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OCR for page 293
GLOSSARY
ACOB
ACGIH
ACM
ACRE
Aerosol
Air carrier
Aircraft
Air-cycle
machine
Air exchange
Air-exchange
rate
Air Carrier Operations Bulletin.
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
See Air-cycle machine.
Aircraft Radiation Exposure, a model of
cosmic-radiation exposure of aircraft
passengers.
A suspension of liquid droplets or
solid particles in a gas.
A person or group of persons using
aircraft to transport persons,
property, and mail.
A vehicle designed or used for flight.
A turbine-compressor combination used
to reduce air temperature by extracting
energy from an air stream; part of the
environmental control unit. (Abbr.
ACM.)
Replacement of equivalent air volume in
a compartment with fresh air.
Number of air exchanges per unit time.
Air pack See Environmental control unit.
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Airplane
Airworthy
Angina
pectoris
APU
ASHRAE
Auxiliary power
unit
Avionics
B-747-SP
Background
radiation
Bleed air
Bypass ratio
CAB
A heavier-than-air, power-driven,
fixed-wing aircraft that is supported
by the dynamic reaction of air against
its wings.
Suitable for safe flight.
Severe restricting pain in the chest,
usually caused by insufficient blood
flow to the heart muscle.
See Auxiliary power unit.
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc.
A power unit that can be used in
addition to the main sources of power
(Abbr., APU.)
Aviation electric and electronic
equipment in the cockpit.
.
Special-performance model of the B-747
that is equipped with a catalytic
converter to decompose atmospheric
ozone; used for routes through
ozone-laden portions of the
atmosphere.
Natural radiation in the environment,
including cosmic radiation and
radiation from naturally radioactive
elements.
Air from the compressor used for cabin
ventilation.
Flow ratio of low-pressure air in the
fan to high-pressure air in the engine
core.
Civil Aeronautics Board (now defunct).
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Cabin
Cabin crew
Carboxyhemo-
globin
(COHb)
Certificated
route air
carrier
Certification
cfm
CFR
CO
co2
COHb
Commuter
airline
COPD
Cosmic
radiation
Depressur-
ization
The sector of an aircraft occupied by
passengers.
Flight attendants.
Combination of carbon monoxide and
hemoglobin; at high concentrations,
carboxyhemoglobin interferes with the
transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen
in the blood, causing asphyxiation.
An air carrier holding a Certificate of
Public Convenience and Necessity from
the Department of Transportation,
authorized to provide scheduled service
over specified routes.
The process by which FAA approves all
air carriers, pilots, aircraft models
etc., to ensure compliance with
applicable statutes and regulations.
Cubic feet per minute.
Code of Federal Regulations.
Carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide.
See Carboxyhemoglobin.
An air carrier that makes at least five
scheduled round trips per week with
small aircraft.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Energetic particles of extraterrestrial
origin that strike the Barth' n
atmosphere, as well as secondary
particles generated by these
interactions.
Loss of cabin pressure during flight.
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Disinsection Use of insecticides to exterminate
insect pests.
ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference.
ECU See Environmental control unit.
ECS See Environmental control system.
Enplanements The number of times that revenue
passengers board flights; a passenger
who changes from Flight A to Flight B
en route to a destination counts as two
enplanements.
Environmental The total air-conditioning, heating,
control ventilation, and pressurization system
system on an aircraft, which provides occupants
with a suitably controlled atmosphere
to maintain comfort and safety;
consists of several environmental
control units.
(Abbr., ECS.)
Environmental Equipment used to condition
control unit high-temperature, high-pressure air
from a Jet engine before delivery to
the cabin; usually consists of an
air-cycle machine and one or more heat
exchangers. Also called air pack.
(Abbr., ECU.)
Environmental Total air pollution due to burning of
tobacco smoke tobacco products, including sidestream
and exhaled smoke. (Abbr., ETS)
ETS See Environmental tobacco smoke.
