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Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations Other Related Titles Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition, 1986 (1986) Board on Agriculture (BOA) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 39   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page 39 FRONT MATTER (R1-R10) 1 INTRODUCTION (1-2) 2 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS (3-28) 3 WATER (29-29) 4 FORMULATED DIETS FOR CATS (30-33) 5 OTHER FOOD CONSTITUENTS (34-36) 6 COMPOSITION OF FEEDS (37-38) TABLES (39-68) REFERENCES (69-76) INDEX (77-79)

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Tables

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Nutrient Requirements of Cats 41 TABLE 1 Daily Metabolizable Energy Intakes Observed for Cats Expected Bodyweight Kittena Body Weight (kg) (gain g/day' (age, weeks) Male Female (kcal/kgBW) Male Female Adult b (kcal/kgBW) 10 1.1 0.9 250 20 14 inactive b 70 20 2.5 1.9 130 14 11 active b 80 30 3.5 2.7 100 7 4 gestation C 100 40 4.0 3.0 80 - — Lactationd (kcal/kg BW) Litter size 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lactation week 1 60 76 92 108 124 124 2 66 83 100 117 134 134 3 72 94 116 138 160 160 4 78 106 134 162 190 190 5 84 117 150 183 217 250 6 90 136 182 228 274 320 a The kitten allowances are adapted from Miller and Allison (1958). b The allowances for adult cats refer to in viva ME data and apply to cats of 50 weelcs of age or greater. The value for inactive cats is adapted from Kendall et al. (1983); that for active cats is based on several studies (see text). C The allowances for gestation are based on work by Scott (1968) and Loveridge (1986b). d The allowances for lactation are adapted from Loveridge (1986b) based on voluntary intakes for queens of mean E;W 3.8 kg after parturition. Values from about week 4 onward include energy intake by kittens. NOTE: The intakes other than for normal adult cats were based on studies where ME intakes were calculated using Atwater factors of 4 kcallg for dietary protein and carbohydrate and 9 kcal/g for dietary fat. Such ME allowances are likely to be some 20 percent higher compared with those based on determined in viva ME (Kendall et al., 1985) depending on food type.

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42 Nutnent Requirements of Cats TABLE 2 Minimum Requirements for Growing Kittens (units per kg of diet, dry banish Nutrient Unit Amount Nutrient Unit Amount Fat b Sodium mg 500 Linoleic acid g 5 Chloride g 1.9 Arachidonic acid mg 200 Iron mg 80 Protein C (N x 6.25) g 240 Copper mg 5 Arginine g 10 Iodine fig 350 Histidine g 3 Zinc mg 50 Isoleucine g ~ Manganese mg 5 Leucine g 12 Selenium ,ug 100 Lysine g 8 Vitamins Methionine plus cystine g 7.5 Vitamin A (retinal) mg 1 (3333 IU) (total sulfur amino acids) Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) fig 12.5 (500 IU) Methionine g 4 Vitamin Ee ( OCR for page 43
Nutnent Requirements of Cats 43 TABLE 3 Proximate Composition, Apparent Digestibility, and Digestible and Metabolizable Energy of Some Commercial Cat Diets . Dry Type Semimoist Canned . Number of Determinations 1a 29b 2a 2a 28b Composition (percent) Dry matter 93.3 91.7 71.3 28.0 20.8 Crude protein 3~.3 33.0 25.1 10.8 9.6 Crude fat 9.7 9.3 9.8 4.0 4.6 Crude fiber 2.7 — 0.7 0.6 Nitrogen-free extract 38.2 41.1 22.3 10.1 4.2 Ash 7.4 10.5 6.5 2.6 2.3 Propylene glycol _ _ 7 0 Gross energy (kcal/g) 4.55 4.22 3.65 1.44 1.10 Apparent digestibility (percent) Crude protein 78.3 76.0 83.2 80.1 80.5 Crude fat 85.3 72.3 93.9 SS.6 76.1 Nitrogen-free extract 78.8 75.4 80.6 75.1 70.2 Gross energy 80.6 75.4 86.3 80.5 78.9 Digestible energy (kcal/g) 3.67 3.18 3.15 1.16 0.87 Metabolizableenerg,y (kcal/g) 3.s4 2.94 2.95 1.11 0.79 CME~ (kcal/g)C 3.81 3.80 3.11 1.19 0.97 CME., (kcallg)d 3.25 3.02 2.70 1.09 1.79 CME3 (kcal/g)' 3.24 2.92 — 1.00 0.81 CME~ (kcal/g)f 3.42 2.95 2.96 1.08 0.80 aData from Norvell (1976). Each diet was fed to 16 adult cats housed in individual metabolism cages. All products were fed for a 7-da`, adjustment period and a 6- da~ collection period. bOata from Kendall et al. (198S). Each diet was fed to 6 adult cats in individual metabolism cages. Experimental protocol was as for Norvell (1976), except collection periods were 7 days and fat was measured in food and feces by the acid ether extraction method. CCalculated MEL values were calculated as follows (dry-type diet): Nutrient/ ME Diet (kcal/g) ME (kcal) Crude protein 0.353 x 4 = 1.41 Crude fat 0.097 x 9 = 0.87 Nitrogen-free extract 0.382 x 4 = 1.53 3.81 Propylene Tool in the semimoist diets was assigned an ME value of 4.7 kcal/g (Well et al., 1971). The use of CME~ overestimated in viva ME by 7 to 29 percent on average. depending on food type. dCalculated MEL values were calculated as follows (dry-type diet): Apparent Nutrient/ Digestibility E ME Diet Coefficient (kcal/g) (kcal) Crude protein Crude fat Nitrogen-free extract 0.353 x 0.783 0.097 x 0.853 0.382 x 0.788 x 4.4 = 1.20 x 9.4 = 0.78 x4.15 = 1.25 3.25 The E value for crude protein w as derived by subtraction of energy loss in urine (1.25 kcal/g) from the average gross energy of crude protein (5.65 I;cal/g). The CME~ values for the other diets were estimated in the same way, except that propylene glycol in the semimoist foods was assigned an ME value of 4.7 kcal/g. The CME~ values ranged from 92 to 103 percent on average of those measured in viva. CCalculated ME3 values were calculated using regression equations (Kendall et al., 1985). Dn'-type diets: CME3 = 0.99 gross energy - 1.26 (kcal/g), Ret = 0.53; RSD = 0.15 (kcal/g) Canned-type diets: CME3 = crude protein x 3.9 + ether extract x 7. 7 + nitrogen-free extract x 3.0 - O.OS. B~ = 0.94. RSD = 0.06 (kcal/g) fCalculated MEL values were calculated as follows: CME~ = food DE - 0.9 kcal/g protein digested, e.g., for 29 dry-type diets, CME' = 3.18 - 0.251 x 0.9 = 2.95 kcal/g. The E value of urinary urea is based on 151.6 kcal/mole urea equivalent to 5.4 l;cal/g N or 0.86 kcal/g crude protein. The CME., values ranged on average from 97 to 101 percent of in viva determined ME values.

