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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century

Committee on the Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century

Naval Studies Board

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1996

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences‚ the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This work was performed under Department of the Navy Contract N00014-93-C-0089 issued by the Office of Naval Research under contract authority NR 201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

The United States Government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate, reproduce, deliver, perform, and dispose of all or any of this work, and to authorize others so to do.

Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Copies available from:

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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COMMITTEE ON THE NAVY AND MARINE CORPS IN REGIONAL CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY

David R. Heebner,

Science Applications International Corporation (retired),

Study Chair

Seymour J. Deitchman,

Chevy Chase, Maryland,

Chair

Coordination and Integration Group (composed of Task Group Chairs and Vice Chairs)

Advisory Council

Robert J. Hermann,

United Technologies Corporation,

Chair

C. Albert Fowler,

Sudbury, Massachusetts

Robert A. Frosch,

JFK School of Government, Harvard University

Alfred M. Gray,

Alexandria, Virginia

Robert L.J.

Long, Long Associates, Inc.

Eberhart Rechtin,

Palos Verdes, California

Task Group 1, Combat Power

Alan Berman,

Center for Naval Analyses,

Chair

Ronald L. Atkins,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Robert E. Conley,

Conley Technologies, Inc.

Victor C.D. Dawson,

Center for Naval Analyses

Gary A. Federici,

Center for Naval Analyses

Ray “M” Fanklin,

Port Angeles, Washington

S. James Gates, Jr.,

University of Maryland

Paul T. Gillcrist,

Los Angeles, California

Lynn G. Gref,

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Alfred B. Gschwendtner,

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ross R. Hatch,

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

Willis M. Hawkins,

Woodland Hills, California

Robert E. Kenney,

Sikorsky Aircraft

Robert A. Moore,

Defense Systems and Technology

Daniel M. Nosenchuck,

Princeton University

Julie JCH Ryan,

Booz, Allen

and

Hamilton

Basil I. Swanson,

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Juma M. Thorpe,

Center for Naval Analyses

Verena Vomastic,

Institute for Defense Analyses

Duane Wills,

Alexandria, Virginia

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Task Group 2, Resources

Robert L. Silverstein,

Northrop Grumman Corporation,

Chair

Sub-Group 1, Deployment and Logistics

Norman E. Betaque,

Logistics Management Institute,

Chair

Robert H. Gormley,

The Oceanus Company

Stanley A. Horowitz,

Institute for Defense Analyses

Irwin Mendelson,

Singer Island, Florida

Alan Powell,

University of Houston

Daniel Savitsky,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology

Philip D. Shutler,

Annandale, Virginia

Robert C. Spindel,

Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

James J. Turner,

ABS Americas

Sub-Group 2, Length and Cost of Campaigns

Donald N. Fredericksen,

Hicks and Associates,

Chair

Maurice Eisenstein,

Rand Corporation

Michael W. Ellis,

BDM Federal, Inc.

James P. Laughlin,

Loral Vought Systems Corporation

L. Dean Simmons,

Institute for Defense Analyses

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Task Group 3, Joint and Combined Operations

Albert J. Baciocco, Jr.,

The Baciocco Group, Inc.,

Chair

Keith A. Smith,

Vienna, Virginia,

Vice Chair

Ruth M. Davis,

Pymatuning Group, Inc.

Ivan A. Getting,

Coronado, California

Everett D. Greinke,

Annandale, Virginia

Ray L. Leadabrand,

Leadabrand and Associates

R. Kenneth Lobb,

Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University

Joseph Metcalf III,

Washington, D.C.

David R. Oliver,

Westinghouse Electric Systems Company

Robert C. Spindel,

Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

Michael A. Stankosky,

Burke, Virginia

Invited Participants

John W. Asher III,

Global Associates, Ltd.

Lee Hieb,

Tucson, Arizona

John W. Pauly,

Los Altos, California

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Task Group 4, Precision-Guided Munition Design and Cost

John Egan,

Lockheed Martin Corporation,

Chair

George S. Sebestyen,

Defense Systems, Inc.,

Vice Chair (Acting Chair as of April 20, 1995)

Anthony D. DeMaria,

DeMaria ElectroOptics, Inc.