FAA Federal Aviation Administration.
FAR Federal Air Regulation.
FEF See Forced expiratory flow.
FEV See Forced expiratory volume.
FEV1 Maximal volume of air that can be
exhaled in 1 s.
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297
Flashover The point during a fire at which the
temperature in a compartment becomes
high enough for all materials and gases
to ignite spontaneously.
Flight crew The pilots, navigators, engineers, and
others needed to operate the aircraft.
Flight deck Cockpit area of an aircraft.
Flight level A level of constant atmospheric
pressure related to a reference point
of 29.92 in. of mercury; stated in
digits that represent hundreds of feet,
i.e., flight level 255 indicates a
Floor proximity
escape-route
markers
Forced expira
tory flow
barometric altitude of 25,500 ft.
Illuminated exit signs near the floor
designed to be visible in a smoke
emergency.
The average flow rate during forced
expiration in a designated interval of
the expiration period. (Abbr., FEF.)
The interval is indicated by a
subscript; e.g., FEV25_75% refers to
the average flow rate during the middle
half of the expiration period.
Forced expira- Maximal volume that can be exhaled in a
tory volume specific period. (Abbr., FEY.) The
period, in seconds, is indicated by a
subscript, e.g., FEV1.
Galley Food preparation area of an aircraft.
GAO U.S. General Accounting Office.
Gasper Individual air outlet usually placed in
the ceiling above each seat, allowing
the passenger to regulate the volume
and direction of air flowing from the
gasper to the seat.
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Ground fumes Airport pollution, including emission
from aircraft on the ground,
maintenance vehicles, and airport
transportation vehicles.
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and
air-conditioning.
Hypoxia A condition resulting from a decrease
in oxygen tension in the inspired air
or a reduction in the oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood.
Load factor See Passenger load factor.
Lower lobe The part of an aircraft below the main
floor of the cabin.
Mainstream Smoke that a smoker inhales directly
smoke from a cigarette, or other tobacco
product.
Makeup air Outside (fresh) air that is used in
aircraft ventilation, which must be
conditioned by heating, cooling,
filtering, etc., before being delivered
to occupied spaces.
Microbial A suspension of microorganisms in air.
aerosols
mrem
Myocardial
infarction
Narrow-body
aircraft
NO2
Millirem, 0.001 rem.
Sudden heart failure caused by
interruption of blood supply to the
heart muscle due to blockage of blood
vessels or necrosis (death) of tissue
in part of the heart due to this
blockage.
An airplane with only one pass-anger
aisle and generally fewer than 200
seats, e.g., B-727, B-737, B-757,
DC-9-80, and BAE-146.
Nitrogen dioxide.
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Nonscheduled Air carriers that provide charter
carriers services.
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board.
Offgassing Emission of low-vapor-pressure volatile
organic vapors into the air, e.g.,
release of formaldehyde from
urea-formaldehyde resin used to glue
plywood
OSHA Occupational Health and Safety
Administration.
Outside air Air from outside the aircraft; outside
air is mixed with air inside the
aircraft, thereby diluting or
"flushing" stale air to the outside.
Pack See Environmental control unit.
Part 121 Certificated-route air carriers that
airlines operate under the rules of Title 14,
Part 121, of the Code of Federal
Regulations.
Part 135 Air carriers, primarily commuter
airlines airlines and air taxis, that operate
under the rules of Title 14, Part 135,
of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Partial Pressure exerted by a single gas in a
pressure mixture of gases; commonly expressed in
millimeters of mercury.
Passenger The number of passengers multiplied by
flight hours the flight duration in hours.
Passenger load Percentage of aircraft seating capacity
factor that is sold and used.
Microorganism capable of causing
disease.
pCO2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
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PEER Peak expiratory flow rate.
Plenum A common chamber in which air from
different sources is mixed before being
distributed to the cabin; the air can
come from heating units, from the
outside (fresh air), and from inside
the aircraft (recirculated air).