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44 Nutrient Requirements of Cats TABLE 4 Estimated Daily Food Allowances for Cats . Weight a of Cat Dry Type b SemimoistC Canned Cat (kg) (g/kg body wt.) (g/cat) (g/kg body wt.) (g/cat) (g/kg Body wt.) (g/cat) Kitten 10 weeks 0.9-1.1 78 70-86 83 75-91 227 204-2S0 20 weeks 1.9-2.5 41 7~103 43 82-108 118 224-295 30 weeks 2.~3.8 31 78-118 33 S~125 91 228-346 40 weelcs 2.9-3.8 25 73-95 27 78-103 73 212-277 Adult e Inactive 2.2 4.5 22 48-90 23 51-99 64 141-288 Active 2.2-4.5 25 55-113 27 59-122 73 160-329 Gestation 2.5-4.0 31 78-124 33 83-132 91 228-364 Lactationf 2.2-4.0 78 172-312 83 182-332 227 499-908 aDerived from Figure 1 by setting lower limit at mean weight of females minus one standard deviation and the upper limit at mean weight of males plus one standard deviation. bDry matter, 90 percent; ME, 3.2 kcal/g. CDry matter, 70 percent; ME, 3.0 kcal/g. dl:>ry matter, 25 percent; ME, 1.1 kcal/g. eFifty weeks of age or older. fQueens nursing 4-5 kittens in week 6 of lactation.

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Nutnent Requirements of Cats 47. TABLE 6 Taurine Content of Selected Foods (mg/kg, wet weighty - Uncooked Baked b Boiled c Item Mean Range/ + SE Mean Range Mean Range . Beef muscle 362 150~72 133 96-125 60 58-63 Beef liver 192 144-270 141 68-184 73 3~95 Beef kidney 225 180-247 138 130-144 76 6~88 Lamb muscle 473 446-510 257 220-284 126 91-184 Lamb kidney 239 128-440 1~4 81-290 51 47-55 Pork muscle 496 394-690 219 12~390 118 91-184 Pork liver 169 110-228 85 70-100 43 30-54 Chicken muscle 337 300-380 229 140-310 82 71-180 Cod 314 233-396 294 260-328 161 125-198 Oldsters 698 390-1238 264 217-308 89 59-122 Clams 2400 1450-3700 1017 587-1700 446 264-794 Milk' cows, colostrum ~ 38 + 7 Milk, cows`) 1.3 +0.3 Milk, catsup 359 +42 Potential significance of free taurine in the diet. Adapted from Roe and Weston (1965). Homogenate baked 30 min at 177°C. < Homogenate boiled 15 min in deionized water. Very high proportions of tissue taurine may be recovered in the cooking fluid. tiTaurine concentration in mg/liter. Adapted from Rassin et al. (1978).

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48 Nutrient Requirements of Cats TABLE 7 Composition of Some Common Cat Feecis, Excluding Minerals and Amino Acids on a Dry Basis (moisture-free) Inter- national Drv Ether Crude Entry COMMON NAME Genus species Feed Matter ME Protein Extract Fiber Cellulose Ash Number Short name Numbera (%) (kcal/kg) (%) (%) (%) (5~) ( To) BARLEY Hordeum vulcare - 001 grain 4-00-549 89 3299.0 13.0 2.0 5 7 — 2.7 002 grain, Pacific Coast 4-07-939 89 3293.0 10.1 2.3 `.1 — 2.8 BLOOD, ANIMAL 003 fresh 0-26-007 15 — — — — — — 004 meal spray dehy 5-00-381 93 4192.0b 95.6 1.1 0.6 — 7.1 BONE, ANIMAL 005 meal steamed 6-00-400 96 — 11.4 2. ~ 2.1 — 73.4 006 phosphate 6-00-406 98 BREAD 007 deby 4-07-944 95 — 13.0 2.4 — — 2.4 BUTTERMILK Bos taurus 008 dehy 0-01-160 92 3300.0 34.4 5.6 0.4 — 9.9 CANOLA Brassica napus-Brassica campestms 009 seeds, meal prepressed, solv extd, low erucic acid, low glucosinolates 5-06-145 93 — 40.9 3.3 12.9 — 6.8 CASEIN 010 dehy 5-01-162 93 2991.0 93.8 0.9 0.2 — 2.6 CATTLE, see HAMBURGER 011 chucks, fresh 5-17-896 39 — 47.7 50.0 012 lips, fresh 5-07-940 30 — 60.0 23.3 013 livers, fresh 5-01-166 28 3173 0b 69.6 18.3 0.6 — 4.9 014 lungs, fresh 5-07-941 24 — 65.0 38.9 2.9 015 spleens. fresh 5-07-942 24 3940.0b 68.7 16.1 4.0 — 6.0 016 tripe 5-09-806 33 5504.0b 46.1 43.6 0.5 — 3.4 01 ' udders, fresh 5-07-943 20 5587.0b 58.6 30.0 1.2 — 7.4 CHICKEN, see POULTRY CORN, DENT YELLOW Zea mays indentata 018 distillers grains w solubles dehy 5-28-236 93 3070.0 29.3 10.2 10.0 42.0 4.9 019 distillers solubles. dehy 5-28-237 92 3369.0 31.0 9.2 4.8 — 7.7 020 germ, meal wet milled solv extd 5-28-240 92 3295.0 22.6 1.6 13.3 — 4.2 021 gluten, meal, 60~o 5-28-242 90 3907.0 67.9 2.0 2.8 9.7 2.4 022 grain, flaked 4-28-244 90 — 11.2 2.2 0.7 — 1.0 023 hominy feed 4-03-011 90 3748.0 11.8 6.3 5.5 22.9 3.1 024 grain 4-02-935 89 3724.0 9.9 4.2 2.9 — 1.5 COTTON, Cossypium spp 025 seeds, meal prepressed solv extd, 41% protein 5-07-872 90 2745.0 45.7 1.2 14.1 — 7.0 026 seeds, meal solvextd, 41% protein S-01-621 91 2592.0 45.4 1.6 13.4 26.9 7.1 027 seeds wo hulls, meal prepressed solv extd, 50% protein 5-07-874 93 — 54.0 1.4 8.8 — 7.1 CRAB Callinectes sapidus-Cancer spp- Paralithodes camschat*a 028 cannery residue, meal 5-01-663 92 1328.0 35.0 2.4 11.6 — 44.6 DEXTROSE FISH, ALEWIFE Pomolobus pseudeharengus 029 meal mech extd 5-09-830 90 3711.0 69.4 13.6 1.1 — 15.4 030 whole, fresh 5-07-964 26 — 75.8 19.1 — — — FISH, ANCHOVY Engraulis ringed 031 meal mech extd 5-01-980 92 2695.0 69.& 4.5 1.1 — 16.0 FISH, CARP Cyprinus carpio 032 meal mech extd 5-01-987 90 — 58.6 033 whole, fresh 5-01-986 31 — 61.9 29.4 — — 9.4 FISH, CATFISH letalurus spp 034 meal mech extd 5-09-835 94 — 55.3 035 whole, fresh 5-07-965 22 FISH, COD Cadus morrhua-Gadus macrocephalus 036 meal mech extd 5-01-998 FISH, FLOUNDER Bothidae (family), Pleuronectidae (family) 037 whole, fresh 5-01-996 17 — 88.2 2.9 FISH, HADDOCK Melanogrammus aeglefinus 038 whole, fresh 5-07-966 20 — 93.8 0.5 — — — FISH, HAKE Merlucc2us spp- Urophyc2s spp 039 whole, boiled 5-07-967 26 — 57.8 20.4 0.2 040 whole, boiled acidified 5-07-968 25 — — 21.2 1.1 — 11.2 041 whole, fresh 5-07-969 20 — 59.6 14.6 0.2 — 12.0 FISH, HERRING Clupea harengus 042 meal mech extd 5-02-000 92 3026.0 78.3 9.2 0.8 — 11.5 043 whole, fresh 5-01-999 29 — 63.1 30.5 — — 6.8

