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OCR for page 103
Sex
A
Acetic acid, damage to archival materials
from, 12-13, 15
Acid gases
manual monitoring methods for, 28
see also specific gases
Acid hydrolysis, 16, 18
Acidic paper, degradation of, 5, 8, 35,40-41,
45
Adhesives,pollution-induced failure of, 18
Aerosol mass concentration, air-conditioning
effect on, 23
Air pollutants
damage caused by, 15-19
materials damaged by, 11
unregulated, 12-13, 19
see also Indoor air pollutants
Air quality standards, 11-15, 22, 24-28
Air-conditioned buildings, particulate matter
concentrations in, 23
Air-conditioning systems
design of to meet air quality objectives, 28
humidity sensors, 25
Alkaline particles, damage to archival
materiels from, 13, 15
ANSI standards
for archival firms, 55
for optical disks, 73
for paper record storage, 26-28
for particulate matter filtration, 27-28
Archivalcopying, 2, 6,8-9, 11,84, 86
Archival materials, air pollutant damage to,
12, 15-19
Archival paper
pulps suitable for producing, 34
standards and specifications for, 42, 44
use of reclaimed fiber in, 35
Archival standards
for electrophotographic reproduction, 1,86
for magnetic tape, 1, 64-65
for mixed collections, 27
for optical disks, 1, 73
forpapers,1, 26-28,34,41-42, 44
for photographic firms, 1,55-56
see also ANSI standards; NBS standards
B
Bound volumes, deterioration of, 25-26,83,
84
Bromine removal by ventilation systems, 24
C
Carbon, elemental, see Soot
Carbon monoxide, air quality standards for, 12
Cellulose
acid gas reaction with, 15
degradation of fibers of, 38
in photographic film bases, 49
Chemiluminescent monitors, 28-29
Computer disks, properties of, 63
Computer software and documentation,
archival properties of, 66, 68
Computer tapes
formats, 62-63
properties of, 64
see also Magnetic tape
103
OCR for page 104
04
Continuous monitoring systems, detection
limits for, 28-29
Copying, see Archival copying
Cotton fibers
air pollutant damage to, 15, 16, 18
structure of, 34
D
Damage predictions, 25,39
Diethylaminoethanol, damage to archival
materiels from, 15
Digital data storage systems, 74, 76
Disks, see Computer disks
Documents, see Paper records; Records
Dyes, air pollutant damage to, 18
E
Electrophotographic reproduction, archival
standards for, 1,86,90
Electrostatic precipitators, ozone generation
by, 24
Environmental control systems
passive, 27-28
see also Air-conditioning systems;
Pollutant removal systems; Ventilation
systems
Environmental criteria for preservation of
records, 11-31, 38,53,56, 61, 65, 73-74
p
File boxes, environmental protection afforded
by, 25-28,83-84
Formaldehyde, damage to archival materials
from, 13, 15
Formic acid, damage to archival materials
from, 12, 15
H
Humidity
control recommendations for collections
management, 24-25,27,38,53,56, 61,
65,73-74
effects on magnetic tapes, 66
effects on paper properties, 38
censors, 25
Huntington Library
Art Gallery ozone levels, 22
nitrogen oxide levels in, 20
ozone removal from, 22
Hydrochloric acid, damage to archival
materiels from, 12
Hydrogen peroxide, damage to archival
materiels from, 12
Indoor air pollutants
detection limits of manual monitoring
systems for, 28
INDEX
levels, 19-21
monitoring for, 28-29
sources of, 13, 15
Inks
air pollutant damage to, 18
archival quality, 44
J. Paul Getty Museum, ozone removal from,
22
Japanese woodblock prints, air
pollution-induced fading of, 18
K
Kraft pulp, paper production from, 34
L
Lead
air quality standards for, 12
removal by ventilation systems, 24
Leather, observed damage to, 16
Library of Congress
air-conditioning system, 25
commercial-scale deacidification of papers
by,41
Library of Congress Madison Building
acid gas control systems in,21
ozone levels in, 20
Lignin, effect on quality of paper, 34
Los Angeles County Museum, ozone removal
from, 22
M
Machine-readable records
accession end preservation of, 1,82
advantages and disadvantages, 62-63, 66,
81
archival properties of, 62
fife conversion of, 61-62, 68,81
life expectancy of, 61-62
Magnetic recording media
archivalcriteria for, 61-62, 66
hardware life expectancy, 68
properties of, 63-66, 68
software and documentation, 66, 68
trends in, 62, 66
Magnetic tape
advantages and disadvantages of,9,81,86
archival standards for, 1, 64-65
archival status of, 61
binder systems, 64,81
hydrolysis effects on, 64-65
fife expectancy of, 66,81
print-through phenomenon, 64
