NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with the general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense under Grant No. N00014-92-J-1636. Such support does not constitute an endorsement of the views in this report by the sponsors.
Copies of this report are available from
Ocean Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20418
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cover art by Terry Parmelee, a Washington, D.C. artist represented by the Jane Haslem Gallery in Washington, D.C.
Printed in the United States of America.
NAVY COMMITTEE
Kenneth Brink,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA,
Chairman
Robert Cannon, Jr.,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
Robert Detrick,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
Eileen Hofmann,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
William Kuperman,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
Arthur R. M. Nowell,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Project Staff
Mary Hope Katsouros, Study Director
Stewart B. Nelson, Consultant
Mary Pechacek, Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
William Merrell,
Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX,
Chairman
Robert Berner,
Yale University, New Haven, CT
Donald Boesch,
University of Maryland, Cambridge, MD
Kenneth Brink,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
Gerald A. Cann, Independent Consultant,
Rockville, MD
Robert Cannon,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Biliana Cicin-Sain,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE
William Curry,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
Rana Fine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL
John E. Flipse,
Texas A&M University (ret.), Georgetown, SC
Michael Freilich,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
Gordon Greve,
Amoco Production Company, Houston, TX
Robert Knox,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
Arthur Nowell,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Peter Rhines,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Frank Richter,
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Brian Rothschild,
University of Maryland, Solomons, MD
Thomas C. Royer,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK
Lynda Shapiro,
University of Oregon, Charleston, OR
Sharon Smith,
University of Miami, Miami, FL
Paul Stoffa,
University of Texas, Austin, TX
Staff
Mary Hope Katsouros, Director
Edward R. Urban, Jr., Staff Officer
Robin Peuser, Research Associate
David Wilmot, Research Associate
Mary Pechacek, Administrative Associate
LaVoncyé Mallory, Senior Secretary
Curtis Taylor, Office Assistant
Stewart B. Nelson, Consultant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. Gordon Wolman,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
Chairman
Patrick R. Atkins,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA
Edith Brown Weiss,
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
Peter S. Eagleson,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Edward A. Frieman,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
W. Barclay Kamb,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
Jack E. Oliver,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Frank L. Parker,
Vanderbilt/Clemson University, Nashville, TN
Raymond A. Price,
Queen's University at Kingston, Canada
Thomas C. Schelling,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Larry L. Smarr,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
Steven M. Stanley,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Victoria J. Tschinkel,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, FL
Warren Washington,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
Staff
Stephen Rattien, Executive Director
Stephen D. Parker, Associate Executive Director
Morgan Gopnik, Assistant Executive Director
Jeanette Spoon, Administrative Officer
Sandi Fitzpatrick, Administrative Associate
Robin L. Allen, Senior Project Assistant
