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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
Index
accidents, nuclear, 4–5, 22, 136–37
accounting
energy investments, 110–11, 116, 200
adaptability
energy systems, 186–89, 195
advertising
autos, 49, 74, 82, 86
energy audits, 91, 92
energy conservation and efficiency, 70–71, 121
energy information, 75, 76–80, 85
See also marketing, publicity
air conditioning, 64, 83–84
building design, 38
building standards, 126
efficiency ratios, 86
energy savings, 45, 57–58
purchase by builders, 117
See also cooling
allocation of energy, 151–53
in emergencies, 150–51, 156
gasoline, 144, 189
See also equity
aluminum, 38, 154
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 126
Amtrak, 44, 54 n. 5
appliances, 50, 62
bills for use, 36
energy efficiency, 38, 49, 70, 74, 86, 101, 120, 125, 197–98
purchase by builders, 117, 118
appropriate technology, 56, 171
architects, 125, 128
Army, U.S., 96
attention
to energy information, 83, 84–87, 197
in organizations, 112–14, 161
automobile clubs, 142
automobiles, 62, 63
electric, 43
energy efficiency, 38, 44, 49–50, 83–84, 89, 127, 128
engineering and design, 125–26
fuel economy information, 74, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 86
in gasoline emergencies, 3, 144
investment in, 60, 61
purchasing, 68–69
rental agencies, 62, 118
suburbanization, 124
banks
energy loans, 126
benefit-cost analysis, 198–99
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
bills, utility, 120
energy audit, 94
information on, 36, 37–38, 87, 89, 100, 195–96, 198
recommendations about, 101, 195–96, 198
welfare programs, 19
blackouts, 132, 145
Bradley Plan, 98
brownouts, 145
budgets, organizational, 110, 112–13, 116, 200
buildings codes, 124, 163, 175, 176
buildings
certification, 86, 121, 129, 197, 198
design, 38, 140
energy choices, 48–49
energy costs, 62
energy emergencies, 140
energy invisibility, 39, 119
energy standards, 126–27
energy use, 42, 52
engineers, designers, and architects, 125–26
intermediaries, 117–19, 129
investments in energy, 33, 50, 122
ratings, 101, 197, 198
rented space, 119–22
Canada
energy programs, 27, 75–80
Carter administration
energy information, 75
energy policy, 56
gasoline taxes, 47
rail transportation, 54 n. 5
cellulose insulation, 43
Census Bureau, U.S., 44
centralization
energy use, 108–9
See also decentralization
certification programs, 86, 121, 129, 198
choice, 47–48, 69, 95–96
and energy views, 17, 18
limited, 48–52, 119–20, 124, 127
city government
energy coordinator, 175
energy costs, 19
energy programs, 177
See also local energy action
coal
burning of, 22, 24
as a commodity, 15, 17
energy emergencies, 145
and energy invisibility, 35
strikes, 132, 135, 136–37
comfort, 127
commitment, 69–71, 95–96
commodity view of energy, 15–17, 152–53, 195
energy information, 76
local action, 169, 170
and other energy views, 20–21, 22, 23–29
communication, 57–58, 67–69, 184, 186, 199
energy audits, 5–6, 93, 96, 196
energy conservation, 195–96
energy emergencies, 146, 147, 149–50, 158–59, 185, 186, 201
government programs, 74–75, 80, 86, 176, 189
local energy action, 177, 179
recommendations about, 100–01, 195–99, 201
communities, 183
energy emergencies, 142–43
energy programs, 45, 97
See also local energy action
community control philosophy, 171, 172
community development philosophy, 171, 172
conflict, social
in energy emergencies, 3, 143–44, 201
local energy action, 171–72
conservation. See energy conservation
construction industry
energy efficiency, 118–19
energy standards, 126, 127–28
consumer, energy user as, 62–63
consumer goods and services
monitoring, 199–200
production of, 122–23
consumer protection
in energy programs, 99, 196–97
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
Consumer Reports, 68–69, 98, 199
control
and energy, 10, 46–48, 96, 161, 165, 182, 183, 188, 194
cooling
bills for use, 36
energy audit, 91–92
energy savings, 58
energy used, 87
invisibility, 37, 38, 119
local action, 162
rented space, 120
as a social necessity, 18
