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OCR for page R1
Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
Committee on Human Exploration
Space Studies Board
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1994
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Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is President of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 4627 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Cover: Mars mosaic image courtesy of Alfred McEwen of the U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona. Lunar crescent image courtesy of Dennis di Cicco. Cover design by Penny Margolskee.
Copies of this report are available from Space Studies Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
COMMITTEE ON HUMAN EXPLORATION
NOEL W. HINNERS,
Martin Marietta Astronautics Company,
Chair
RICHARD L. GARWIN, *
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
ELLIOTT C. LEVINTHAL, *
Stanford University
WILLIAM J. MERRELL, JR.,
Texas A&M University
ROBERT H. MOSER,
University of New Mexico
JOHN E. NAUGLE, †
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (retired)
GEORGE DRIVER NELSON,
University of Washington
SALLY K. RIDE, *
University of California, San Diego
MARCIA S. SMITH, †
Congressional Research Service
GERALD J. WASSERBURG, †
California Institute of Technology
Staff
DAVID H. SMITH, Executive Secretary
BOYCE N. AGNEW, Administrative Assistant
*
Former committee member who participated in writing this report.
†
Committee members added for third CHEX study who participated in writing this report.
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Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI,
AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Chair
JOSEPH A. BURNS,
Cornell University
ANDREA K. DUPREE, *
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
JOHN A. DUTTON,
Pennsylvania State University
ANTHONY W. ENGLAND,
University of Michigan
LARRY ESPOSITO, *
University of Colorado
JAMES P. FERRIS,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
HERBERT FRIEDMAN,
Naval Research Laboratory
RICHARD GARWIN, *
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
RICCARDO GIACCONI, *
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
HAROLD J. GUY,
University of California, San Diego
NOEL W. HINNERS,
Martin Marietta Astronautics Company
JAMES R. HOUCK, *
Cornell University
DAVID A. LANDGREBE, *
Purdue University
ROBERT A. LAUDISE,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
RICHARD S. LINDZEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN H. McELROY,
University of Texas, Arlington
WILLIAM J. MERRELL, JR.,
Texas A&M University
RICHARD K. MOORE, *
University of Kansas
ROBERT H. MOSER, *
University of New Mexico
NORMAN F. NESS,
University of Delaware
MARCIA NEUGEBAUER,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
SIMON OSTRACH,
Case Western Reserve University
JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER,
Princeton University
CARLE M. PIETERS,
Brown University
JUDITH PIPHER,
University of Rochester
MARK SETTLE, *
ARCO Oil Company
WILLIAM A. SIRIGNANO,
University of California, Irvine
JOHN W. TOWNSEND,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (retired)
FRED W. TUREK,
Northwestern University
ARTHUR B.C. WALKER JR.,
Stanford University
MARC S. ALLEN, Director
*
Former member.
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Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University,
Chair
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Vice Chair
STEPHEN L. ADLER,
Institute for Advanced Study
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG,
IBM Corporation (retired)
SYLVIA T. CEYER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AVNER FRIEDMAN,
University of Minnesota
SUSAN L. GRAHAM,
University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation
HANS MARK,
University of Texas, Austin
CLAIRE E. MAX,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE,
University of California, Berkeley
JAMES W. MITCHELL,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
JEROME SACKS,
National Institute of Statistical Sciences
A. RICHARD SEEBASS III,
University of Colorado
CHARLES P. SLICHTER,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
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Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space
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