NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by Contract NASW-4003 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved.
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COMMITTEE ON SPACE FACILITIES
Daniel J. Fink,
Chair,
Consultant,
D.J. Fink Associates, Inc., Potomac, Maryland
James R. French,
Consultant,
JRF Engineering Services, Los Angeles, California
Angelo Guastaferro,
Vice President,
NASA and Federal Systems, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Sunnyvale, California
Donald G. Hard,
General Manager,
Colorado Division, The Aerospace Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Daniel Hastings,
Professor,
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
David T. Jones,
Manager,
Test Planning & Management, Defense & Space Group, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
Ann Karagozian,
Professor,
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles
James G. Mitchell,
Executive Vice President,
MicroCraft, Inc., Tullahoma, Tennessee
Robert G. Morra,
Consultant,
Martin Marietta (Ret.), Potomac, Maryland
Richard G. Smith,
Group Director,
Aerospace Technologies, EER Systems Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama
Marjorie R. Townsend,
Consultant,
Washington, D.C.
Gerald D. Walberg,
Professor,
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Deputy Director,
Mars Mission Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
ASEB Liaison
Donald J. Kutyna,
Corporate Vice President,
Advanced Space Systems, Loral Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Staff
JoAnn Clayton,
Director
Thomas C. Mahoney,
Study Director (from 1 March 1994)
Joseph Breen,
Study Director (through 28 February 1994)
Beth Henry,
Project Assistant
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
Jack L. Kerrebrock,
Chair,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,
R.C. Maclaurin
Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Duane T. McRuer,
Immediate Past Chair,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,
President and Technical Director,
Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, California
Bernard L. Koff,
Chair,
National Aeronautical Test Facilities Study,
Executive Vice President,
Engineering and Technology, Pratt & Whitney, West Palm Beach, Florida
Steven Aftergood,
Senior Research Analyst,
Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C.
Joseph P. Allen,
President and Chief Executive Officer,
Space Industries International, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Guion S. Bluford, Jr.,
Vice President and General Manager of Engineering Services Division,
NYMA, Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland
John K. Buckner,
Vice President,
Special Programs, Lockheed Fort Worth Company, Fort Worth, Texas
Raymond S. Colladay,
Vice President,
Strategic Defense Systems, Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado
Ruth M. Davis,
President and Chief Executive Officer,
Pymatuning Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
Steven M. Dorfman,
President,
Telecommunications and Space Sector, General Motors Hughes Electronics, Los Angeles, California
John M. Hedgepeth,
President,
Digisim Corporation, Santa Barbara, California
Takeo Kanade,
Professor of Computer Science,
Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Donald J. Kutyna,
Corporate Vice President,
Advanced Space Systems, Loral Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colorado
John M. Logsdon,
Director,
Center for International Science and Technology Policy, Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
Robert R. Lynn,
Bell Helicopter Textron, Euless, Texas
Frank E. Marble,
Richard L. Hayman and Dorothy M. Hayman
Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Professor of Jet Propulsion,
Emeritus, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
C. Julian May,
Vice President,
Technical Operations, Planning and Development, Delta Airlines, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
Earll M. Murman,
Professor and Department Head,
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bradford W. Parkinson,
Professor,
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
Alfred Schock,
Director,
Energy System Department, Fairchild Industries, Germantown, Maryland
John D. Warner,
President,
Boeing Computer Services, Seattle, Washington
Staff
JoAnn Clayton,
Director
Alan C. Angleman,
Senior Program Officer
Thomas C. Mahoney,
Senior Program Officer
Allison C. Sandlin,
Senior Program Officer
Noel E. Eldridge,
Program Officer
Paul J. Shawcross,
Program Officer
Anna L. Farrar,
Administrative Associate
William E. Campbell,
Administrative Assistant
Mary T. McCormack,
Senior Project Assistant
Beth A. Henry,
Project Assistant
Ted W. Morrison,
Project Assistant
Erik R. Thoen,
Research Assistant