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OCR for page 59
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
APPENDIX B: REFERENCE TABLES
TABLE B-1. Estimated Occupational Injuries and Deaths for the Alternatives (U.S. Department of Energy, 1986, Table 2.2, pp 2-4 and 2-5)
Alternative
Transportation
Other
Injuries
Deaths
Injuries
Deaths
1
None
None
0.13
0.0015
2a
0.19
0.11
12
0.0064
2b
0.19
0.11
24
0.012
3a
66
3.9
100
0.044
3b
22
1.4
100
0.042
4a
6.9
0.44
36
0.018
4b
22
1.3
85
0.038
4c
2.5
0.15
42
0.018
4d
17
1.0
91
0.040
OCR for page 60
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-2. Estimated Additional Radiological Health Effects for Alternatives (U.S. Department of Energy, 1986 - Sect. 4.1.4, Tables 4,24,4.3 and 4.5, and Paragraphs 4.1.1.2 and 4.1.2.3)
Estimated Adverse Radiological Health Effects from Doses Incurred During
General Public
Workers
Resident Intruder 1
Alternative
Type of Management/Disposal Action
Action Period (∼ 10 yr) (total)
Monit. & Maint. Period (10-200 yr) (total)
Year 1000 (per million persons/yr)
Action Period (∼ 10 yr) (total)
(after 200 yr or loss of controls)
1
No Action
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.00021
0.0013
1 (per intruder)
2a
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.0051
1 (per intruder)
2b
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment and From
0.017
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.10
(not estimated)
3a
Long-Term Mgt. At Arid Site
0.090
0.0039
0.00074
0.24
(not estimated)
3b
Long-Term Mgt. At A Humid Site
0.066
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.15
(not estimated)
4a
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of Wastes
0.054
0.036
0.0061
0.18
(not estimated)
4b
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
0.30
0.036
0.0061
0.20
(not estimated)
4c
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of Wastes
0.040
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.12
(not estimated)
4d
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
0.28
<0.0000005
<0.0000005
0.13
(not estimated)
1 Death to resident Intruder within a few years from large dose to bronchial epithelium from Inhalation of short-lived radon-222 decay products
OCR for page 61
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-3. Estimated Adverse Radiological Health Effects and Doses to Intruder's Bronchial Epithelium or Lungs for Alternatives (U.S. Department of Energy, 1986- Sect. 4, Paragraphs 4.1.1.2 and 4.1.2.3., and Table 4.24; Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a - Sect. 6.0)
Resident-intruder Impacts 1
Intruder Exploratory Drilling 3
Alternative
Type of Management/Disposal Action
Disposal Site and Type of Disposed Wastes
Working Level (WL)
Bronchial Epithelium Dose 2 (rem/yr)
Fatal Cancer 2 (per intruder)
External Dose (rem per48-h drill period)
1
No Action
NFSS - residues
110
8,000
1
(not est.)
2a
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment
NFSS - residues
110
8,000
1
0.507
2b
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment and Form
NFSS - modified residues
11
800
(not est.)
(not est.)
3a
Long-Term Mgt. At Arid Site
Hanford - wastes and residues
5.2
400
(not est,)
(not est.)
3b
Long-Term Mgt. At A Humid Site
Oak Ridge - wastes and residues
6.4
480
(not est.)
(not est.)
4a
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of Wastes
Hanford - residues
NFSS-wastes
21
0.058
1,600
4.30
(not est.)
(not est.)
(not est.)
(not est.)
4b
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
Hanford - residues
Ocean Site 106 wastes
21
1,600
(not est.)
(not applicable)
(not est.)
(not applicable)
4c
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of astes
Oak Ridge - residues
NFSS - wastes
29
0.058
2,200
4.30
(not est.)
(not est.)
(not est.)
(not est.)
4d
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
Oak Ridge - residues
Ocean Site 106 wastes
29
2,200
(not est.)
(not applicable)
(not est.)