Herbert M. Federhen,

Arlington, Virginia

Robert A. Hummel,

Hummel Enterprises

Jack L. Keltner,

Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.

Sherra E. Kerns,

Vanderbilt University

Franklin H. Knemeyer,

Ridgecrest, California

Robert F. McGurrin,

Raytheon Company

William J. Moran,

Redwood City, California

Steven D. Roemerman,

Texas Instruments, Inc.

Richard L. Rowley,

Martin Marietta Technology, Inc.

William Schroer,

Hughes Aerospace and Electronics Co.

Charles F. Sharn,

McLean, Virginia

James R. Tedeschi,

Hercules Defense Electronics Systems, Inc.

Invited Participants

James T. Bober,

Institute for Defense Analyses

David C. Hazen,

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Nat Kobitz,

American Vector Corporation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Task Group 5, Space Inputs

Vincent Vitto,

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Chair

Ivan Bekey,

NASA Headquarters

Charles E. Boehmer,

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc.

Norval L. Broome,

Mitre Corporation

Philip M. Diamond,

Palos Verdes Estates, California

Robert K. Geiger,

RKG Associates

Peter Hoch,

Loral Federal Systems–Gaithersburg

Ken K. Kobayashi,

Hughes Space and Communications Company

Richard P. Mathison,

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Herbert Rabin,

University of Maryland

Robert A. Shuchman,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

H. Gregory Tornatore,

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

Bruce Wald,

Arlington Education Consultants

Dell P. Williams III,

Deskin Research Group, Inc.

Navy and Marine Corps Liaison Representative

Col Michael L. Patrow,

USMC, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N858

Consultants

Sidney G. Reed, Jr.

James G. Wilson

Staff

Ronald D. Taylor

Lee M. Hunt (through September 29, 1995)

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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NAVAL STUDIES BOARD

David R. Heebner,

Science Applications International Corporation (retired),

Chair

George M. Whitesides,

Harvard University,

Vice Chair

Albert J. Baciocco, Jr.,

The Baciocco Group, Inc.

Alan Berman,

Center for Naval Analyses

Norman E. Betaque,

Logistics Management Institute

Norval L. Broome,

Mitre Corporation

Gerald A. Cann,

Rockville, Maryland

Seymour J. Deitchman,

Chevy Chase, Maryland,

Special Advisor

Anthony J. DeMaria,

DeMaria ElectroOptics Systems, Inc.

John F. Egan,

Lockheed Martin Corporation

Ralph R. Goodman,

Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University (through December 31, 1995)

Robert Hummel,

Hummel Enterprises (as of January 1, 1996)

Sherra E. Kerns,

Vanderbilt University (through December 31, 1995)

David W. McCall,

Far Hills, New Jersey

Robert J. Murray,

Center for Naval Analyses

Robert B. Oakley,

National Defense University

William J. Phillips,

Northstar Associates, Inc. (as of January 1, 1996)

Alan Powell,

University of Houston (through December 31, 1995)

Mara G. Prentiss,

Jefferson Laboratory, Harvard University

Herbert Rabin,

University of Maryland

Julie JCH Ryan,

Booz, Allenand

Hamilton

Harrison Shull,

Monterey, California (as of January 1, 1996)

Keith A. Smith,

Vienna, Virginia

Robert C. Spindel,

Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

David L. Stanford,

Science Applications International Corporation

H. Gregory Tornatore,

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

J. Pace VanDevender,

Sandia National Laboratories

Vincent Vitto,

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Bruce Wald,

Arlington Education Consultants

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Navy Liaison Representatives

Paul G. Blatch,

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N911T1

Ronald N. Kostoff,

Office of Naval Research

Ronald D. Taylor,

Director (as of October 2, 1995)

Associate Director (July 1, 1994, through September 29, 1995)

Lee M. Hunt, Director (through September 29, 1995)

Susan G. Campbell, Administrative Assistant

Mary (Dixie) Gordon, Information Officer

Angela C. Logan, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS

Robert J. Hermann,

United Technologies Corporation,

Chair

Stephen L. Adler,

Institute for Advanced Study

Peter M. Banks,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

Sylvia T. Ceyer,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

L. Louis Hegedus,

W.R. Grace and Co.

