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APPENDIX C
AIRLINER CABIN SAFETY REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
This appendix presents information about airliner
cabin safety regulations, standards, and recommendations
It is based on items listed in the Cabin Safety Index
prepared by the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute, \2
supplemented by relevant items in the Federal Resister
since the index was published. It presents relevant
regulations and recommendations concerning emergency
procedures, nonemergency procedures, equipment, crew
training, and passenger information and briefing with
respect to fires.(Table C-1), decompression (Table C-2),
medical emergencies (Table C-3), and ditching and
evacuation (Table C-4~. Table C-5 deals with preflight
and in-flight announcements, and Table C-6 presents a
summary of typical air carrier operating procedures with
respect to firefighting and firefighting training.
278
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TABLE C-1
Standards, Regulations, and Recommendations About Fires
Emergency Procedures
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Air carrier
emergency procedures pertaining to lower-lobe
operation should be reviewed. 22
Nonemer~enc~ Procedures
Regulation: No passenger or crew member may smoke
while the "no smoking" sign is lighted, and each
passenger shall fasten his or her seat belt and keep
it fastened while the seat belt sign is only
Airworthiness Directive: 1,000-h periodic
inspections, and repairs as necessary, of all
lavatory trash receptacles to ensure fire
containment procedures. 2 ~
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Inspection of
lavatory before takeoff and periodically during
flight.20
Enuipment
Regulation: Hand fire extinguishers available for all
baggage compartments with access by crew members.8
Regulation: Hand fire extinguishers available for
crew, passenger, and cargo compartments, 6 uniformly
distributed in passenger compartments with two Halon
1211 extinguishers per airplane. \5
Regulation: Protective breathing equipment must be
installed for each isolated separate compartment in
the airplane, including upper- and lower-lobe
galleys.1 3
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TABLE C-1 (continued)
Proposed regulation: Protective breathing equipment
that protects crew members from effects of smoke,
carbon dioxide, or other harmful gases and that
protects crew members while combatting fires on
board; one such device must be in each upper- or
lower-lobe galley, one on the flight deck, one for
use in each accessible cargo compartment, and one
within 3 ft of each required fire extinguisher. 2s
Regulation: Floor proximity emergency escape-path
marking for passengers when all sources of
illumination more than 4 ft above the cabin aisle
are obscured.] 9
Regulation: Smoke detectors in each lavatory and
galley, automatic fire extinguisher for each
lavatory trash receptacle. \5
Airworthiness Directive: Installation of "no
smoking" signs on each side of lavatory doors and
ashtrays near lavatory entrances. 2
Crew Training
Regulation: Instruction in emergency assignments and
procedures; location, function, and operation of
emergency equipment (i.e., portable fire
extinguishers, including the type for different
classes of fires); handling of fires on growled and
in flight. 3
Regulation: Actual operation of emergency equipment
for each type of aircraft once each 24 calendar mo.3
Proposed Regulation: One-time emergency drill to be
accomplished during initial training; additional
emergency training to be accomplished once each
24 mo.25
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Initiate ground
training or operations bulletins to inform flight
deck crews and cabin crews of the causer,
characteristics, and hazards associated with
fluorescent light ballast fires.17
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TABLE C-1 (continued)
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Review emergency
procedures pertaining to the lower lobe to ensure
that procedures and equipment are adequate.22
Passenger Information/Bri_ _ ~
Regulation: Preflight briefing conce ming smoking.2
Airworthiness Directive: Preflight briefing not to
smoke in lavatories.21
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282
TABLE C-2
Standards, Regulations, And Recommendations
About Decompression
Emergency Procedures (None)
Nonemer~encY Procedures
Regulation: Minimal mass flow of supplemental oxygen
is specified in terms of mean tracheal oxygen partial
pressure (precise specifications depend on exact
equipment, altitude, duration at altitude, and other
factors).9
Equipment
Regulation: Supplemental oxygen must be available for
crew and passengers whenever the airplane is operated
above 10,000 ft (exact provisions depend on the
flight altitude and duration at altitude).14
Regulation: Each flight attendant shall, during
flight above flight level 250 (25,000 ft), carry
portable oxygen equipment with at least a lS-min
supply of oxygen, unless enough units or spare
outlets and masks are distributed throughout the
cabin to ensure immediate availability to each cabin
attendant.] 4
Crew Trainine
Regulation: Instruction in emergency assignments and
procedures; location, function, and operation of
emergency equipment; instruction in handling
emergency situations (including rapid
depressurization) . 3
Regulation: Crew members who serve in operations
above 2S,OOO ft must receive instruction in
respiration, hypoxia, duration of consciousness
without supplemental oxygen at altitude, gan
expansion, gas bubble formation, physical phenomena,
and incidents of Repressurization. 3
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TABLE C-2 (continued)
Passenger Information/Briefinz
Regulation: Before flight is conducted above flight
level 250 (25#000 It)' a crew member sball instruct
the passengers on the necessity of using oxygen in
the event of cabin depressurization.l.