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Nutrient Requirements of Cats 49. . Nitrogen- Panto- Free Folic thenic Pryri- Ribo- Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Entry Extract Biotin Choline Acid Niacin Acid doxine Gavin Thiamin A D E Number ( % ) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mgll;g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (IU/kg) (mg/kg) 001 (6. 1 0.17 1 162 8.8 61.3 9.1 7.3 1.& 5.0 - - 25.0 002 77.0 0.17 1 162 0.6 52.7 8.0 3.3 1.7 4.7 - - 30.0 003 - - - - - - - - _ - - — 004 0.2 0.22 306.0 0.4 18.0 5.4 4.7 1.4 0.5 - - — 003 10.2 - - - 4.4 2.5 - 2.9 - - - — 006 - _ _ _ _ _ _ 007 51.9 - - - 30.0 — — 9- 1 - - - — 008 49.7 0.31 1891.0 0.4 9.3 40.1 2.6 33.1 3. ~ 2.4 - · .0 009 25.9 0.90 6700.0 2.3 201.6 13.6 3.3 - - - - — 010 4.2 0.05 230.0 0.5 1.1 3.2 0.4 1.6 0.5 - - — 011 - - - 0.3 114.8 - - - - - - — 012 - - - - - - - - - - - — 013 6.6 3.51 5093.0 8.3 269.0 164.0 18.0 92.2 6.3 131. i — 25.0 014 - 0.12 7933.0 0.9 49.0 2.6 1.8 8.4 2.8 1.0 - 13.0 015 5.3 0.16 2036.0 4.8 25.0 8.2 1.3 15.3 3.1 Q.9 - 56.5 016 6.4 0.09 509.6 0.3 33.2 3.9 0.6 - - 0.5 - 1.5 017 2.8 0.30 4320.0 0.3 102.0 46. l 6.8 14.6 32. / 2.7 - 49.0 018 45. l 0.85 2803.0 1.0 79.0 15.3 6.4 10.0 3.1 - 600.0 43.0 019 47.3 1.79 5151.0 1.4 134.0 25.2 12.0 22.7 l.3 - - 55.5 020 58.3 0.24 1785.0 0.2 42.0 4.6 6.8 4.2 4.9 — — 94.0 021 25.8 0.21 390.0 0.3 66.0 3.9 7.4 2.2 0.3 - - 15.0 022 84.9 - - - - - - - - - - — 023 73.4 0.15 1 154.8 0.4 51.0 9.1 12.2 2.0 8.9 - - — 024 80.6 0.07 697 0.4 27.0 4.5 7.0 1.1 3.9 - - 10.0 025 31.9 0.61 3166.3 9.8 44.3 8.1 S.O 4.9 3. ~ — - — 026 32.5 0.61 3058.0 2.8 45.0 15.0 5.8 5.0 `.3 - - 17.0 027 28.8 0.48 3184.0 1.0 48.0 15.4 6.8 5.0 8.8 - - 12.0 028 6.4 0.07 2179.0 0.1 49.0 l .0 7.2 6.7 0.5 - - — 029 0.6 - 4465.0 - 35.9 10.6 - 3.9 0.1 4.3 - 6.2 030 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 031 9.6 0.21 4023.4 0.2 87.6 10.9 5.1 8.2 0.5 - - 4.0 032 _ _ _ 033 - - - - 6~.6 - - - - - - — 034 035 036 037 038 039 10.4 040 041 13.6 042 0.2 0.53 3750.0 0.4 93.0 18.8 5.1 10.0 0.4 043 - - - - 130.8 - 5.0 - —

