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NOTICE: The conference from which the papers in this publication were drawn was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members come from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the board responsible for the project were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a working mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This publication was supported by the Kellogg Endowment of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
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BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
A. Michael Spence Chairman
Dean,
Graduate School of Business Stanford University
John A. Armstrong
Amherst, Massachusetts
James F. Gibbons Dean,
School of Engineering Stanford University
George N. Hatsopoulos President and CEO
Thermo Electron Corporation
Karen N. Horn Chairman and CEO
Bank One Cleveland
Dale Jorgenson Frederic Eaton Abbe Professor of Economics
Harvard University
Ralph Landau Consulting Professor Economics
Stanford University
James T. Lynn Advisor
Lazard Freres
Burton J. McMurtry General Partner
Technology Venture Investors
Ruben Mettler Chairman and CEO (retired)
TRW, Inc.
Mark B. Myers Senior Vice President
Xerox Corporation
Donald E. Peterson Chairman and CEO (retired)
Ford Motor Company
James M. Poterba Professor of Economics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
George M. Whitesides Professor of Chemistry
Harvard University
Staff
Stephen A. Merrill Executive Director
Charles W. Wessner Program Director
Lena L. Steele Administrative Assistant
George Georgountzos Program Assistant