, 25
pure water deficit in
in hydrated state, 174-175
in hypohydrated state, 176-177
shock in, 176
sensations associated with, 162-163
and shifts in body fluid compartments, 127-140
sweat rate in, 4, 26
voluntary, 164, 169, 199
OCR for page 232
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
Diabetes insipidus, fluid intake in, 204
Diarrheal diseases, 3, 111-114
Armyade in, 113-114
etiology of, 112
prophylaxis in, 112-113
in travelers, 112
worldwide distribution of, 112
Drinking behavior, factors affecting, 155-157, 198-208;
see also Fluid intake
Drugs, thirst-quenching properties of, 209
E
Electrolytes;
see also specific electrolytes
distribution in exercise with fluid replacement, 26-27
plasma levels in exercise
without fluid replacement, 28
replacement in prolonged exertion, efficacy of, 28-29
Energy depletion, cellular, affecting thirst, 184-189
Exceed, composition of, 29
Exercise
carbohydrate supplements in, 56-59
and effects of postexercise carbohydrate supplements, 59-66
effects of water and saline feedings in, 27-29
fatigue in
blood glucose levels affecting, 100
delayed by carbohydrate intake, 105-108
reversal by carbohydrate intake, 101-105
gastric emptying in, 30-31
concentration of carbohydrate affecting, 70-74
intensity of exercise affecting, 75-76
military applications of, 80-82
source of carbohydrate affecting, 74
glycogen depletion in, 5
glycogen storage after, 60
in heat, 4-5
affecting fluid intake, 198, 205-207
beverage preferences in, 210-212
body water loss in, 86-88
potassium deficiency from, 117-124
hypohydration affecting performance in, 89
intestinal absorption in, 17, 30
thirst in, 169-189
timing of carbohydrate intake in, 99-109
without fluid intake, effects of, 24-27
Extracellular fluid
dehydration affecting, 87, 134
osmolality affecting cellular volume, 186
osmotic solutes in, 171, 197
percentage of total body water in, 171
rehydration affecting, 154-155
volume of
hyperosmotic solutions affecting, 202
in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
related to body weight, 195
OCR for page 233
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
F
Fatigue
blood glucose levels affecting, 100
delayed by carbohydrate intake, 105-108
reversal by carbohydrate intake, 101-105
Fluid balance, 197
aging affecting, 218-220
kidneys affecting, 203
osmotic control of, 170-172, 197-198
during rehydration, 152-153
Fluid compartment changes
in dehydration, 127-140
thirst and drinking behavior in, 161-162
in heat exposure, 217
in rehydration, 153-155
see also Extracellular fluid;
Intracellular fluid
Fluid intake
after dehydration, 197-201
beverage composition affecting, 209-211
barometric pressure affecting, 207-208
and body water loss during exercise in heat, 86-88
composition of beverages affecting, 208
contraindications to carbohydrate-electrolyte supplements in, 45
in diabetes insipidus, 204
in diarrheal disease, 113
environmental temperature affecting, 205-207
factors affecting, 155-157, 195-212
food consumption affecting, 163, 202-203, 208
free access to water affecting, 163
gastrointestinal distension affecting, 156, 203
humidity affecting, 207
insufficient amounts to restore water deficit, 164, 175
maximal amount of, 204
minimal amount of, 204
osmotic factors in, 202-203
preferred beverages during marching in heat, 210-212
satiation in, 203
and sensations associated with dehydration, 162-163
taste of drinks affecting, 164-165, 211
temperature of drinks affecting, 165-166
thirst affecting, 86, 161-162
during exercise, 169-189
value of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, 3-4, 7-8
see also Rehydration
Food consumption, fluid intake associated with, 163, 202-203, 208
Fructose
in beverage formulations 18, 29
chloride and glucose with, 27
glucose with, 27
and gastric emptying rate, 70
intestinal absorption of, 16
postexercise, compared to glucose and sucrose, 64-66
OCR for page 234
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
G
Galactose affecting gastric emptying rate, 70
Gastric emptying
of beverages consumed during exercise, 30-31
concentration of carbohydrate affecting
during exercise, 70-74
at rest, 78
during exercise
concentration of carbohydrate affecting, 70-74
intensity of exercise affecting, 75-76
military applications of, 80-82
source of carbohydrate affecting, 74
and glycogen storage after exercise, 63-64
hypohydration affecting, 86-87
individuality of, 76-78
saline solutions and distilled water affecting, 157
study methodology
double sampling method, 73, 80
effects of, 79-80
serial feeding method, 79-80
serial recovery method, 73, 79, 80