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58 i~ 1 ~ . ~ _ ~ _ — 3 ~ cn t_ _ C) _ bC - ~ tC tC ~C C) ~ ~ _ C _ C: '- ti.C O ~ tC C; C-) - b0 . O - C; ~ , . E^ C~ - ~ _ m_ E_ _ ~ cn ~ _ bC _ C,= C~. E~ c: _ ~ C}_ C, :~—— _ C _ ~ . ~ _ ' ~ [; Z ~ ._ CC - 7 C) E O ~ _ ~ o O E _ _ ~ C: _ ~ ~ Z - . 1 r- 1 C~ 1 ~ o 1 co 1 ° 1 ~ 1 1 1_ 1 I . I L~ O 00 — C~ I I I LO 1 1 1 C~ ~ O O C~ 1 ~ I o 1 1 1 c~ c~ c: 1 . . . ~ O I I I C~ ~ O I 1 1 1 ~ ~ o 1 _ L~ O CO - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L~ I I I ~ L~ C C~ C~ 1 o 1 ~n I I I _ I . . . _ O 1 1 1 I I I C~ L~ . . C~ — 1 1 1 cam 00 — . . ~r — 1 1 1 C=D oo . . O O 1 1 1 ~ CZ) 1 1 ~ _ C~ . . _ _ 1 1 1 C~ ¢, 1 1 1 C~ O . . O _ I r~ o 1 o oc o I LO 1 C~ C 1 ~ oo ~ X . . ~ O 1 0 ~ ~ C~ . . 0 _ _ C~ C~ C: C~ 8— C~ 00 C, O C, 8~ 8 8— O O O ~ ~ U, 0 ~8 o o o C~ o C~ C~ - 0 e\~8 ~ 0 C~ 8— 0 0 ~ 8— O O U, L~ ;- . c'' G ~ _ ~ -= _ ~ C ~ ~ G ~ ~ C ~ _ ~ ~ __ ~ =' - 8_ ) ~; ~ _8 -~5 0 _ 8- CD 1 CD ~n i C~ I o 1 1 1 1 ~ 00 . . ~ 8— C~ CO 1 1 I_ C~ C~ U~ C~ X _ 0 _ CD C: C~ 8— C: 0 C: 0 — 8'— — — O — O O U, IO 00 C\'8 1 — 00 O (D C, — C~;8 (D <~ 8— O C~8 - 1 1 1 1 1 o ° 1 ° . . 8— _ C~ OC _ CD 0 1 C~'8 1 o o C\~8 1 o L~ C: 1 ~ 1 L~ o 1 ~ 1 . . O _ {*, 1 Ct C~'8 X ~ 1 8~) 8— . . . . _ O O O ~ 1 o oo oo 1 _ C~ ~ _ . . . . O — — O `~ 1 o 1 o ~ —8 . . . . O O O O C:' 1 — 0 CD 1 C~ 0 1 ~ c7 0 1 . . . . . O O O — _ C~ 1 "8 e~ 8— 1 _ ~ 1 0 0 0 1 C~ . . . . . O O O O O O O C:~ C~ X _ 0 00 O O · 8 U ~ =8 u: ~ ~5 as C) ~ ~: =: _ _ _ C, 3 _ ~ ~_ C) ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ 8= ~ ~ O _ ;>~ O ~ 5 _ 1 o 0 c, 1 ~ — O C~'8 ~ ~ I L~ 0 0 LO C`'8 U) . . . O O O 1 ~ OC OC 1 L~ =1 C`'8 . . . O O O 'D 1 '~ . . C~'8 _ _ L~ ~D C) C\~8 0 0 ~ C: 0 0 0 _ _ U: ~ _ CO C~ O — 0 0 0 0 O O e U~ U~ ·_ C C.) ~ _ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ "S ~~ze X ~X; 1 C, C~ 1 C, C~ C 1 1 — - ~ 1 '~ . . - C C: 1 1 0 ~ U: o ~ 1 1 C 1 ~ C ~ ~ O C~ _ OC 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 °° ~ ~ 1 . . . . _ O ~ C~ _ _ 1 CC 1 0 ~ 1 ~ ~ C~ 1 1 _ 1 oo U: 1 C, ~ _ 1 . . . . . . _ O ~ O O O 0 1 C~ ~ ~ e~ C, 0 1 ~ 1 ~ — C~ — C~ ~ 1 . . . . . . . O _. _ O O _ _ o 1 t_ c~ 0 oo t_ ~ 1 CD ~ C~ C~ ~ ~ L~ . . . . . . . _ O O ~ O O O C~ I C) C, 1 0 C~ C~ 1 C~ 1 0 0 1 — — — 1 . . . . . . O ~ O O O O c~ ~ ~ IO ~ c, — oO er r— x r— 0 0 c~ . . . . . . . . . ~r ~ ~ 0 0 0 — — _ C~ C~ e~ _ C~ 0 0 r~ ~ ~ c~ c~ e~ 0 . . . . . . . . . X C~ ~ O O O _ _ _ _ _ C~ o i C: C~ 45 ~ C~ O ~ ~ C: Ct C~ C: C) C~ ~ ~ 0 C: OC C~ U:~ ~— 0 ~ — X 0 1O ~ C~ oc oo oo co C~ 0 co ~ r~ ~ 0 t7 C7 ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O O ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ O O O O O O O O O O O U) C) C) C) OC et ~5 - _ _ C) _ _ _ -~ ~ ~ _ C~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ C.~ C} (~} — _- ~ ~ ~ r O ~ ° c 3 0 ~ v ~ ~ ~ E O ~ ° ° ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v: ~ E ~ 3 ~ E cn 3 v' _ c 0 o <, ~ ~< _ _ 0 0 E E ~ Z ~ E ~z: E 3 3 ~ ~ ° ~ =. ~ 3 ~ ~i CD ~ 00 C, O — C~ C~ ~ ~n CD ~ CO C) O — ~ C~ ~ ~ CZ ~ ~ C: ~ ~ U: U, ~ U, CO CD C~ CO CD CC CZ CO CC C~ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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59 o o Go en _ e~ o co co ~ o o 1 1 ~ c~ ~ o ~ o oo ~ c~ 1 o - c~ co - ~ c~ ~ ~ c) oo ~ C~ G: CD CD 1 o ~ o o 1 c - c~ o c~ o 1 °=— 1 ~ ° ~ 1 1 1 - = 1 1 ~ ~ o u) c~ c~ — Co u: c~ c~ c~ ~ - , ~ — o o o o =, - c;) o ~ ~ ~ oo ~ cD CD C~ C5, _ _ G' O O CD C~ ~ C~ C~ 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ eo ~ c~ c~ o o o o o 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - e = -= _ ~ ~ ~ cc -t E . ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ , . e O , ~ y ' ~ ~ _ = 0 — ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ D D ° , o ~ O ~ D ~ ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ == ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O — C~ C~ ~ U~ CD r~ co ~ 0 — c~ c~ ~ ~ CD ~ 00 0 0 _ C~ ~ ~ ~ CD r~ oo c~ O 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ 00 00 0 0 ~ G: C) ~ 0 0 0 C) O O O O O O O O O O — O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o o ~D C~ o IC~ 1 r~ ' r~ C~ ~ o o C~ . . . . . _ ~ C~ o C~ ~ c~ I1 — 1 0 1O 0 C) t~ 1 CD 1 C`1 0 0 — — . . . . . . _ o o o o o =) 1 =4 1 0 1 ~ 1 . . o o c, 1 C~ - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 o o 1 1 - 1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 ° 1 =°° 1 o 1 1 _ ~ CD CO C~ 0 _ r- _ ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 - 1 1 . . o C~ 1 1 1 1 1- 1 1 ° 1 1 - 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ _ c3 0 o o ~n u~ CO oo 1 C~ ~ o o U) ~ 1 1 1 U~ CO C~ 1 1 1 _ C~ CO . . . _ o o 1 1 1 ~oo~ C~ ~ 0 . . . _ o o 1 1 1 C~ O CD 1 1 1 0 — C~ . . . o o o 1 ao CO o C~ . . . . . o o o C~ o 1 ~ o ~ ~ ~ o C~ o ~ o . . . . . o C~ o ~ o C~ C~ ~ o C~ C~ U, C~ C~ ~ _ C7 C~ CO ~ C~ o ~ oo _ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ U: 0 C~ C;) 0 G~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ o o o o o o o ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ U) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 o — 1 C~ 1 . . o o u, ~ 1 e~ oo . . o o ~ C~ 1 — C~ 1 . . o o 1 CD 0 1 I C~ U: 1 . . _ o 1 o . . C~ o 1 1 1 ~ o _ o ~ ~ . . . . . C~ o C~ o C~ ~ ~ _ ~r oo C~ _ co co - co ~ - 0 ~ — oo r- c~ - o 1 c~ c~ o 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 0 ~ ~ 1 Io o ~ 1 C~ I o oo 1 o C: 1 _ 1 o ~ 1 co 1 o ~ 1 CO o ~ ~ CD ~ O 0 e~ C~ 0 o - ~ o ~ ~ 0 C~ ~ oo 0 o ~ ~ ~ ~ oo 1 1 C~ ~ ~ C~ CO o o o o o 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ U) ~ oo - ._ - _ _ ~ _ ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ 3 Y Y -8—~ ~ = ' ~ ° ~—~ Y ~ ~ C~ ~ . . co ~ C~ o - I ~n C~ o o ~ o . . C~ eo - ~ o . . o o oo o 0 _ ~ _ . . _ C~ 1 1 I- o ~o o o 0 . . C~ o C~ _ o - - CD CD C~ 1 ~ 1 0 o _ oo O oO ~ 0 1 1 . . . . . . . C~ U) C~ oo oo Co o _ _ . tX C5) ~ C] C~ 1 ~ ~ co O O O — O 1 0 _ O . . . . . . . . o o o o o o _ o ~ C~ C~ _ _ C~ ~ C~ oo co — ~ ~ ~ eo . . . . . . . . . _ o o ~ o _ ~ o o ~ C~ ~ ~ C~ o ~ ~ C~ o o o o o C~ o ~ o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o ~ o _ o U~ C~ CO C~ ~ o o U: — O CD — 0 In c~ — . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o 0 ~ C~ 0 CO ~ CD CD ~ C~ _ ~ C~ C~ ~ o e~ . . . . . . . . . _ o o _ o o _ C~ o oo co c~ ~ ~ e~ r~ co o o o o o ~ _ o o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o C~ C~ C) o _ 0 0 o ~ oo o0 G) 0O oO ¢) C~ C~ ' C~ C~ ~ ~ ~ C, 0 0 ~ O 1 C~ C~ e~ C~ ~ O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r - =5 s~ .= _ ~ _ 0 ~n ~ ~ 1 O =~ _ Ct — ._ O _ ~ L. O — X U] ~ _ _, 0, ~ - ~ E ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S o C~ x C~ o