response to humidity, 66
rewinding standards for, 65-66
stability of, 61, 64
OCR for page 105
INDEX
winding standards for, 64-65
see also Computer tapes
Manual monitoring systems, detection limits
for, 28
Metal fasteners, corrosion of, 18
Mieroenvironments
acid-free boxes, 25-27
polyester encapsulation, 25,42, 45
Microfiche formal, 57
Microfilm / Microfilming
as an archival medium, 86
compaction of, 58
eomputer-aidedretrievalof,57
format standards for, 56-58
image stability of, 53, 55
indexing of, 57
NARA, preservation of records by, 89
purposes of, 51-52
thermally processed silver, 55
Micrographics trends, 57-58
Mimeographs
deterioration of, 5, 80
preservation of, 90
Mixed collections
environmental standards for, 27
temperature and humidity control for, 25
Monitoring
for indoor air pollutants, 28-29
see also Continuous monitoring systems; Ozone
Manual monitoring systems
N
National Archives and Records
Administration
collection housing, 25,83
criteria for preservation of records, 88
current situation at, 5-8, 80
deterioration of collections of, 79
frequency of use of records, 88
hazard to collections from acid gases, 26-27
preservation of damaged records by, 52
prime function of, 8
soiling hazard to collections at, 26
volume of holdings, 5-6
National Archives Building
air-conditioning system, 25
nitrogen oxide levels in, 20
ozone levels in, 20
sulfur dioxide levels in, 19
temperature and humidity control in,
24-25,83
National Gallery London), sulfur dioxide
levelsin, l9
National Gallery (Washington, D.C.
acid gas control systems in, 21
ozone levels in, 20
NBS standards, for environmental control in
archives, 26
105
Nitric acid, damage to archival materials
from, 12
Nitrogen oxides
air quality standards for, 12, 26
damage to archival materials from, 15,
18-19
indoorlevels of, 19-20
removal systems, 21, 26
Nitrous acid, damage to archival materials
from, 12
Norton Simon Museum, ozone removal from,
22
Nylon, air pollutant damage to, 16, 18
o
Optical disks
advantages and disadvantages of, 9, 75,81,
86
applications formats for, 72-73
archival qualities of, 74, 76
archivalstandards for, 1, 73,81
compact {digital audio), 71-72
erasable, 72
fife expectancy, 71-74, 76,81
markets for, 72
preservation, use, and storage, 73-74
Oxidants/Oxidation, damage to archival
materiels from, 12, 15, 18
air quality standards for, 12, 24, 26
effect on cotton textiles, 18
effect on paper records, 15
facing caused by, 18
hazard to National Archives from, 26
indoor levels of, 20
removal systems, 22, 26
p
Paper
acid generation in,41
advantages and disadvantages as an archival
material, 44-45, 86
aging rate of, 38-39, 42,44
air pollutant damage to, 15- 16
archival standards for, 1,35,86
bonding agents in, 35
brightness, 37-38
cellulosic fiber structure in, 33-34
color measurement in, 38
composition and structure of, 33-38
definition of, 33
discoloration of, 34
elastic response, 37
filler use in, 35,37,41, 44
fold endurance, 37-39
from cotton fibers, 34
from wood fibers, 34
hydrogen bonding in, 34-35, 38
OCR for page 106
06
lignin-containing,34
mechanicalbehaviorof, 34-35, 37-39
19th and 20th century, life expectancy of, 79
opacity of, 38
permanence factors, 38-42, 44-45
pH control in, 35, 37-39,45
physical properties of, 37-38
pigment use in, 35
rosin use in, 35
sizing agents in, 35,37, 42
veiling of, 15-16, 23, 26
stretch, 37
tearing strength, 37
web formation, 34
see also Acidic paper; Permanent paper;
White paper
Paper quality
decline in, 79
recommendations for improvement in, 1,
41,81,82
Paper records
cold storage of, 38,45
considerations for copying of, 8, 82
deacidification of, 41-42, 45, 83-84
encapsulation of, 42, 45
environmental control for, 83
handling, 81-82
high-risk, survey of, 6
housing in file boxes vs. bound volumes,
25-28, 83,84
lamination of, 42, 52
mass treatment of, 82-84
oxidation of, 15
preservation methods, 41-42,81 -83
staining of from metal fasteners, 18
Particulate matter
air qualify standards for, 12-13, 22, 26
ANSI standards for, 27-28
damage-causing subfractions of, 13, 15-16
indoor-outdoor concentration
relationships, 22-23
photographic film protection from, 56
removal systems, 22-24,26
size distribution of, 22
soiling of paper by, 15- 16, 23, 26
Permanent paper, 1, 80-82
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, damage to archival
materiels from, 12
Photographic films