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284
TABLE C-3
Standards, Regulations, and Recommendations
About Medical Emergencies
Emergency Procedures (None)
NonemerzencY Procedures
Regulation: Conditions under which a passenger may
carry and operate equipment for the storage,
generation, or dispensing of oxygen are specified.l°
Equipment
Regulation: Approved first-aid kits for treatment of
injuries likely to occur in flight or in minor
accidents must be provided (the number of kits
varies according to the number of passengers
carried) .6
Regulation: Emergency medical equipment; one medical
kit would be required on each passenger-carrying
flight and should contain equipment and drugs
required to provide basic life support during medical
emergencies that might occur during flight, such as
myocardial infarction, severe allergic reactions,
acute asthma, insulin shock, protracted seizures9
and childbirth.
Crew Training
Regulation: Instruction in emergency assignments and
procedures; location, function, and operation of
emergency equipment (including first-aid equipment
and its proper use); instruction in handling
emergency situations (including illness, injury, or
other abnormal situation involving passengers or
crew members).3
Regulation: Familiarization with the emergency
medical kiters
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TABLE C-3 (continued)
Passenger
formation/Briefinz
Regulation: Crew members who serve in operations
above 25,000 ft must receive instruction in
respiration, hypoxia, duration of consciousness
without supplemental oxygen at altitude, gas
expansion, gas bubble formation, physical phenomena,
and incidents of depressurization.3
Passenger Information/Briefina (None)
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TABLE C-4
Standards, Regulations, and Recommendations
About Ditching and Evacuation
Emergency Procedures
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: In case of an
unplanned emergency landing, the flight attendants
might have only enough time to give a short command,
such as "lean over" or "grab your ankles".! 6
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: In case of a
planned emergency landing, passengers should be
briefed on proper bracing positions.16
NonemerzencY Procedures
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Principal operations
inspectors should ensure that flight attendants are
fully aware that escape slides should be inflated
manually if autoinflation fails. 23
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Principal
operations inspectors should evaluate seat spacing
and passenger briefing card brace positions. \6
Equipment
Regulation: Each passenger-carrying landplane
emergency exit (other than over-the-wing) that is
more than 6 ft from the ground with the airplane on
the ground and the landing gear extended must have
an approved means to assist occupants in descending
to the ground.!
Regulation: An approved flotation means or a life
preserver must be within easy reach of each seated
occupant for extended over-water operation; 7
enough liferafts to accommodate all occupants must
be provided; 5 each certificate holder shall
demonstrate the effectiveness of emergency
evacuation equipment and procedures and shall
describe these in its manual. 4
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TABLE C-4 (continued)
Crew Training
Regulation: Instruction in emergency assignments and
procedures; location, function, and operation of
emergency equipment, including, for ditching:
cockpit preparation; crew coordination; passenger
briefing and cabin preparation; donning and
inflation of life preservers; removal and inflation
of each type of l.iferaft; transfer of each type of
slide/raft from one door to another; deployment,
inflation, and detachment of each type of slide/raft;
use of liferaft; boarding of passengers and crew
into a raft or a slide/raft pack. 3
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin: Principal
operations inspectors must continually review their
assigned air carriers' emergency evacuation
procedures. 2 4
Passenger Information/Briefin~
Regulation: In extended over-water operations, all
passengers are to be orally briefed on the location
and operation of life preservers, liferafts, and
other flotation means, including a demonstration of
the method of donning and inflating a life
preserver. 2
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TABLE C-5
Additional Pansenger Briefing
Preflight Announcements
Regulation: Smoking; location of emergency exits;
use of safety belts, including how to fasten and
unfasten them; location and use of required
emergency flotation devices. 2
In-fli~ht Announcements
Regulation: Immediately before or immediately after
the seatbelt sign is turned off, an announcement
shall be made that passengers should keep their
seatbelts fastened while seated.2
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289
TABLE C-6
Summary of Typical Air Carrier Operating Procedures
with Respect to Firefighting and Firefighting Training
Firefi~htinz
Cabin crew member discovering fire to identify the
source and type of fire and switch off any electric
supply involved, take nearest appropriate fire
extinguisher, and attack the fire.