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~ ~ ~4 ~ - ~ _ 3 ~ ~ U) ~ _ 1 ~ _ C) bC <~; - E ~° ~ c _ ~ = to c - o E ~ =, ~o ~ CL £ ~° o - ~ ._ _ I E^ C ,,5 ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ £_ o ._ ~ C~ ~ _ bC C; I — ~ ~ V _ o o C', I p Ct _ ~ ~ 'C~ _ _ Ct^ _ C _ ~ ~ C) 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ C, Z ~ o 1 E~ C#: .= C~ - Z ~ ~ ' ~ Ct O ~ _ _ 2 o 2 "c o cn ~ 1 ~ £ ~ ~ C) ~ Z ^ ~— 1 1 1 C)= °° 1 1 1 1 1 = - Cl C~ O ~ CD 00 C~ CD ~ C~ O O ~ CD O _ _ _ _ CC) CC ~ i I I C~ ~) I I I I 1 1 t =4 U. 1 1 1 C~ C~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C~ C~ . . . . . . O O O O O O O O C<) — ~ 0 1 1 1 — C~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ _ _ c~ 1 ~ 1 ~ C~ _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ e~ . . . . . . . . . O O O O — C~ _ O O ~ O ~ 1 1 ~ ~ =4 ° 1 ° 1 1 1 1 o— C~ ~ C~ C~ C~ U) _ - - 1 1 1 ~— oo 0 1 ~ 1 1 o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ O O 00 ~ C) _ 00 ~ O ~ _ _ ~ ~ Co _ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 1 o ° . . ~ ~ . . . o o o - o o o O L' ) ~t ~0 1 1 l U~ O O CD l l l | O ~— O C~ U) ~ ~ C~ ~ O C~ ~ O C] C~ _ — _ C~ 00 C`~ — I~ 1~ C~ C~ ~ 1 O O O C~ 1 1 o o o o o ~ _ ~ C7 C~ o o . . . . C~ o C~ ~ C~ e~ o o o _ o . . . . o o o o I C~ C~ C~ '~ '~ o C~ . . . . o o o o C~ — ~ 0 1 t_ ~ ~ t— 1 . . . . o o o o 1 C) 1 1 00 1 - 1 ~ 1 o o I C~ C~ o . . o o CD 1 1o — ; Co , _ o . . . o _ _ ° 1 - 1 o ~ C~ ~ ~ o o o o o G, O C~ C~ CD O 00 C) ~ ~ 0~ G) C) ~ C~ 00 C~ — ~ CD o _ ~ ~ _ a, ~ ~ Co o ~ oo U, _ 1 1 1 1 1 ~r ~ oo ~ ~ ~ CD o o o o C~ o o ~ ~ ~ U) 1 1 1 1 1 ILO CC1 c~ I I 00 C: CO O O 1 ~ 1 1 -° 1 1 1 ~ o I U) C, 0 1 1 00 c~ Co 1 1 . . . o o o oo ~ C~ o C~ C~ C: ~ r~ r~ 1 1 ~r ~r ~ Cc o o o C~ UO U) ~ L~ 00 o 1 1 i o o 1 1 — _ ~ ~ CS ~ 00 00 _ O C: C~ CD 1 1 1 1 U~ ~ ~ 00 O O O O 1 1 ~ U) LO ~ U) - o - C C~ _ O _ . . O O C - CO =5 U ~ ~ O ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V C _ V ~ - 2 ^ O z C ~ ~ ~ C C ~ ~ — — O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D C tt) ~ U) U) [- ~ ~ ~ O ~ _ C _ -~ ~ ~ o~ ts C C ~ — - - - - ·_ CO - - C~ -

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61 O C~ 00 ~ U) 1 1 C~ C~ C~ CC O 0 1 1 c~ U) ~ ~ o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 1 oo ~ _ 0 ) u, C~ ~ C7 C~ C~ ~ _ ~ C~ ~ - - - 0 c~ co e~ c~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ c~ — 0 o ~ ~ 0 - c~ o co CD ~ C~ ~ C~ C~ ~ — O ~ 00 C~ - - o _ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ 0, 1 1 ~ c3 o, 0, =, ~ 0 1 1 0 t— w) O ~ ~ C~ ~ O C7 ~ O C~ C~ oo _ 1 1 1 co c~ ~ ~ ~ ~r c~ ~ — co c~ - - ~ o 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ o 1 — ~ ~ ~ 1 G) C] C~ ~ — — C~ _ — C~ C~ _ _ ~ CO 1 U) o o o o o o o o o o o o - ~ o o o c~ co o o - o o c~ co ~ - ~ oo I CC) 00 1 ~ 0 0 1 0 . . . o o o c~ CD C~ 0 1 0 . . . . . CD oo ~ ~ ~ 0 ~o 1 o . . . . C~ G) ~ ~ CO oo ~ _ C~ C~ 1 ° 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 ~ - ° o o C~ ° ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ °. ~ 1 ~ — ° ° 1 G) =, =- 1 1 o _ O CD CD U. ~ 00 ~ O ~ e~ 0 G) ~ — ~n _ ~ — ~ ~ ~ C~ o ~ ~ c, ~ 1 ~ °) 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ° ~ ~ 1 0 _ O O O O O O — O O ~ O _ O O ~ O O O O O O O O O O O ~ O — O O O CD C~ 1~ — 0 — CD CC ~ ~ C, ~ O o) co C~ ~ C~ C~ 0 0 ~ ~ =4 0 ~ ~ 0 e~ ~ 0 C7 u: _ _ oo 1 0 0 O — O O O O O O O — O — — O _ C~ _ _ c~~ c~ ~ _ c~ 0 ~ c~ 1 cc, =4 oo 1 1 c~ O O O O O O O O O C~ O O O CD ~ O — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O — O O CO oO =\ CS C~) ~ — C~ 1 C~) — _ O 00 ~ C~ C~ ~ 1 ~ O C~ — — — C~ — — 1 10 C~ C~ ~ — _ C] C~ C~ I — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O — C~ 00 ~ CD t— O ~ 00 — ~ 00 00 ~ — O O — — — U: C.) ~ c) C~ C~ 00 C C~) O C~ ~ ~ C~ ~ . . . . . . . O — O O O O C =4 C~ e~) O — e' _ _ co ~ . . . . O O _ C C C~ - ~ C~ ~ U) ~ CC ~ C~ ~ CD O ~ _ O O U) ~ C~ 0 O O O O O — O O O O O — O — O C~ — C~ O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O — — O O O O 00 00 C) 00 ~ C) CO C) O 0 00 00 C) 00 C~ CO C~ C~ C~ C~ 00 00 =) ~ CC 00 ~ 00 CD CD CC (X) =) ~ ~ C) ~ 0 C5 C) 00 — 00 00 C~ ~ ~ C~ _ ~ ~ C~ C~ ~ C~ C~ ~ _ — ~ C~ — ~ C~ ~ O O O O C~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ _ C~ CC ~ O1 C~ — — 1O 1O oo u: 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u, ~ u, ~n _ — ~ ~ c: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ =4 =4 ~ ~ ~ r~ ' - - — o <:,, — E —— ~ ~ ° ' 2— ~ C ~ = _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ £ = C ~ == C= C ~ _ ~ o =5 ~ ·~xs ;~ C 3 ~ ~ 3 E E~ ° - , — ~ tc ~ oc ~ ~ ~ ~o E ~ ~ E _ =_ ~ _ ~ ~ &k; == _ ._ _ :: ) oo .. V) C ._ _ :t - ._ . ~ .- V: :e C ._ C CO .. V, - C C) _ - - ._ ;) C - U, . _ - L" - . _ ~: v - ._ C) ~0 ou C~ 2 c :C C :t _ :) ~o C Le C) - - C4 . ~o CC o L -3 C~ t0 L O ~ : L _ .. C; _ o :C - V) ._ - ._ ~G . _ _ V: =