volumes of ingestate affecting, 80
Gastrointestinal function;
see Gastric emptying;
Intestinal absorption
Gatorade, composition of, 29
Glucopenia, intracellular, and antidiuretic hormone release, 184, 188
Glucose
affecting water and sodium absorption, 13-16
in Armyade, 113
in beverage formulations, 8, 18, 29
chloride and fructose with, 27
fructose with, 27
sodium, chloride, and potassium with, 27
sodium and potassium with, 27
concentrations affecting gastric emptying, 70, 74
gastric emptying rate for, 30
after serial feeding during exercise, 79-80
hypoglycemia
in exercise, carbohydrate supplements affecting, 56
in heat stroke, 184
intravenous infusions
during exercise, 103-104
postexercise, 63-64
plasma levels
affecting ATP levels, 188
and fatigue after carbohydrate intake, 104-105
and fatigue delay during exercise, 100, 104
glucose infusions affecting, during exercise, 103-104
postexercise carbohydrate supplements affecting, 62-66
postexercise
compared to fructose and sucrose, 64-66
intravenous infusions of, 63-64
sodium with, affecting homeostasis and performance, 32
OCR for page 235
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
Glucose-electrolyte solutions, 3
nausea from 12% glucose in, 165
and plasma volume recovery in rehydration, 157
and reduction of involuntary dehydration, 143
Glucose polymers
concentrations affecting gastric emptying, 70-74
and endurance during exercise, 56-58
gastric emptying rate after serial feeding during exercise, 79-80
postexercise
compared to intravenous glucose infusions, 63-64
timing of, 61-62
in rehydration beverages, 18
sodium with, affecting homeostasis and performance, 32
sucrose with, and reversal of fatigue, 104-105
Glycerol, and antidiuretic hormone secretion, 187
Glycine in super rehydration solutions, 113
Glycogen
depletion of
and blood glucose as energy source, 99-100
and effects of carbohydrate supplements, 58-66
in prolonged exercise, 5
resynthesis after hypohydration in exercise, 93
storage affected by postexercise carbohydrate supplements, 62-66
supercompensation phenomenon, 122
synthesis in muscle in potassium deficiency, 121-122
Gookinaid ERG, composition of, 29
H
Heart rate in exercise
fluid intake affecting, 24, 26
hypohydration affecting, in heat, 92
Heat
acclimation to
fluid intake in, 197-201
salt consumption in, 41
sweat sodium losses in, 178-184
aging affecting body fluid responses to, 218-225
and effects of hypohydration, 89-93
exercise in, 4-5
affecting fluid intake, 197, 205-207
and beverage preferences, 210-212
body water loss in, 86-88
hemodilution in, 215-216, 217
aging affecting, 224-225
plasma volume changes in, 215-225
potassium deficiency from training in, 117-124
vasodilation in, 215, 217
Heat illness
hypoglycemia in, 184
intestinal water absorption in, 44
predisposing factors in, 41-43
prevention with replacement
OCR for page 236
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
beverages, case reports of, 37-38, 49-54
total body water values in, 43-44
Hematocrit
changes in rehydration, 148-149
dehydration affecting, 132
Hemodilution, heat-induced, 215-216, 217
aging affecting, 224-225
Hemoglobin levels
changes in rehydration, 148-149
dehydration affecting, 132
Humidity, and fluid intake, 207
Hydration program in prevention of heat illness, 38
Hydrogen ion concentrations of various beverages, 212
Hyperosmotic solutions, affecting fluid intake, 172, 202
Hypertonic solutions
saline, affecting thirst and water intake, 161-162
sugar, effects in prolonged exercise, 27-28
Hypoglycemia
in exercise, carbohydrate supplements affecting, 56
in heat stroke, 184
Hypohydration;
see Dehydration
Hypothalamic temperature affecting fluid intake, 203
Hypotonic solutions
effects in prolonged exercise, 27-28
saline and gastric emptying rate, 157
intestinal absorption of, 157
Hypotonic sweat losses
heat acclimation affecting, 178-184
in nonacclimatized state, 177-178
Hypovolemia
and extracellular fluid loss, 135
at high altitudes, 208
as thirst stimulus, 162
see also Plasma volume
I
Insulin levels, postexercise carbohydrate supplements affecting, 62-66
Interstitial fluid
changes after dehydration, 134, 137
percentage of total body water in, 171
Intestinal absorption, 11-18
anions affecting, 16
of beverages consumed during exercise, 30
electrolytes in fluid replacement affecting, 17-18
exercise affecting, 17
of fructose versus glucose, 16
segmental perfusion studies of, 12-13
of sodium, glucose-stimulated, 13-16
of water, 13
exercise affecting, 30
glucose affecting, 14-15
in heat exhaustion, 44
