NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This project was carried out under the technical program of the Federal Construction Council (FCC). The FCC is a continuing activity of the Building Research Board (BRB), which is a unit of the NRC Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. The purpose of the FCC is to promote cooperation among federal construction agencies and between such agencies and other elements of the building community in addressing technical issues of mutual concern. The FCC program is supported by 18 federal agencies: the Department of the Air Force (2 agencies), the Department of the Army (2 agencies), the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, the Department of the Interior, the Department of the Navy, the Department of State, the General Services Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Information Agency, the U.S. Postal Service, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Funding for the project was provided through the following agreements between the indicated federal agency and the National Academy of Sciences: Department of State Contract No. 1030-270106; National Science Foundation Grant No. MSS-9203138, under master agreement 8618641; and U.S. Postal Service grant unnumbered
Additional copies of this report are available from:
Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
HA 274
Washington, D.C. 20418
202/334-3378
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION OF FACILITIES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS
KENNETH F. REINSCHMIDT, Chair, President,
Stone and Webster Advanced Systems Development Services, Boston, Massachusetts
RICHARD O. ANDERSON, Senior Vice President,
Soil and MaterialsEngineers, Inc., Plymouth, Michigan
REBECCA G. BARNES,
AIA, Planning Department, City of Seattle, Seattle, Washington
KWEKU K. BENTIL, Chairman and Associate Professor of the Department of Building Construction,
College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington, Seattle
WILLIAM J. COAD, President,
McClure Engineering Associates, St.Louis, Missouri
ROBERT W. DORSEY, Professor of Construction Science,
OMI College of Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
THOMAS L. MCKITTRICK, FAIA, Associate Professor,
College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station
CONSTANTINE E. MICHAELIDES, Dean Emeritus,
School of Architecture, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
WALTER P. MOORE, President and Chairman of the Board,
Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas
MONTE L. PHILLIPS, Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
MICHAEL A. PRICE, Director of Architecture and Engineering Programs,
Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma, Norman
JAMES E. STICE , The Bob R. Dorsey Professor of Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin
JON S. TRAW, P.E., President,
International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, California
ROGER B. WILLIAMS, AIA,Managing Principal / Director,
International Projects, Mithun Partners, Inc., Seattle, Washington
Agency Liaison Representatives
DENNIS J. FECK,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
THOMAS GROOMS,
National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM MINER,
U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C.
RONALD JOHNSON,
Navy Facilities Engineering Command, U.S. Department of the Navy, Alexandria, Virginia
JIM LOVO,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
JESSE SINTES, P.E.,
Indian Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
ROBERT TYSON,
U.S. Department of State, Arlington, Virginia
DWAIN WARNE,
General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
NRC Board on Engineering Education Liaison
SAMUEL C. FLORMAN,
Kreisler Borg Florman Construction Company, Scarsdale, New York
Project Staff
HENRY A. BORGER, Senior Project Officer
LENA B. GRAYSON, Project Assistant
MARY T. MCCORMACK, Project Assistant
LINDA VOSS, Consulting Editor
BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chair, Chancellor,
Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York
CATHERINE BROWN, Director of Special Projects,
Design Center for American Urban Landscape, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
NANCY RUTLEDGE CONNERY, Consultant,
Public Works Infrastructure, Woolwich, Maine
LLOYD A DUSCHA, Consulting Engineer,
Reston, Virginia
ALBERT A. GRANT, Consulting Engineer,
Potomac, Maryland
E. R. HEIBERG III,
Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia
RONALD W. JENSEN, Public Works Director,
City of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
JAMES K. MITCHELL, Charles E. Via, Jr. Professor of Civil Engineering,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg
HAROLD J. PARMELEE, President,
Turner Construction Company, New York, New York
STANLEY W. SMITH,
McLean, Virginia
RAYMOND L. STERLING, Shimizu Professor of Civil and Mineral Engineering, Director,
Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
Staff
DENNIS CHAMOT, Acting Director (through January, 1995)
RICHARD LITTLE, Director (from February, 1995)
HENRY A. BORGER, Executive Secretary,
Federal Construction Council
SUSAN COPPINGER, Administrative Assistant
LENA B. GRAYSON, Program Assistant
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.