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62 Nutr~ent Requ~rements of Cats TABLE 9 Common Mineral Sources for Cats Chemical Mineral Source Formula Mineral Content a Calcium Calcium carbonate 40% Ca 0.02% Na Limestone 38% Ca 0.05% Na 0.01% F Calcium and Bone meal 24% Ca 12.6 % P 0.37% Na 0.05% F phosphorus Phosphate, curacao 36% Ca 14 % P 0.3 % Na 0.54% F defluorinated 30-34% Ca 18 % P 5.7 % Na 0.16% F dicalcium 18-24% Ca 18.5 % P 0.6 % Na 0.14% F mono and dicalcium 16-19% Ca 21 % P 0.6 % Na 0.20% F soft rock 17%Ca 9 %P 0.1 %Na 1.2 %F sodium tripoly 0 25 ~ P 31.2 % Na 0.03% F Sodium and Sodium chloride 39.3 % Na 60.7 % C1 chlorine Iron Ferrous sulfate FeSO4 H2O 32.9 ~o Fe Ferrous sulfate FeSO~ 7H~O 20.1 % Fe Ferric ammonium citrate 16.5-18.5 % Fe Ferrous fumarate FeC4 H~O4 32.9 % Fe Ferric chloride FeCl36H2O 20.7 % Fe Ferrous carbonate FeCO3 48.2 % Fe Ferric oxide Fe2O3 69.9 % Fe Ferrous oxide FeO 77.8 % Fe Copper Cupric carbonate CuCO3 Cu(OH)~ 5~.5 % Cu Cupric chloride CuClo2H2O 37.3 % Cu Cupric hydroxide Cu(OH)2 65.1 % Cu Cupric oxide CuO 79.9 % Cu Cupric sulfate CuSO~ 5H2O 25.4 % Cu Manganese Manganese carbonate MnCO3 47.8 % Mn Manganous chloride MnC1~ 4H~O 27.8 % Mn Manganous oxide MnO 77.4 % Mn Manganese sulfate MnSO~ 5H2O 22.7 % Mn Manganous sulfate MnSO~ H~O 32.5 % Mn Zinc Zinc carbonate 5ZnO 2CO34H~O 56.0 % Zn Zinc chloride ZnCl2 48.0 % Zn Zinc oxide ZnO 80.3 % Zn Zinc sulfate ZnSO~ 7H~O 22.7 % Zn Zinc sulfate ZnSO' H~O 36.4 ~o Zn Iodine Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)~ 65.1 % I Potassium iodide KI 76.4 % I Cuprous iodide Cul 66.6 % I Penta calcium orthoperiodate Ca3(IO6)~ 39.3 % I Selenium Sodium selenite Na~SeO3 45.6 % Se 26.6 % Na Sodium selenate Na2SeO4 41.8 % Se 24.3 % Na aActual mineral levels in technical grade sources may vary. \

