The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences: Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the GPS Reference Station Infrastructure for Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Science Applications

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The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences: Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the GPS Reference Station Infrastructure for Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Science Applications (1997)
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS)

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. "Executive Summary." The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences: Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the GPS Reference Station Infrastructure for Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Science Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1997.

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The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences: Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop on Improving the GPS Reference Station Infrastructure for Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Science Applications

TABLE ES-1 GPS Networks Represented

Network	Sponsor/Operator	Primary Use
Maritime Differential GPS Network	U.S. Coast Guard and Army Corp of Engineers	Coastal/harbor/inland waterway navigation
Continuously Operating Reference System (CORS)	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)	National Spatial Reference System
Wind Profiler/Water Vapor Network	NOAA-Forecast Systems Laboratory	Weather forecasting/climate monitoring
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)	Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)	Aircraft navigation/approach/landing
Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN)	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)	Monitoring crustal deformation and earthquake processes
Bay Area Regional Deformation (BARD) Network	USGS and San Francisco Bay area universities	Monitoring crustal deformation and earthquake processes
International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS)	Multiple U.S. and international agencies	Global spatial reference, geodetic, geophysical, and atmospheric research
GRAPES and COSMOS	Geographic Survey Institute of Japan	Japanese spatial reference, geodetic, geophysical research

TABLE ES-2 GPS Applications in the Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Sciences

Atmospheric Remote Sensing	Dynamic Positioning and Navigation	Static Positioning
Numerical weather prediction	Aerogeophysics	Crustal deformation related to earthquake and volcanic processes
Hazardous weather detection and forecasting	Satellite altimetry
Climatology	Satellite orbit determination
Ionospheric research, forecasting, and modeling	Physical oceanography
Hydrology	Atmospheric wind velocity and boundary-layer vertical velocity
	Autonomous air and land vehicle piloting, navigation, and control

OVERALL THEMES OF WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS

Three working groups were formed at the workshop (GPS networks, data sources, and static positioning applications; dynamic positioning/navigation applications; and GPS-based remote sensing of the atmosphere) to discuss issues raised in the presentations related to sources of error, user requirements, network and data standardization, and user/operator coordination and communications.⁴ Each group presented the results of its deliberations at the final plenary session. The presentations and the resulting discussions have been summarized by the Steering Committee into five overall themes.

⁴	Although the workshop agenda included separate sessions on GPS networks and data sources and static positioning applications, the two subjects were discussed by the same working group. Separate portions of the discussions of this group can be found in Chapter 2 and Chapter 5.