(not applicable)
1 Loss of site controls praised at 200 years or later (up to 1,000 years or more)
2 Death of resident intruder within a few years from large dose to bronchial epithelium from Inhalation of short-lived radon-222 decay products
3 Loss of site controls projected at 100 years.
OCR for page 62
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-4. Areas Covered by NFSS Residues and Wastes for Alternatives (U.S. Department of Energy, 1986 - Table 4.16)
Area Covered by Residues & Wastes
Alternative
Type of Management/Disposal Action
Disposal Site
Type of Disposed Wastes
m2
acres
1
No Action
NFSS
K-65 residues & overlying wastes
L-30/F-32 residues and overlying wastes
Wastes only
Total
1,700
1,700
29,000
32,000
0.4
0.4
7.2
8.0
2a
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment
NFSS
K-65 residues & overlying wastes
L-30/F-32 residues and overlying wastes
Wastes only
Total
1,700
1,700
29,000
32,000
0.4
0.4
7.2
8.0
2b
Long-Term Mgt. - Modified Containment and Form
NFSS
K-65 residues & overlying wastes
L-30/F-32 residues and overlying wastes
Wastes only
Total
1,700
1,700
29,000
32,000
0.4
0.4
7.2
8.0
3a
Long-Term Mgt. At Arid Site
Hanford
Residues and overlying wastes
Wastes only
Total
14,000
81,000
95,000
3.4
20
23.0
3b
Long-Term Mgt. At A Humid Site
Oak Ridge
Residues and overlying wastes
Wastes only
Total
14,000
62,000
76,000
3.4
15
18
4a
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of Wastes
Hanford
NFSS
Residues
Wastes only
14,000
32,000
3.4
8.0
4b
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
Hanford
Ocean Site 106
Residues
Wastes only
14,000
3.4
4c
Storage of Residues and Long-Term Mgt. of Wastes
Oak Ridge
NFSS
Residues
Wastes only
14,000
32,000
3.4
8.0
4d
Storage of Residues and Ocean Disposal of Wastes
Oak Ridge
Ocean Site 106
Residues
Wastes only
14,000
3.4
OCR for page 63
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-5. Design Requirements for the NFSS Waste Containment Structure (Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a - Table 4.1)
Description
Existing Cap
Long Term Cap
Dike and Cutoff Walls
Bottom
Remarks
1. Design Service Life
25-50 years
200-1000 years
200-1000 years
200-1000 years
2. Safety Factor: Cutoff Walls
Slope Stability
Static conditions
Earthquake
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
--
--
--
--
3. Surface Drainage Slope
Top Surface
Side Slopes
5-10%
Max. 3H to IV
5-10%
Max. 3H to IV
--
--
--
--
4. Surface Erosion Protection
Shallow-rooted grass
Shallow-rooted grass Riprap to elevation 98.4 m (323 ft)
--
--
5. Intrusion Barrier Required
No
YES
--
--
6. Frost Penetration
48 in.
48 in.
-
-
Assume bare ground
7. Radon Barrier Required
YES (20 pCi/m2/s)
Yes (20 pCi/m2/s)
--
--
8. Radiation Barrier Required
YES (100 mrem/yr)
YES (100 mrem/yr)
--
--
9. Component Construction
Topsoil/clay
Topsoil/rock layer/clay
Clay
Natural clay strata
10. Clay Permeability
10−7 cm/s
10−7 cm/s
Approx 10−7 cm/s
Approx 10−7 cm/s
11. Clay Adsorption Coefficient
Natural Uranium
Radium-226
5 ml/g
500 ml/g
5 ml/g
500 ml/g
5 ml/g
500 ml/g
5 ml/g
500 ml/g
OCR for page 64
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
12. Inspection and Maintenance Required
Yes (design life)
Yes
No
No
13. Earthquake Pseudostatic Coefficient
0.1g
0.15g
0.15g
14. DOE Concentration Guide for Radionuclide Migration (groundwater concentration, uncontrolled areas)
Natural Uranium
Radium-226, -228
--
--
600 pCi/l
30 pCi/l
600 pCi/l
30 pCi/l
15. Temperature Extremes
−29° to 34°C
−20° to 94°C
−29° to 34°C
−20° to 94°C
−29° to 34°C
−20° to 94°C
--
16. Rainfall per Year
74 cm (29 in.)
74 cm (29 in.)
--
--
17. Wind Speed and Direction
(80 mph) southwest
(80 mph) southwest
--
--
18. Anual Deep-Infiltration Rate
2.54 cm (1.0 in.)
2.54 cm (1.0 in.)
--
--
19. Design Flood Plain Elevation
Elevation 96.6 m
Flood (PMF)
98.4 m (373 ft)
Probable Maximum
Flood (PMF)
98.4 m (373 ft)
Probable Maximum
Flood (PMF)
98.4 m (323 ft)
20. Groundwater Elevation (high)
-
-
-
Elevation 96 m (315 ft) m.s.l. (Exclusive of PMF)
21. Snowfall Per Year
2.4 m (93 in.)
