|
Route of Administration
|
Adverse Reactions
|
Delivery Requirements
|
Incorporation into EPI
|
|
Intradermal
|
Low grade fever, soreness, muscle aches
|
Cold chain required; possible freeze-drying in future
|
Yes
|
|
Oral
|
None
|
Adjuvant use may reduce number of doses
|
Yes
|
|
Oral
|
Possibly mild diarrhea in 20%
|
Cold chain for lyophilized bacteria; adjuvant may be needed
|
Yes
|
|
Intramuscular
|
5% local
|
Refrigeration
|
If in a polyvalent vaccine
|
|
Parenteral, subcutaneous, or intramuscular
|
Minimal
|
Refrigeration of lyophilized preparation
|
As a combination with IPV and other antigens
|
|
Subcutaneous or intramuscular
|
Minimal
|
Refrigeration
|
Might be combined with other nonliving vaccines
|
|
Intramuscular or subcutaneous
|
Negligible
|
Refrigeration
|
Could be incorporated at present; efficacy much improved if delivery possible at birth, i.e., with modified EPI schedules
|
|
Subcutaneous
|
Some possibility of life-threatening effects associated with current vaccines: allergic encephalomyelitis; acute viral encephalitis
|
Nothing unusual
|
Yes
|
|
|
Feasible
|
|
Intramuscular
|
Minor local
|
Refrigeration
|
Feasible
|
|
Subcutaneous
|
None
|
Nothing unusual
|
|
|
Subcutaneous or intramuscular
|
No data—unknown
|
Adjuvant required, probably alum
|
Probably
|
|
Subcutaneous or intramuscular
|
No data—unknown
|
Nothing unusual
|
Probably
|