Second cabin crew member to be called to alert the
captain and the senior member of the cabin crew.
Senior member of the cabin crew takes charge of
firefighting, ensures that all necessary resources
are available, and ensures that all portable oxygen
bottles are removed from the scene.
Passengers are advised to keep heads down and to
cover noses and mouths; if time and conditions
permit, damp face cloths would be distributed.
Firefiahtinz Training
On initial course, cabin crew are trained in the use
of fire extinguishers and smoke protection hoods;
practical use of equipment at the fire training
ground is included; each student experiences a short
period in a smoke chamber.
Students are required to demonstrate proficiency in
firefighting in a synthetic smoke-filled cabin
mockup.
Every third year, cabin fire and smoke is the main
theme for flight crew and cabin crew annual checks;
audiovisual review and familiarization with
equipment under guidance of instructor; fire-smoke
situation presented to cabin crew without warning in
cabin mockup to check proficiency; flight crew
briefed on cabin fire drill.
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290
REFERENCES
1. Additional emergency equipment. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.310. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
2. Briefing passengers before takeoff. Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.571.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1985.
Crewmember emergency training. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.417.` Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 198S.
4. Emergency and emergency evacuation duties. Code
of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.397.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1985.
5. Emergency equipment for extended over-water
operations. Code of Federal Regulations, Title
14, Pt. 121.339. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1985.
6. Emergency equipment. Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 14, Pt. 121.309. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1985.
Emergency flotation means. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.340. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
8. Fire precautions. Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 14, Pt. 121.221. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 198S.
9. Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen. Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 25.1443.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1985.
10. Oxygen for medical use by passengers. Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.574.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1985.
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291
11. Passenger information. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 121.317. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
12. Pollard, D. W., J. A. Steen, W. J. Biron, and R.
L. Cremer. Cabin Safety Subject Index.
FAA-AM-84-1. Oklahoma City, Okla.: U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical
Institute, 1984.
13. Protective breathing equipment. Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 14, Pt. 25.1439. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
14. Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for
first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with
pressurized cabins. Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 14, Pt. 121.333. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1985.
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Airplane
cabin fire protection: Final rule. Federal
Register 50~29 March):12726-12733, 1985.
16. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Brace for
impact positions. ACOB No. 1-76-23, pare. 224.
In Air Carrier Operations Bulletins, Consolidated
Reprint. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration, 1985.
17. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Cabin
fluorescent light ballast fires. ACOB No. 8-82-1,
pare. 966. In Air Carrier Operations Bulletins,
Consolidated Reprint. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
18. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Emergency
medical equipment: Final rule. Federal Register
51(9 Jan.):1218-1223, 1986.
19. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Floor
proximity emergency escape path marking: Final
rule. Federal Register 49(26 Oct.):43182-43186,
1984.
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292
20. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. In-flight
lavatory fires. ACOB No. 1-76-17, pare. 218. In
Air Carrier Operations Bulletins, Consolidated
Reprint. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration, 1985.
21. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Inspections
of Lavatory Trash Receptacles for Fire Containment
Procedures. Airworthiness Directive 74-09-08,
Docket No. 13603.
22. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Problems
associated with lower lobe galleys.` ACOB No.
1-76-14, pare. 215~4~. In Air Carrier Operations
Bulletins, Consolidated Reprint. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Procedures
and training for emergency evacuations. ACOB No.
1-76-21, pare. 222. In Air Carrier Operations
Bulletins, Consolidated Reprint. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
24. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Procedures
and training for emergency evacuations. ACOB No.
8-76-10, pare. 911. In Air Carrier Operations
Bulletins, Consolidated Reprint. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, 1985.
25. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Protective
breathing equipment: Notice of proposed
rulemaking. Federal Register 50~0ct.
10~:41452-41459, 1985.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
carrier operations