2.4 m (93 in.)
-
-
22. Internal Cap Drainage Layer
None
Yes
--
--
23. Waste Containment Consolidation
Minimize settlement (95% compaction)
Minimize settlement (95 % compaction)
95 % compaction
--
24. Shrinkage, Swelling, and Frost Action Requirements
Yes (3 to 5% in volume expansion)
Yes (3 to 5% in volume expansion
Yes (3 to 5% in volume expansion)
No
OCR for page 65
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
25. Migration Limits
Not to exceed EPA primary drinking water standards in off-site groundwater
Not to exceed EPA primary drinking water standards in off-site groundwater
Not to exceed EPA primary drinking water standards in off-site groundwater
Not to exceed EPA primary drinking water standards in off-site groundwater
26. Buffer Zone (measure from lateral limit of waste)
30.5 m (100 ft)
30.5 m (100 ft)
--
--
27. Groundwater Hydraulic Gradient (saturated zone)
-
-
-
0.0015
OCR for page 66
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-6. Monitoring Networks for Radioactive Materials at NFSS for Period 1985-1994 (Not Inclusive) (Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a)
Number of Sampling Location
Locations Not Sampled 1993-94
Parameter
On Site Within WCS
On Site at WCS Perimeter
On Site OutsideWCS
Off NFSS Site
Total Locations
Number
%
Radon In Air
?
0
3
14
17
0
0
External Gamma Exposure Rate
?
0
3
14
17
0
0
Total U & Ra-226
- Surface Water
- Sediment
?
?
0
0
3
3
2
2
5
5
0
0
0
0
Total U In Groundwater
- Upper Groundwater
- Lower Groundwater
- TOTAL
1
0
1
8
5
13
15
13
28
0
1
1
24
19
43
17
17
34
71
89
79
Ra-226 In Groundwater
- Upper Groundwater
- Lower Groundwater
- TOTAL
1
0
1
8
5
13
15
13
28
0
1
1
24
19
43
15
17
32
63
89
74
OCR for page 67
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-7. Distribution of Radium-226 and Thorium-230 in the NFSS Waste Containment Structure (Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a - Table 3-1; U.S. Department of Energy, 1986 - Table 3.4)
Volume
Ra-226
Th-230
Description
m3(yd3)
% of Total Vol.
Cumul. % of Total
Inventory (Ci)
% of Total Ci
Cumul. % of Total
Inventory (Ci)
% of Total Ci
Cumul. % of Total
K-65 reidues
3,000
(3,925)
1.6
1.6
1,881
94.9
94.9
195
65.8
65.8
L-30 residues combined with
6,000
(7,850)
3.1
4.7
87
4.4
99.3
87
29.4
95.2
F-32 residues
500
(655)
0.3
5.8
0.2
0.0
99.6
0.2
0.1
97.3
L-50 residues
1,500
(1,960)
0.8
5.5
6
0.3
99.6
6
2.0
97.2
Contam. wastes R-10 residues and soil
45,000
(58,860)
23.6
29.4
5
0.25
99.85
5
1.7
99.0
Remaining Contaminated soils
134,500
(175,925)
70.6
100.0
3
0.15
100.0
3
1.0
100.0
TOTAL
190,500
(249,175)
100.0
-
1,982.2
100.0
-
296.2
100.0
-
OCR for page 68
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
Table B-8 Inventories of Radium-226 in the Waste Containment Structure Over the next 10,000 Years (Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a, Table 3-3)
Time (years)
Waste Material (Ci)
R-10 Residues and Soil (Ci)
L-50 Residues (Ci)
F-32 Residues (Ci)
L-30 Residues (Ci)
K-65 Residues (Ci)
Totals for WCS (Ci)
0
3
5
6
0.2
87
1881
1982.2
100
3.00
5.00
5.99
0.20
86.92
1809.45
1910.56
200
2.99
4.99
5.99
0.20
86.85
1740.92
1841.94
300
2.99
4.99
5.98
0.20
86.77
1675.29