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64 1 ^= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 0 0 0 0 °° ° c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ 0 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ CD0 - ~ 1 ~ ~_ C~ C4 o C~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ 0 1 1 1 o 1 1 ~ 0 ~ o 1 ~ 'v, _ c4 c~ — c~ —_ 0 ci e c I I I I ! I I 1 1 o I I I ~ CD I I I ~ I I o ~ I _ I ~ G _ C*~ C~ C~ C4 ~ C4 ^~ l l l l l l I I I ~ I i I t_ ~ I ~ I CD I I ~ ~o 1 0 ~ _ O O O O 0 00 0 "— 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ CC 1 1 1 Cl C, 1 C4 1 ~ 1 1 'C' 0 1 oo 1 ~ C_ C~ — — ~ — — ~ c ~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 '7 1 1 1 ~ o 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 ~ O3 1 c, 1 1-~_ co ~ ~ 0 c~ _ _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 - U. 1 1 1 ~O4 1 1 o 0 1 C*:) 1 ~ _ ~ C~ ~ C~ ' , ~ ~ I I I I I I I i I ~ I I 1 0 ~ I I I ° ! I o o 1 0 1 =_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ° ~ ~ 1 ~ 0 1 1 °= ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ =0 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 0 0 1 ~ ! 2 _ ~ _ _ .o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ C) 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 C) 1 ~ 1 1 =° 1 oo 1 ;: _ ~r ~ ~r u: ~ ~ ~ , ~ ao,= ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =° 1 1 1 ~ =, 1 =0 ! ~ ! 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 _ . u, -:r ~ ~ c4 c~ c: ~r c' ~ ~ 1 — 1 ~ 0 oo, 1 <~} ~ _ ~ ~ oo 0 co ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ca ~ ~ c~ ,o ~ U) C~ °O C~ ~ 0 ~ CO ~ ~ C~ CD ~ ~ ~ O C~ C ) U~ CD r~ co c~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ C4 Oo ca c~ ~ ~ 0 0 0 — c~ 0 c~ n ~ co r~ e~ oo ~ 0 . . ~ cc 0 X 0 CO ce: CD CO O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ —— _ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ c~ c; X 0 0 0 C) 0 C: 0 0 0 0 0 C: O C) C) O O 0 0 ~ 0 0 C) 0 0 —_ D · I I I I I I ~ I · ~ I I I ~ I I ~ I · ~ . I I . ~ , G ~ ~C . , . O O O O O O $ O O O $ O O $ $ O O O O $ O O O C ._ ~ Z ~ ~ ~ ~ U~ 1S:~ U: ~ ~ ~ U: ~ U:) =~ U:~ U:~ U:~ U:~ ]~ U: ~ U~ ~ U~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ _ ~ C j a c, 3 · ~ 3, c _ _ ~ _ ~ — ~ _ is 0 ~ = :c O ~ ;~ O _ ~ O _ ~) O C O ~ c~ O ~ :: ~ ct ~ :t ~ O _ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ce O ~ O _ ~ ¢~ ct _ O ~ ,~ ct , O _ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ ~ _ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ _ C U C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ C; ~; ~ ~ ~ :; C; C; r~ r~ ~ ~ C; C; L; ~ C; :) ~< ,.= _ c ~r ~ CC~ t~ 00 C) O— C~ co ~ ~ C~ ~ cc 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ = ~ c~ c~ cq CO C~ ~ e!e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ In r~ P-` z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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65 1 1 —U~ CD a, 1 1 1 ~ C~ ~ C~ C~ C~ C~ 1 1 1 C) 1 1 1 C4 X—0 t— 0 1O 1 CD— 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 CD ~ IS) e~ 1 CD C*3 C:: e~ ~ co ~ 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 ~ _ C~ O C~ t— _ 1 1 oo C~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 ~ oo o o o ooo ooo o oooo o o o o - o o 1 1 CD ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ 0= ~ ~ o ~ Co 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ - 0 ~ ~ o ~ ~ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 ~ ~ _ _ — _ 0 0 0 0 0 — — 0 ~ c~ 1 1 - 0 0 ~ o 1 1 1 ~ — 1 CD 0 1 ~ 1 1 1 C) 1 1 1 c, ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~— 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 0 - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ o o - - - o o - o o o o o o c~ - '~ o ca 1 ~ C~ C~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ C~ 0 1 1 1 t— 1 1 1 CO CO CD ~ ~ CD ~ 1 1 C~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 — 1 1 0 CD CO ~ 1 1 1 — X =' 00 C~ C*~ C~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ Co t—— ~ ~ ~ 1 1 t—C~) ~ 1 C~ ~) - - - - c~ - ~ - - - - o o o o o - c~ o c~ ~ c~ ~ I I c~ c~ ~ ~ I i I ~ c~ c~ 0 c~ 1 0 ~ I I ~ l l I oo ~ ~ r~ G~ C~ 0 1 I C~ O I ~ I C~ 1 1O ~ co c~ 1 i 1 ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 C~ 1 1 C~ O — 00 0 1 1 _ _ 1 1 — ~ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - c~ - 'o 1 1 ~ c ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~— co ~ CD 1 1 1 ° 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ o ~' ~ ~ ~ 1 8 ~ 1 1 ~ o 1 1 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o _ o o _ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o _ C7 _ o 1 1 cn t— a:) — 1 1 1 C~ C~ ~ ~ 1O 1 - 0 0 1 ~ C) 1 1 1 X C~ O ~ a' 0 ~ 1 1 C~ ~ 1 1 1 0 1 1 ° 1 ~ c~ ~ C~ t— 1 1 1 C~ C4 ~— C*) C~ O C: 1 a) — 1 1 1 ~ 1O C~— ~ 00 ~ 1 1 C~ C~ ~ 1 1 — 00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C~ C~ — C4 ~ ~ C~ ~ C~ C~ ~ C~ ~ O O O O O — — O ~ ~ C~ — ~ 1 °— ~ — 1 1 1 0 =° cs co 0 o ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 —~ C, ~ ~ ~ - ° 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 oOo 1 1 ~ ~ _ — ~ c; c~ C~ —c4 C~ O O O O O — — O c~ co ci ~ 1 1 U~ C7 ~ 0 1 1 1 ~ _ ~—CO ~—C~ O ~ 1 ~ C) 1 1 1 co ~ c~ o ~ ~;c 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 CC 1 1 C7 l I a: ~ c~ ~ I I I ~ CD C~ ~ C~ O ~ I I I ~ I I _ O O— O C~ ~ I I C~ ~ I I 1 0 C~ e~ C':~ C) C'] I~: c~:) hO C~ C] e~: c~ — _ _ _ 0 c~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 00 C~ ~ U, 1 1 1 C5 ~—O C, X 0 1 ~ 1 C~ 1 1 1 —0 1 - oc C~ C: 0 1 1 C~ 0 1 1 1 CO 1 1 — 1 1 o _ a: ~ 1 , 1 C*3 t—O oo c~ 1O C7 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 Co ~ U) O C~ , 1 0 _ 1 1 1 _ 1 1 IS~ C4 C~ _ — C~ _ C~— —C~ C4 0 0 0 0 0 — C~ O C~ ~ ~ C~ 1 1 0 ~ ~ — 1 1 1 c°o ~ c°o o ~ 1 C4 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ~ c4 ~ o O0 0 ~ 1 1 ~ C: 1 1 1 c: 1 1 ~ ~ 0 — ~ ~ ~ ~ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ~ ° ~ ~ ~ ° 1 1 0 ~ '7 ~ 1 1 1 o x 0 ~ ~ 1 - 1 1 1 - ° 1 1 1 CD ~ te0 ~ ~ 0 1 1 1 0 ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 0 CD CC — C~ CD C~ r~ CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 — c~ co co 1 1 CD o C~ C~ 1 ! 1 ~ 0 to 0° `= 1 °- 1 1 1 c~ 1 1 1 0 0o ~ CD C ~ c~ ~ 1 1 0 <~ 1 1 1 c~ 1 1 oo C~ ~ C~ C~ ~ ~r ~ ~ 0 — 0 0 0 0 0 _ ~ 0 c~ ~ ~ ~n 1 OC — ~ C~ O CD =' C~ _ e~ 0 C.D ~ ~ C~ O ~ 00 =1 C~ OC C~ a: co c4 ~ u: 0 co 1 ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 0 - 1 · - · ~ . - - ~ ~ . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . ~ _ 0 co ~ u: c~— _ 0 0 ~ C: CO ~——c~ C~ 0 0 ~ C~ C~ ~ ~ co ~ cC r~ c~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ C~ C.C' CC~ C~ CO ~ ~ ~ t— U) =~ ~ C~ ~ 00 ~ — — ——— C~ ~ ~ ~ OC ~ X CD ~ C) ~ 1 _ ~ o ~ 0 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CD ~ ~ O—~ 0 CO ~ ~ —C) O ~ O ~ — ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 C.D ~ 0 1~ 0 C) CO eO C~ eO 0 0 C) 0 0—0—c4 0 CO t~ 0 ~ C5) X Q 0 0 C: 0 C~ c~ _ cO C~ C~ C~ 0 a:) —C) — x ~ t~ 0— C~ ~ ~ ~ U~ O —~ C~ CC 2O CO C~ 0 _ _ O O 0 0 ~ C~ O ~ ~ — ~ O ~ IO comco r~ ~ 00 oooo oo XcoX C~CC ~t—O~ O ;:) 0 0 00cOoo O In u: - -——~ ~ ~ 0~= ~ oo 00 C: C) co c~ c~ cq ———— ~o— — c:7 co cc c~ , , , . 0 0 c~ C~ C~ cr~ G: ~ 0 C: r~ — ~— — C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 — — — — 00 — C~ 0 ~ ~ C~ C~ ~ c~ CO c~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0—00 0 —- 00 0 000 000000 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 000000 0 000 0 u: ~ ~ u: ~n u~ ~ U ~ U3 ~ U3 ~ U ~3 ~ U3 IO ~ =~ ~ ~ =~ =~e _ u ~ _ ~ ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y ~ S _ ~ ~ ~ L L a ; _ ~ ~ 0 —c~ c~ e!e u~ cc r~ ~ c~ 0 — c~ c~ ~ ~ c~ r~ ~ c: 0 — c~ ~ ~ ~ co ~ oc C~ O —c~ ~ ~ ~ cO ~ ~ C) O 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 ~o 0 0 0 0 0 0 —°