tap water compared to saline solution, 157
Intracellular fluid
dehydration affecting, 87, 134
OCR for page 237
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
osmotic solutes in, 171, 197-198
percentage of total body water in, 171
rehydration affecting, 156, 156-157
volume of
plasma osmolality affecting, 135, 138-139
related to body weight, 195
Inulin clearance in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
Isostar, composition of, 29
Isotonic beverages, effects in prolonged exercise, 7-28
saline, in quenching of thirst, 210
K
Kidneys
saline solutions affecting, 210
in water balance maintenance, 203
L
Lemonade, composition of, 29
M
Magnesium
in Armyade, 113
losses in sweat, 138
plasma levels in exercise without fluid replenishment, 26
Meals-ready-to-eat (MRE), salt packets in, 39-41
Milk intake, effects during marching in heat, 210, 212
Muscle
blood volume during exercise, 26
cellular injury from exercise in heat, 118-123
electrolyte changes during exercise, 26
glycogen in;
see Glycogen
increased potassium levels after training, 120, 122-123
metabolism affected by hypohydration, 92-93
N
Neurologic factors affecting fluid intake, 203
O
Occupational specialties affecting dietary requirements, 45
Orange juice, composition of, 29
Osmolality of plasma
affecting drinking behavior, 155-156
and antidiuretic hormone release, 172-173
and changes in intracellular fluid volume, 135, 138-139
dehydration affecting, 25, 133
in heat exposure
aging affecting, 221, 224
and plasma volume changes, 218
hydration affecting, 88
rehydration affecting, 149-150
and sweating rate in hypohydration, 91
and threshold for thirst, 173
OCR for page 238
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
Osmotic concentrations of various beverages, 212
Osmotic factors
affecting fluid intake, 172, 202
in control of water balance, 170-172, 197-198
in retention of ingested fluids, 209
P
Palatability of beverages
and fluid intake, 5, 164-165, 203, 210
sodium chloride affecting, 28, 29
pH of beverages
examples of, 212
and quenching of thirst, 209
Phosphorus levels in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
Plasma volume
affecting drinking behavior, 155-156
beverage formulations affecting, 28
dehydration affecting, 25, 134
in involuntary dehydration, 144
in heat exposure, 215-225
aging affecting, 218-225
decrease in, 217-218
and sweating rate during exercise, 91-92
transient increase in, 216
hydration affecting, 87-88
hypovolemia
in heat exposure, 217-218
at high altitudes, 208
and loss of extracellular fluid, 135
as thirst stimulus, 162
percentage of total body water, 171
ratio to blood volume, 195
rehydration affecting, 154-155, 157-158
Polymers in various beverages, 29
Potassium
in Armyade, 113
in beverage formulations, 8, 18, 29
sodium, chloride, calcium, and sucrose with, 27
sodium, chloride, and glucose with, 27
sodium and glucose with, 27
deficiency from training in heat, 117-124
increase in muscle after training, 120, 123
losses after dehydration, 31-132, 138, 152, 156-157
losses in heat stress, 39
plasma levels
dehydration affecting, 133
in exercise without fluid replenishment, 26
rehydration affecting, 149-152
Proteins in plasma during heat exposure, 217
aging affecting, 221, 224, 225
R
Rehydration
in diarrheal disease, 113
and factors affecting drinking behavior, 155-157
fluid and electrolyte balance in, 52-153
fluid compartment changes in, 153-155
OCR for page 239
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
and fluid intake with tap water and with saline water, 147-148
hematocrit and hemoglobin changes in, 148-149
in hypotonic water deficit
heat acclimation affecting, 179-181
in nonacclimatized state, 178
and insufficient fluid intake to restore water deficit, 164, 175
osmotic threshold for thirst affecting, 174-177
plasma osmolality in, 149-150
plasma volume recovery in, 157-158
restoration of body fluids in, 163-164
in elderly persons, 164
and retention of ingested fluids in vascular space, 144, 157-158
super formulations with glycine and rice powder, 113
Renin activity in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
Rhabdomyolysis from exercise in heat, 118-123
Rice powder in super rehydration solutions, 113
S
Saline solutions
affecting sweat excretion, 210
intestinal absorption of, compared to tap water, 157
in quenching of thirst, 210
Salt intake
affecting water requirements, 41
during heat acclimation, 41
with MRE salt packets, 39-41
potential overconsumption in, 39-41
Sensations associated with dehydration, 162-163
Shock, in pure water deficit, 176
Skin
blood flow
in dehydration, 25-26, 92