standards, 126–27
See also air conditioning
corporations, energy
control of energy, 47
information, 42
public control of, 27
views of energy, 25–26
costs of energy
capital access, 51–52
energy audits, 89, 90, 93–94
energy invisibility, 36, 40, 87, 88
energy users response, 33–35, 55–56, 59–62
fuel adjustment, 123
government programs, 56, 99
intermediary purchasers, 118, 119
investments, 59–62
low-income households, 25, 28
organizational behavior, 107, 110–11, 112, 116
predicting, 40
producing goods, 123
rented space, 120–21
See also prices
credibility
energy audits, 93, 96–99
energy emergencies, 134, 137, 138, 148–50, 158
energy information, 43–46, 101, 183, 196, 198, 199, 201
local groups, 161, 176–77
decentralization, 194
emergencies, 141–143, 146, 147, 150, 151, 155–56, 182
information programs, 100
organizational energy use, 108–9
decisions, energy
justification of, 69
local action, 169–73
organizations, 107–8, 109, 111–15
politics, 124–25
rationality, 2, 55–56, 59, 107, 109
See also uncertainty
Defense, U.S. Department of, 26
demographic trends
and energy, 10, 50–51
designers, 125–126
diffusion
of energy-saving practices, 67–68, 114, 198–99
of local energy ideas, 177–79, 202–03
and organizations, 114–15, 116, 198–99
disasters. See emergencies, energy
dissonance, cognitive, 69
distributive policies, 171–72
diversity, 182, 188
consumers, 41–42, 83–84, 92, 100
energy emergencies, 141–42, 145
local energy action, 165–66, 178
rental housing, 121–22
ecological resource view of energy, 16, 17–18
energy programs and policies, 23–24, 76
energy shortages, 154
and other energy views, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28
Edwards, James, 22–23
electric car, 43
electricity
bills for, 36, 37
as a commodity, 15, 17
emergencies, 135, 145
heating, 35, 62, 119
local action, 162
monitoring use, 87
embodied energy, 123
emergencies, energy, 132–60
and decentralization, 142–43, 155–56
diversity and conflict in, 141–44, 182, 188
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
federal role, 150–57, 200–202
gasoline, 3
information needs, 148–50, 158–59, 183, 184, 185
local groups, 162, 165–66
prevention and preparedness, 4, 138–41, 145–47, 156, 157–58, 165
recommendations about, 155–59, 200–02
resiliency, 139–40, 155–56
responses, 185–86
and social necessity, 19, 21–22, 152–54, 156
variety of, 133–38
energy
definition of, 14
embodied energy, 123
invisibility of, 35–40, 84, 85, 87–89, 100
views of, 14–15
visibility of, 111
See also commodity view of energy;
resource view of energy;
social necessity view of energy;
strategic view of energy
Energy, U.S. Department of (DOE), 11–12 n. 4, 17, 22
conservation programs, 43, 82, 163
environmental assessments, 23
organizational data, 106
energy audits, 5–6, 27, 58, 89–90
California, 5
consumer diversity, 42
credibility, 96–97, 98, 176–77
effectiveness, 90–91
information presentation, 92–96, 196, 197
New Jersey, 98
Princeton University, 94
program design, 97–98
Project Conserve, 74
publicizing, 91–92
recommendations about, 101, 196–97
response to, 5–6
Rhode Island, 97
Rochester, New York, 97
energy assistance, 28
energy conservation, 1–2, 23, 24, 25
adaptability, 187
advertising, 70–71
choices, 96
commitment and self-justification, 70–71, 95–96
credibility, 183
energy invisibility, 36–40
feedback, 87–88, 98
and freedom, 47–48
fuel economy standards, 50
government grants, 27–28
imitation, 66–67
information, 40–43, 74–89, 97, 100–01
interpersonal communication, 67
local action, 164–65
organizations, 107, 109, 110–11, 115–17, 200
personal values and norms, 64, 71–73
as a philosophy, 171
product manufacture, 122–23
programs, 45, 57, 195–97
rented space, 120–22
residential, 27
utility rates, 123
See also energy audits, energy efficiency, energy policies, energy programs
energy demand analysis, 32–35
energy efficiency, 58
advertising, 70–71
barriers to, 32–52
capital, 51–52, 126
certification, 121, 129, 198
and control of energy, 47, 48
emergency prevention, 140, 156, 187–88
engineers, designers, and architects, 125–26