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66 C~ N C s~ CO ~ C~ _ O C: CC s~ cc x c: 0 S~ e~ N C~ ~ C4 ~ C4 Ic, ~ c:: ~ e, C~ ~ C~ C~ C: . . . . . C s~ ~ s~ r~ o C~ ~ s~ s~ ~ X O4 O4 C~ _ C~ C~ C ¢, o o X o— ~ CC X C~ s~ X— . . . . . . . O ~ c~ t—~ 47 e~ o o ~ ~ ~ C~ o— C~ o C, C~ C su~ ~ _ _ ~ s~ C: s~ C2 ~S o ~ 0 o ~ ~ ~ o C: oc C) C~ C) C: C: CO C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~l X Q — C~ ~— C, C4 C.3 CZ ~ O It, 00 1O . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ CC O. O OOCO, C4O, U) ~ sU, s~ sU, sU, s~ s~ C X O ~ ~ s~ 1 — 1 ~ C s~ t— OC OC I C:: I O O j_ O C C e`1 _ ~ C~ . . C O C4 i c~ cc c: 1 U) s~ OC . . . C O O s~— CC — — I — ~ X C ;:: 1 s~ . . . . . OO—C O I~ C~ s~ — '— t—x ~ ce SL~ j o—— C 1 Z X 1 — C~ 1 I~ t_ CC _ . . 1 ~ C 1 C S~ . . o — 1 1 C) C4 I CD CC s Co r . . ~ C~ ~s 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 c: 1 ! ! =. ! ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 : _ ' I t_ I I I ., I C~ _ C _ . . ~ _ - ! '=. I 1 1 t— 1 s~ 1 C~ C~ ~ 1 ! 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 _ ~ s~ CC X oc _ C: C CC . . ~ ~ X o C — . . . s~ s~ s~ - ° s~ ~s _ ~ ~ IC = _ e , 5 = ~ ~ ~ -. ~: ~ ~ _ c { ~ ~ ~ ; ~ c G C: cn V: C~? ~ ~ c~ c~ ~~. s~ r

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67 I c~ G.—~ ~ ~— — ~ O ~ 1 c~ C~ ~ ~ O O O C~ C~ 1 C*~— —CO — — C4—CO _ 1 C4 C~ C4 C4 C~ C4 C4 U3 ~ 1 ~ o ooooo oooo o ooo o oo oo o 1 1 1 I CD CC) 0 i C~ ~ ~ C~ O I O 1 ~ ~ CD 1 ~ C: ~ ~ ~ 1 oo . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o C~ I CC C~ C~ 1 C~ 0 ~ ~ CD lt: ~ ~ 1 C~ C~ 1 1 c~ . . . . . . o o o o o o — ~ Imm mo C~ . . . . . O O —O4 C' l ~ C~ 0 C~ C~ U) o ~ _ ~ C~ C~ _ o ~ C~ C~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ 1 c4 ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ oooooooooo oooo o oo oo o 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ CD—O ~ o ~ ~ 0 ~ {~ {~ _ ~ O] t~ 4~] ~ ~— ~~ <~ ~~ ~ _ ~ a~ ~ 0 1 oc oooooooooo oooo o oo o_ o C) ~ C~ ~ 0 1 C, — O CD ~— 1 0 . . . . . . I— ~ 0 — 0 C) C~ C~ 1~ 0 1 C~ C~ ~ 1 00 C:) ~ ~ CO C.D ~—CO CO ~ 1 CO 0 C~ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ooo—oooooo o oo 1 C, C~ 0 C) 0 0 C, 0 r~ c, 0 c, 0 0 0 0 0 C: 0 X X CO ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 C: 0 X X 0 CC O C~ C53 0—0 00 CO ~ ~ C~ CD C~ _ U~ oo C) _ C' _ _ ~ C~ _ C, C~ ~ o o o o C~ _ _ _ C~ C4 C4 ~ X C~ C~ ~ C~ ~ ~ x ~ 1n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u, ~ u: u, o oooooooooooocoo . . . . · · · · · · · . . · . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ o 0Ca mo ~ ~ ~o _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ 0 C, o 0 ~ 0 C) C~ 0 0 0 0 C~ C~ 1 '~ C~ _ C~ ~C C) - o C~ c ~C 1 _ . - _ C _ ·= ·_ O _ _ ~ ~ C C,) _ _ _ _ ._ ~ ~—~ ~ ~—~ ~ E .- .- .- .= .' .' ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ .' ~ ——~ 3 E ~ ° ~ ~ _ ~ ~ , ~ ;; 5 ~ ~ Ct .——-3 o ·_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < ~ ~ o ~ E ~ ^ _— to ~ ~ c u ac oc to _ C~ ~ E ~ =~: ~ ° ~ D ~ ~ - !~ — - C~ - ~; o — C ~ ._ ;. ~ C: ;~. C,~ C) 'C~ _ _ _ _ _ — _ C,7 {0 ^~:— O O ~ -= c: 3 —D ~ ~ S ' `, 0 ° C U ~ ~ a ~ ~ _ ._ ~5 a V) E Ct _ ._ . - , ~ ._ C~ . V' _ E C) - . _ ._ C' ~o , ~ . C~ C, C) . _ - C~ C} 0 - C.) _ ~ ' ~o ._ C5 _ o ~ . o -;5 CL {C C) ~ C15 _ _ ~ ~ oo oo~ C: o ~ ._ — . Ct C, V, = c~ E . o ~ 4,, 0 - G) C~ . ~ _ _ _ .O ~ ~ _ — oE c~ ~ . C5 '5 . Ct_ .. C) ~ C) ~ _ C) — :: o _ ;~ ~5~e ,v ~ -3 . - .= C) tC ~ ~ =._ o ~ - - . ~ t

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68 Nutr~ent Requ~rements of Cats TABLE 11 Abbreviations for Terms Used ~n Tables S. TABLE 13 Fat-Soluble Vitamin Equivalents 7, 8, and 10 Vitamin A - dehy dehydrated 1 retinol equivalent (RE) = 1 ~gretinol extd extracted = 1.147 pgretinylacetate g gram = 3.3 IU vitamin A gr grade 1 IU vitamin A = 0.3 ~g retinol grnd ground Vitamin D IU International Units 1 ~g vitamin D = 40 IU kcal kilocalories Ergocalciferol (D2)a kg kilogram(s) Cholecalciferol (D3)b lt less than 1 IU vitamin D = 0.025 ~g D3 mech extd mechanically extracted, expeller extracted, hydrau- lic extracted, or old process Vitamin E ~g microgram~s) 1 mgD~-c'-tocopheryl acetate = 1 It3 mg milligram(s) 1 mg D~-~-tocopherol = 1.1 IU mt more than 1 mgD-~-tocopheryl acetate = 1.36 IU s-c suncured 1 mg D-~-tocopherolC = 1.491U solv extd solvent extracted Vztamm K spp spec~es Expressed as "phylloquinone equivalents." No IU developed for w w~th this vitamin wo without TABLE 12 Weight-Unit Conversion Factors Units Given Units For Conversion Wanted Multiply by lb g 453.6 lb kg 0.4536 g 28.35 kg lb 2.2046 kg mg 1,000,000. kg g 1,000. g mg 1,000. g ~g 1,000,000. mg ~g 1,000. mg/g mgIlb 4S3.6 mg/kg mg/lb 0.4536 ~g/kg ~g/lb 0.4536 kcal Mcal 1,000. kcal kJ 4.184 kJ kcal 0.239 kcal/kg kcal/lb 0.4536 kcal/lb kcal/kg 2.2046 ppm ~g/g 1. ppm mg/kg 1. ppm mg/lb 0.4536 mgtkg % 0.0001 ppm % 0.0001 mg/g % 0.1 g/kg % 0.1 °plant source banimal source Cnatural form in foodstuffs

Representative terms from entire chapter:

unit amount