John E. Hopcroft,

Cornell University

Rhonda J. Hughes,

Bryn Mawr College

Shirley A. Jackson,

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Kenneth I. Kellermann,

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Ken Kennedy,

Rice University

Thomas A. Prince,

California Institute of Technology

Jerome Sacks,

National Institute of Statistical Sciences

L.E. Scriven,

University of Minnesota

Leon T. Silver,

California Institute of Technology

Charles P. Slichter,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Alvin W. Trivelpiece,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Shmuel Winograd,

IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

Charles A. Zraket,

Mitre Corporation (retired)

Norman Metzger, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Preface

This study was the result of a Naval Studies Board meeting held on June 9-10, 1993, at the U.S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC). At that meeting, the Board was briefed on technical and operational problems the Marine Corps expects to face in the post-Cold War future. Since the end of the Cold War, the Navy and Marine Corps have been redefining their missions and concepts of operation, in recognition of the new military challenges presented by the post-Cold War international political situation. The new definitions of strategy, embodied in two Navy-Marine Corps white papers entitled “. . . From the Sea” (1992) and “Forward . . . From the Sea,” do not replace the older ones, which have evolved in keeping with operational needs and technological advances throughout the Services' history. Rather, they offer new interpretations and emphases, based on revised strategic and military operational needs for regional conflicts in the world's littoral zones, and on new technological capabilities for current and future use. This evolution of strategy and its significance for the equipment and joint operation of the Navy and the Marine Corps in regional conflicts were the subjects of the briefings and discussions at the June 1993 meeting.

The terms of reference for this study were crafted during a series of conversations with Gen C.C. Krulak, USMC,1 and ADM W.A. Owens, USN,2 and were transmitted formally to the Naval Studies Board in a letter signed by General Krulak and Admiral Owens on December 14, 1993. The terms of reference3 called on the committee to review technologies that will be pertinent to the new warfare conditions that the Navy and Marine Corps expect to face during the time period covered by the study and to assess operational implications of these technologies. Specifically, the terms of reference called for examination of the following areas of concern:

1  

Gen C.C. Krulak, USMC, now Commandant of the Marine Corps, was Commanding General, U.S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), when this study was initiated.

2  

ADM W.A. Owens, USN, now Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Warfare Requirements and Assessments (N8), when this study was initiated.

3  

The terms of reference and the letter conveying them are presented in their entirety in Appendix A of this report.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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  1. Near-term, affordable technological possibilities for increasing the firepower of air-ground combat forces without a corresponding increase in their weight; all aspects of the combat power of the forces, including armored combat vehicles and artillery, air mobility, precision missilery, tactical air support, advanced targeting and C3I capabilities, and the logistics implications, must be considered.

  2. Impact of the potential changes in force technology on strategic mobility of the air and surface forces, with special attention to the time for them to deploy to potential crisis areas, the cost of reconfiguring forces, and the compatibility among the forces of the different services.

  3. Compatibility and interoperability among U.S. and potential allied forces, including necessary anticipatory steps to establish effective and timely military cooperation with potential allies in advance of the need for crisis deployment.

  4. The applicability of precision-guided weapons and foreseeable derivatives to various kinds, densities, and quantities of targets; fixed, movable, and mobile targets in numbers typical of a theater of warfare should be considered, including those that might be designated both “strategic ” and “tactical” in the theater context.

  5. The implications of large-scale use of the systems for the methods and duration of military campaigns, in comparison with use of more traditional systems.

  6. The implications of reduced campaign times for the cost of campaigns, considering the differences in costs of the traditional and the “smart” systems.

  7. The prospects for significantly reducing the costs of the “smart” weapon systems, and the implications of potential achievements in this direction for the other issues noted above.