in heat exposure, 217
vasodilation in heat exposure, 215, 217
Soda waters affecting thirst, 210
Sodium
in Armyade, 113
in beverage formulations, 8, 18, 29
affecting palatability, 28, 29
chloride, potassium, calcium, and sucrose with, 27
chloride, potassium, and glucose with, 27
potassium and glucose with, 27
in cerebrospinal fluid
and antidiuretic hormone release, 172
hyperosmotic solutions affecting, 189
hyperosmotic solutions stimulating thirst, 172, 189
hyponatremia in prolonged exercise, 28
hypotonic sweat losses
heat acclimation affecting, 178-184
in nonacclimatized state, 177-178
intestinal absorption of,
OCR for page 240
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
glucose-stimulated, 13-16
leakage into cells affecting cellular metabolism, 186-188
losses after dehydration, 131-132, 152, 156-157
losses in heat stress, 39
and osmotic control of water balance, 172
plasma levels
aging affecting, 219
dehydration affecting, 133
in exercise without fluid replenishment, 26
rehydration affecting, 149-152
in sweat, and losses in body fluid compartments, 135, 139
Splanchnic blood flow
aging affecting, 225
heat affecting, 218
Sucrose
in beverage formulations, 8, 29
glucose and sodium with, affecting homeostasis and performance, 32
and performance during exercise, 58
postexercise, compared to glucose and fructose, 64-66
sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium with, 27
as thirst stimulus, 172, 189
Sweating
and effects of fluid intake, 24, 26, 209-210
during exercise in heat, 86
and hypohydration, 4, 90-92, 198-199
hypotonic losses in
heat acclimation affecting, 178-184
in nonacclimatized state, 177-178
plasma osmolality affecting, 218
and plasma volume changes in heat exposure, 217
and potassium deficiency from training in heat, 117, 121-122
Sweeteners in drinks affecting fluid intake, 164-165, 203
T
Taste of beverages
and fluid intake, 5, 164-165, 203, 210
sodium chloride affecting, 28, 29
Temperature
of beverages, affecting fluid intake, 164-166, 212
of body
fluid intake affecting, 24, 26
hypohydration affecting, 87, 89-90
in older men during heat exposure, 221
and sweating rate during hypohydration, 90
environmental
cold, at high altitude, respiratory water loss in, 181
and fluid intake, 198, 205-207
hot;
see Heat
of hypothalamus, affecting fluid intake, 203
of water, affecting fluid intake, 212
Thirst
beverage composition affecting, 153-155
OCR for page 241
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
in cellular dehydration, 172
cellular energy levels affecting, 184-189
during exercise, 169-189
and fluid intake, 24-25, 86
osmotic threshold for, 173
and concept of free circulating water, 170, 174
impact on rehydration, 174-177
perception affected by age, 219
sensations associated with, 162-163
stimuli for, 161-162, 172
Timing of carbohydrate intake and performance during exercise, 45, 59
postexercise, 61-62
U
Uric acid excretion in potassium deficiency from training in heat 120
Urine
concentration in hypohydration, 203
creatine excretion in potassium deficiency from training in heat, 120
electrolyte losses after dehydration, 131-132
excretion affected by acidity of beverages, 209
potassium excretion in potassium deficiency from training in heat 120, 121
sodium excretion affected by age, 219
uric acid excretion in potassium deficiency from training in heat 120
V
Vasodilation from heat exposure, 215, 217
Vasopressin;
see Antidiuretic hormone
W
Water
body water loss, 86-88
in dehydration, 134, 147
ratio to plasma water loss, 139
deficits of;
see Dehydration
free circulating, 170, 174
gastric emptying of, 30-31
after serial feeding during exercise, 79-80
exercise intensity affecting, 75-76
insensible loss of, 181, 205
intake of;
see also Fluid intake affecting homeostasis and performance, 32-33
effects during prolonged exercise, 27-29
requirements affected by salt consumption, 41
thirst affecting, 24-25
intestinal absorption of, 13
exercise affecting, 30
glucose affecting, 14-15
in heat exhaustion, 44
tap water compared to saline solutions, 157
losses in sweat and urine after dehydration, 131-132
movement between fluid compartments after
OCR for page 242
FLUID REPLACEMENT AND HEAT STRESS
dehydration, 127-140
respiratory loss of, 181
total body values
age affecting, 195-197
in extracellular and intracellular fluid, 171
gender differences in, 195
in heat-exhaustion patients, 43-44
rehydration affecting, 154
volume related to body weight, 195
withholding of, and effects of exercise, 24-27
Representative terms from entire chapter:
potassium deficiency