adhesion between film support and image
layers, 55
advantages and disadvantages of, 8, 56-59
aging of, 52-53
air pollutant damage to, 18-19
archival applications for,51-52
archival standards for, 1,55-56,80
cellulose-based, 49, 51, 52, 56, 61
INDEX
color stability of, 53
diazo, 53, 55
enclosure materials for, 56
exposed, processing of, 55-56
gases harmful to, 56
image stability of, 53
microblemishes on, 19,56
nitrate-based, 49, 51, 52, 56, 61
permanence of, 52-55
polyester-based, 51
silver halide-based, 49, 55
storage standards for, 55-56
structure of, 49-51
vesicular, 53-55
see also Microfilm/Microfilming
Pigments, air pollutant damage to, 18
Pollutant removal systems
activated carbon-based, 21-22, 24
for nitrogen oxides, 21
for ozone, 22
for particulate matter, 22-24
for sulfur dioxide, 19, 21
monitoring performance of, 29
Pollutants, see Air pollutants; Indoor air
pollutants; and specipcpollutants
Pulp, see Kraft pulp; Sulfate pulp
Pulsed fluorescent monitors, 28-29
Purafil system, 21
R
Rayon, air pollutant damage to, 16, 18
Reclaimed fibers, use in archival paper, 35
Recommendations
archival copying, 2, 86
archival standards for NARA, 1,41,82
environmental standards for mixed
collections, 24-25, 27,38,53,56, 61, 65,
73-74
indoor air quality, 25-28,84
magnetic recording media, 62, 81,82,84-85
mass treatment of records, 1-2,84
monitoring indoor air pollutants, 28-29
optical disk use, 81
paper quality, 1,41, 80, 82
photographic film standards, 80
preservation actions and strategies, 2,
86-90
temperature and relative humidity, 24-25,
27,38,53,56, 61, 65,73-74,84
Records
acid gases damaging to, 12
damage from rodents, termites, fungus,
bacteria, and exposure to light, 29
environmental criteria for preservation of,
11-31
having no intrinsic value, 6
mass treatment of, 1-2,84
OCR for page 107
INDEX
quick-copy reproductions, 5
see also Machine-readable records; Paper
records
Retention policy for copies of documents
having no intrinsic value, 6
S
107
Tate Gallery {London)
nitrogen dioxide levels in, 19
sulfur dioxide removal from, 21
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry {TAPPI] standards for permanent
paper, 44
Temperature
Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts {England),
ozone levels in, 20
Semiconductor memories as archival storage 64, 65, 73-74
medium, 93 ~~
Smog, size distribution of particles in, 23
Software, see Computer software and
documentation
Soiling, hazard to National Archives
collections, 15- 16, 26
Soiling index, effect of air-conditioning on, 23
Soot
damage to archival materials from, 13
protection of records from, 26
sources of, 16, 24
Southwest Museum Library, ozone removal
from, 22
Standards, see ANSI standards; Archival
standards; NBS standards
Stencils, deterioration of, 5
Storage containers
for protection from nitrogen dioxide
exposure, 19-20
see also File boxes; Microenvironments
Sulfate pulp, paper production from, 34
Sulfur dioxide
air quality standards for, 12, 26
indoor levels of, 19
leather damage from absorption of, 16
paper damage from absorption of, 15
removal systems, 21
textile damage from, 16, 18
T
Tannic acid, damage to archival materials
from, 15
control recommendations for collections
management, 24-25, 27, 38,53,56, 61,
effects on paper properties, 38
Textiles, air pollutant damage to, 16, 18
Thermofaxes
deacidification of, 83-84
deterioration of, 5, 80
Toners j copying machine), archival quality, 44
U
Ultraviolet photometric monitors, 28-29
V
Ventilation systems
nitrogen oxide attenuation by, 20
particulate matter reduction by, 13, 23-24
see also Pollutant removal systems
Victoria and Albert Museum, sulfur dioxide
levels in, 19
Video tapes, 62-64
Videodisks, description of, 71
W
White paper, production of, 34
Wood fibers, paper production from, 34
X
Xerographic processes, archival quality, 44
OCR for page 108
Photo Credits
Glen R. Cass, Environmental Quality Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology: page 10
Genealogical Society of Utah: pages 14, 48
Library of Congress: page 85
John C. Mallinson, Center for Magnetic Recording Research,
University of California, San Diego: page 60
National Security Agency: pages 67, 70
Nekoosa Papers Inc.: page 36
YoichiR. Okamoto: page 40
Hugh Talman, NationalArchives: cover, frontispiece, pages xvii), xx,
3,4,7,17,32,43,50,54,77,78
108
Representative terms from entire chapter:
air pollutant