Pneumothorax Presence of gas in the chest cavity
outside the lungs.
PO2 Partial pressure of oxygen.
ppm Parts per million.
Pressurization The part of an aircraft's environmental
system control system that keeps cabin
pressure relatively constant, not
exceeding the legal maximal equivalent
altitude of 8,000 ft.
Protective A device worn over the nose and/or
breathing mouth that allows the wearer to breathe
device relatively clean air for a short time in
the presence of smoke and toxic fumes.
Rad The unit of absorbed dose of radiation
equal to 100 ergs/g.
Recirculation Air that is reused for aircraft
air ventilation after being removed from
the cabin; it is usually filtered to
remove particles, aerosols, and gaseous
tars from tobacco smoke and is usually
diluted with fresh air before being
returned to the cabin.
Relative The amount of moisture in air compared
humidity with the maximal amount that the air
could contain at the same temperature;
expressed as a percentage. (Abbr., RH.)
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rem Roentgen equivalent man; unit of dose
of ionizing radiation that produces in
man the same biologic effect as 1
roentgen of x rays or gamma rays.
Respirable Airborne material--e."., dusts, mists,
suspended smoke, and fumes--that is small enough
particles (approximately 2.5 Am or less) to
penetrate the lungs on inhalation.
(Abbr., RSP.)
Revenue Passengers who purchase tickets.
passengers
Revenue One revenue passenger transported 1
passenger mile mile.
RH See Relative humidity.
RSP See Respirable suspended particles.
Sarcoidosis A chronic disease of unknown cause
characterized by widespread lesions,
usually in the lungs and also in the
lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes,
fingers, and parotid salivary glands.
Scheduled An airline that operates according to a
airline published flight schedule specifying
times, days of the week, and points
between which flights are performed.
Seat hours The number of seats installed
multiplied by the flight duration in
hours.
Sidestream Aerosol emitted into the air from a
smoke smoldering cigarette.
Smoke hood A type of protective breathing device
that covers the head and face, to
protect the wearer from breathing smoke
and toxic fumes.
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Smoke mask A type of protective breathing device
that covers the mouth, to protect the
wearer from breathing smoke and toxic
fumes.
Stratosphere The atmospheric region above the
tropopau~e, having an upper limit of
approximately 260,000 ft (80 km); it
has very little moisture; its
temperature increases with altitude.
"Stretched" An aircraft in which seating capacity
aircraft has been increased beyond the designed
capacity.
Total suspended Total mass of particles suspended in
particles air; includes particles smaller than or
equal to 10 ~m. (Abbr., TSP.)
Transport Aircraft intended for use in
category transportation of passengers; these
aircraft aircraft must meet design, structural,
and performance requirements of 14 CFR
25.
Tropopause The boundary between the troposphere
and the stratosphere.
Troposphere The atmospheric region in which all
weather phenomena occur, from the
surface of the earth up to an altitude
of approximately 26,200 It (8 km) above
the poles of the earth-- at
midlatitudes approximately 36,000 it
(11 km) and over the equator
approximately 52,500 ft (16 km);
temperature steadily decreases as
altitude increases.
TSP See Total suspended particles.
Type Approval by FAA of a new aircraft
certification design, or significant modification of
an existing design, to ensure
compliance with all applicable statutes
and regulations.
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Vapor pressure The pressure of a vapor in equilibrium
with its liquid or solid form.
Ventilation The process of supplying and removing
air mechanically to and from occupied
spaces of an aircraft; air might or
might not be conditioned.
Ventilation Amount of fresh air (outside air)
rate supplied to occupants; measured in
cubic feet per minute per occupant.
Wide-body An aircraft with two passenger aisles,
aircraft seats for 7-11 passengers in each row
(in coach), and usually a total of 200
or more seats, e.g., B-747, B-767,
DC-10, L-1011, and A-300.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
air carrier