  8. From analysis of the above areas, recommend technological developments, innovations, and changes which hold promise of significantly improving the Navy and Marine Corps' ability to carry out their missions as described in the “From the Sea” strategy.

In meeting this charge, the Committee on the Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century included in the definition of a

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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“technology” its embodiment in weapons and other military systems considered in their operational context. Thus, for example, while guidance and seeker technologies are essential elements of guided weapons, the study concentrated on those technologies per se only when the feasibility of their development and application was at issue. Otherwise, the actual or potential existence of the technologies was accepted, and the technical issues considered were extended to include the performance and utility of the weapons and other military systems that would use the technologies. This approach was believed essential to answer the questions set forth in the terms of reference about the operational implications and costs of the technologies.

As usually happens in the study of a topic as broad as this, when the elements of the topic were considered in all their complexity and interrelationships, the committee found that some technical capabilities that were of concern initially, such as armored combat vehicles, appeared to be either already in routine use or not amenable to significant change that would deeply affect the outcomes of operations over the time period for which the study results apply. Others, such as mine warfare or training and equipment for operations other than war, required attention not foreseen initially. Beyond this, some aspects of the topic, such as intertheater strategic mobility, appeared, on deeper examination after the study began, to be so broad and to cover so many matters outside the scope of regional conflict alone that they could not be explored in as much detail as had originally been anticipated.

To keep the scope of the study within manageable bounds while remaining consistent with the emphasis on expeditionary warfare contained in the letter from General Krulak and Admiral Owens, the study was focused on the time from arrival of an amphibious force at a crisis area on the ocean littoral to the establishment of a secure lodgment ashore. This is a very broad topic in itself and one that profoundly affects the Navy and Marine Corps systems, organizations, and functions. Some areas that were found to be important to the central topic but big enough to require separate study include the size and structure of strategic sealift and airlift forces (beyond the changes in the logistic system needed to support amphibious operations in-theater), antitactical missile defense, electronic warfare as a general matter, deep-ocean antisubmarine warfare, structure and use of reserve forces, and special operations forces' equipment and operations. The importance of these subjects is noted in context, but examining them in detail was considered to be beyond the scope of this study.

The committee was organized into task groups to treat closely related aspects of the major subdivisions of the main topic as follows: Combat Power, including weapon systems and platforms as outlined in item 4 above; Resources, which was addressed by sub-groups on Deployment and Logistics (embedded in item 1, and the topic in item 2) and on Length and Cost of Campaigns (the

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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subject of items 5 and 6); Joint and Combined Operations as outlined in item 3; and Precision-Guided Munition Design and Cost, embedded in item 7. In addition, a task group composed of members of the Naval Studies Board's Space Panel contributed assessments of command, control, communications, intelligence, targeting, and related matters to all the task groups and to the Coordination and Integration Group that was constituted to weave together all the task group outputs. The task group assignments were, of course, interrelated, and overlapping topics and concerns were treated at several meetings of the task group chairs and vice chairs under the auspices of the Coordination and Integration Group.

During the 6 months of concentrated study effort, the guiding philosophy established by the study leadership allowed the individual task groups wide latitude in interpreting their tasks and in setting their own pace. The purpose of this approach was to stimulate innovative thinking and to allow each group to follow any lead it considered profitable. Communication among the task groups was sustained by the Coordination and Integration Group and by many conversations between meetings when a task group encountered problems or needed information that another task group or some of the Navy or Marine Corps participants could best address. The final sorting and interrelating of ideas and results was accomplished at a May 1995 plenary session and at the subsequent Advisory Council meeting.

A separately constituted Advisory Council was assigned to evaluate the committee's findings and conclusions at the end of the study. The report was subsequently reviewed in accordance with guidelines of the NRC's review process.