1776.22
400
2.99
4.98
5.98
0.20
86.70
1612.43
1713.28
500
2.99
4.98
5.97
0.20
86.62
1552.23
1652.99
600
2.98
4.97
5.97
0.20
86.55
1494.56
1595.23
700
2.98
4.97
5.96
0.20
86.47
1439.33
1539.91
800
2.98
4.97
5.96
0.20
86.40
1386.43
1486.94
900
2.98
4.96
5.95
0.20
86.32
1335.77
1436.18
1,000
2.97
4.96
5.95
0.20
86.25
1287.24
1387.57
2,000
2.95
4.91
5.90
0.20
85.51
901.42
1000.89
3,000
2.92
4.87
5.85
0.19
84.77
650.52
749.12
4,000
2.90
4.83
5.80
0.19
84.04
487.16
584.92
5,000
2.87
4.79
5.75
0.19
83.31
380.61
477.52
6,000
2.85
4.75
5.70
0.19
82.59
310.91
406.99
7,000
2.82
4.71
5.65
0.19
81.88
265.14
360.39
8,000
2.80
4.67
5.60
0.19
81.18
234.90
329.34
9,000
2.77
4.62
5.55
0.18
80.47
214.73
308.32
10,000
2.75
4.59
5.50
0.18
79.78
201.11
293.91
OCR for page 69
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-9. Inventories of Thorium-230 in the Waste Containment Structure Over the next 10,000 Years (Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a, Table 3-4)
Time (years)
Waste Material (Ci)
R-10 and Soil Residues (Ci)
L-50 Residues (Ci)
F-32 Residues (Ci)
L-30 Residues (Ci)
K-65 Residues (Ci)
Totals for WCS (Ci)
0
3
5
6
0.2
87
195
296.2
100
3.00
5.00
5.99
0.20
86.92
194.83
295.94
200
2.99
4.99
5.99
0.20
86.85
194.66
295.68
300
2.99
4.99
5.98
0.20
86.77
194.49
295.42
400
2.99
4.98
5.98
0.20
86.70
194.33
295.18
500
2.99
4.98
5.97
0.20
86.62
194.16
294.92
600
2.98
4.97
5.97
0.20
86.55
193.99
294.66
700
2.98
4.97
5.96
0.20
86.47
193.82
294.40
800
2.98
4.97
5.96
0.20
86.40
193.65
294.16
900
2.98
4.96
5.95
0.20
86.32
193.49
293.90
1,000
2.97
4.96
5.95
0.20
88.25
193.32
293.65
2,000
2.95
4.91
5.90
0.20
85.51
191.65
291.12
3,000
2.92
4.87
5.85
0.19
84.77
190.00
288.60
4,000
2.90
4.83
5.80
0.19
84.04
188.36
286.12
5,000
2.87
4.79
5.75
0.19
83.31
186.73
283.64
6,000
2.85
4.75
5.70
0.19
82.59
185.12
281.20
7,000
2.82
4.71
5.65
0.19
81.88
183.53
278.78
8,000
2.80
4.67
5.60
0.19
81.18
181.94
276.38
9,000
2.77
4.62
5.55
0.18
80.47
180.37
273.96
10,000
2.75
4.59
5.50
0.18
79.78
178.82
271.62
OCR for page 70
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
Table B-10 Inventories of Radium-226 in the Waste Containment Structure Over the next 10,000 Years After Selected Residue Removals in Year 1 (after Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a, Tables 3-1 and 3-3)
Inventories of Remaining Ra-226 After Removals
Time (years)
Total Ra-226 Inventory in Residues & Wastes WCS (Ci)
K-65 Residues Removed (Ci)
K-65, L-30 & F-32 Residues Removed (Ci)
K-65, L-30, F-32 & L-50 Residues Removed (Ci)
All Residues Removed (Ci)
0
1982.2
101.2
14.0
8
3
100
1910.56
101.11
13.99
8.00
3.00
200
1841.94
101.02
13.97
7.98
2.99
300
1776.22
100.93
13.96
7.98
2.99
400
1713.28
100.85
13.95
7.97
2.99
500
1652.99
100.76
13.94
7.97
2.99
600
1595.23
100.67
13.92
7.95
2.98
700
1539.91
100.58
13.91
7.95
2.98
800
1486.94
100.51
13.91
7.95
2.98
900
1436.18
100.41
13.89
7.94
2.98
1,000
1387.57
100.33
13.88
7.93
2.97
2,000
1000.89
99.47
13.76
7.86
2.95
3,000
749.12
98.60
13.64
7.79
2.92
4,000
584.92
97.76
13.53
7.73
2.90
5,000
477.52
96.91
13.41
7.66
2.87
6,000
406.99
96.08
13.3
7.6
2.85
7,000
360.39
95.25
13.18
7.53
2.82
8,000
329.34
94.44
13.07
7.47
2.80
9,000
308.32
93.59
12.94
7.39
2.77
10,000
293.91
92.80
12.84
7.34
2.75
Removal Volume - m3(yd3)
-
3,000 (3,925)
9,000 (11,775)
11,000 (14,390)
56,000 (73,250)
OCR for page 71
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
Table B-11 Inventories of Thorium-230 in the Waste Containment Structure Over the next 10,000 Years After Selected Residue Removals in Year 1 (after Bechtel National, Inc., 1994a, Tables 3-1 and 3-4)
Inventories of Remaining Th-230 After Removals
Time (years)
Total Th-230 Inventory in Residues & Wastes WCS (Ci)
K-65 Residues Removed (Ci)
K-65, L-30 & F-32 Residues Removed (Ci)
K-65, L-30, F-32 & L-50 Residues Removed (Ci)
All Residues Removed (Ci)
0
296.2
101.2
14.0
8
3
100
295.94
101.11
13.99
8.00
3.00
200
295.68
101.02
13.97
7.98
2.99
300
295.42
100.93
13.96
7.98
2.99
400
295.18
100.85
13.95
7.97
2.99
500
294.92
100.76
13.94
7.97
2.99
600
294.66
100.67
13.92
7.95
2.98
700
294.40
100.58
13.91
7.95
2.98
800
294.16
100.51
13.91
7.95
2.98
900
293.90
100.41
13.89
7.94
2.98
1,000
293.65
100.33
13.88
7.93
2.97
2,000
291.12
99.47
13.76
7.86
2.95
3,000
288.60
98.60
13.64
7.79
2.92
4,000
286.12
97.76
13.53
7.73
2.90
5,000
283.64
96.91
13.41
7.66
2.87
6,000
281.20
96.08
13.30
7.60
2.85
7,000
278.78
95.25
13.18
7.53
2.82
8,000
276.38
94.44
13.07
7.47
2.80
9,000
273.96
93.59
12.94
7.39
2.77
10,000
271.62
92.80
12.84
7.34
2.75
Removal Volume -m3 (yd3)
-
3,000 (3,925)
9,000 (11,775)
11,000 (14,390)
56,000 (73,250)
OCR for page 72
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-12. NON-RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT
Selected Non-Radioactive Elements in Residues
Average Concentration, ppm
Element
K-65
L-30
L-50
Acceptable Limit in Ground
water, mg/L *
Barium
30,000
6,100
20,000
1.0
Boron
300
140
100
Cerium
2,000
1,200
240
Chromium +6
100
244
140
0.05
Cobalt
2,000
5,100
7,700
Copper
500
2,300
2,400
1.0
Iron
5,000
26,000
20,000
0.3
Lanthanum
2,000
1,000
220
Lead
56,000
13,000
4,900
0.025
Manganese
100
31,000
71,000
0.3
Molybdenum
10,000
860
300
Neodymium
1,000
160
100
Nickel
3,000
17,000
24,000
Palladium
20
3.5
2.4
Praseodymium
2,000
55
24
Strontium
500
240
240
(Uranium)
(3,800)
(5,000)
(790)
Vanadium
2,000
2,400
2,400
Zirconium
300
100
71
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 1986, Table 3.7.
* New York Department of Environmental Conservation Groundwater Quality Standards, Title 6, Part 703.
OCR for page 73
SAFETY OF THE HIGH-LEVEL URANIUM ORE RESIDUES AT THE NIAGARA FALLS STORAGE SITE, LEWISTON, NEW YORK
TABLE B-13. Organic Compounds (U.S. Department of Energy, 1986)
Estimated Concentration, ppb*
Compound
Wastes
Acceptable Limit in Ground Water, ppb **
Polychlorobiphenols (PCBs)
<26
0.1
Lindane, etc.
<10
Not detectable
Toxaphene
<13
Not Detectable
Heptachlor
<10
Not Detectable
Chlordane
<10
0.1
Dieldrin
<10
Not Detectable
Phenol
<10
1
Benzo(a)pyrene
<10
Not Detectable
*Note: The symbol “<” indicates that some of the sample concentrations were reported as upper limits.
** New York Department of Environmental Conservation Groundwater Quality Standards, Title 6, Part 703, 9/1/78.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
waste containment