In all, the committee and task groups, composed of 82 members and 6 invited participants with its support staff and liaisons, held over 40 meetings, site visits, and tours, and received over 230 briefings from some 360 military, civilian, and contractor personnel. Information was provided by Department of Defense (DOD) elements, including the Office of the Secretary of Defense and defense agencies; the Joint Staff; unified and specified commands (i.e., United States Atlantic Command [USACOM], Central Command [CENTCOM], and Special Operations Command [SOCOM]); military component commands (i.e., U.S. Atlantic Fleet Command [LANTFLT] and Army Training and Doctrine Command [TRADOC]); other military commands, including the Navy Doctrine Command (NAVDOCCOM) and Joint Warfighting Center (JWC); individual Service headquarters; and selected DOD technical centers and laboratories. The committee benefited from visits and tours of six amphibious-class ships at Norfolk and Little Creek, Virginia, and from observation of amphibious exercises (KB-95) at Coronado and Camp Pendleton, California.

The up-to-date technical and operational information underlying the committee's deliberations, beyond the knowledge that the committee members

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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themselves brought to the study, was contained in the dozens of briefings to the task groups and to the committee in plenary sessions. Together with technical analysis of the material presented, the committee 's judgments about the material's soundness and operational implications constitute the main value that the committee was able to add to the developing warfare concepts of the Services. The synthesis of the committee's technical knowledge with the Services' data and operational inputs was the key ingredient in developing such judgments. The recommendations presented in this report represent the committee's judgments about the preferred or essential courses of action needed for the Services to gain the greatest benefit from the technologies they are incorporating, or could incorporate, into their organizations and doctrines. The committee has tried to distinguish between Service positions and inputs and the committee 's reasoning, findings, and judgments, wherever ambiguity might exist.

This report presents the committee's observations and recommendations according to the logic imposed by the subject matter. The background to the study—its key underlying assumptions about the future environment that will affect the Navy and Marine Corps, the missions of those Services in warfare along the littoral, how the Services are planning to carry out those missions, and problems the committee believes they will face in doing so—is presented first. The committee's assessments of those problem areas and how to resolve the specific problems identified, and the committee 's views on the significance of the final outcome for the Services, constitute the remainder of the report. Problems of the command, control, communications, computing, and intelligence (C4I) systems that tie all the operations together and enable their execution are dealt with first. An examination of relevant combat systems follows, including responses to the questions about guided munitions and their costs contained in the terms of reference, and extending to other topics that came to the fore as the study developed. The next chapter presents an assessment of the logistic system to deploy and support the combat forces. The need for attention to joint (multiservice) and combined (U.S. and allied) operations pervades the results of all the above explorations; the implications of this need are reviewed in a chapter that follows the discussions of combat and logistic systems, countermine warfare, and other related problem areas. Sections in that chapter deal also with the issues of costs and resources, and the significance of the results in terms of the gains to be expected from all planned and recommended changes, including consideration of the length and cost of campaigns. Subsequently, a brief statement is presented summarizing the priorities the committee believes are implicit in the study's results. Because of the complexity of the topic, recommended actions are presented at the close of the discussion of each subtopic in the report, rather than as a collection of recommendations in a separate section.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9231.
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Ordinarily, a report such as this opens with a brief “executive summary” that presents the findings and recommendations of the study. In this case, a brief executive summary could not have done justice to material of the scope and complexity needed to describe an entire field of warfare, with its technology, doctrines, and operational methods, and how it might or must evolve in the future. Part 1 of this report, a synopsis, should be viewed as a compendium of interrelated executive summaries of each of the areas addressed in the study. Part 1 represents a much shortened report designed to inform the busy reader of the results of the entire study. Those results, and their derivation, are elaborated on in Part 2, the main body of the report.

The study committee and the Naval Studies Board wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to the Navy and the Marine Corps for their outstanding information inputs and support during the course of this study. In addition to the many briefings and visits provided and arranged, they encouraged the committee and its task groups to pursue technical and operational arguments to their logical conclusions. No area, no matter how sensitive, was placed out of bounds to such investigation. Finally, our gratitude is due to MajGen J.M. Myatt, USMC, and his successor, MajGen J.L. Jones, USMC, in the Expeditionary Warfare Division, N85, and their staffs, for the many arrangements and other activities they undertook to facilitate this study.

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