equipment operators, 122
government programs, 56, 80
indices, 101, 197–98
intermediary purchasers, 118, 119–20
labels, 49, 74, 196
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
local groups, 161–62
organizations, 106, 107, 108, 110–11, 112, 113, 115–16, 117, 200
ratings, 86, 101, 198
rented space, 120–22
standard-setting organizations, 126–27
See also energy audits, energy conservation, energy policies, energy programs, fuel economy
Energy Extension Services, 74
Energy Information Administration, 44
energy policies
conservation, 197–200
distributive and redistributive, 171–73
emergencies, 132–34, 139, 140, 147, 150–58
intermediaries, 120–22, 127–29
oil shortages, 3
organizations, 108, 115–16, 117
rented space, 120–22
uncertainty, 183
See also energy policy, energy system, national, local energy policies
energy policy, 9
adaptability, 186–89
analysis, 1–3
assumptions, 56
conflicting, 42–45
development, 190–93
emergencies, 151–59
energy system, 182–86
government roles, 75–80, 116–17, 150–55, 161, 165, 194–95
intermediaries, 127–29
organizations, 115–17
recommendations, 197–203
symbolic meanings of energy, 48
views of energy, 14, 21–29
See also energy policies, local energy policies
energy production, 1–2, 8–9
disruptions, 132
government policies, 27, 33
local action, 165
organizations, 106, 124
energy programs
conservation, 195–97
development, 190–93
information, 43, 73–89, 100–101
low-income households, 28
maintaining, 175–77
organizations, 106
trustworthiness, 45–46
See also energy audits, energy conservation, energy efficiency, local energy programs
energy system, national, 165–67, 182–84
adaptability, 187–88, 189
energy technologies
capital, 51–52
cost information, 41
diffusion of, 67–68, 114, 198–99
diversity of, 140
and energy costs, 33, 60, 107
engineering, 125–26
equipment operators, 122
intermediaries, 118–19, 122–24, 125–27, 129
local energy action, 162, 164–65, 168, 173, 199–200
organizations, 108, 109
social implications of, 9, 24
soft energy path, 171
See also energy efficiency
energy use
accounting, 87, 110–11, 116, 200
estimating, 37
individuals and households, 55–73
and intermediaries, 117–29
monitoring, 115–16, 200,
See also feedback
organizations, 106–117, 124, 200
personal values, 64, 72–73
political decisions, 124–25
predicting, 32–35
and society, 9
standard-setting organizations, 126–27
symbolic meanings of, 46–48
energy user, views of, 59–65
engineering, 111, 116, 125–26
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environment
energy, as ecological resource, 17, 18, 21, 25
National Environmental Policy Act, 23
organizations, 177
personal values, 64
equipment, energy. See energy technologies
equity
allocation of energy, 10, 24–25, 144, 152–53, 156
commodity view of energy, 26
conservation programs, 167
as a philosophy, 171, 172
public control of energy, 27
social necessity view of energy, 19
experimentation
energy policies and programs, 190–93, 197, 200
expertise
local energy action, 173–74, 175
feedback
on energy use, 40, 57–58, 87–89, 185, 198
recommendations about, 100–01, 198
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, 126, 129
finances
local energy action, 173, 174, 176, 199–200
Ford administration, 56
framing of messages, 95
freedom. See control
fuel adjustment provision, 123
fuel economy
auto industry, 44, 50, 82, 196
auto stickers, 80, 81, 86
tests, 74
Fuel Economy Mileage Guides, 74, 196
fuels
bills for, 37
as commodities, 17
prices and investments, 60
See also invisibility, energy
furnaces
efficiency, 28, 37, 42, 53 n. 3, 197
fuels, 35
purchase by builders, 117, 118
gasoline
allocations, 144, 165
mileage information, 78, 79, 81
oil shortages, 3, 142, 146, 148, 189
rental car consumption, 118
savings device, 96
taxes, 47
visibility, 39–40
See also fuel economy
geothermal projects, 163, 170
government, federal
energy emergencies, 138, 150–59
energy roles, 74–80, 194, 195
as energy user, 116
support of local action, 164, 174, 178, 180
See also energy policies, energy policy
government energy action
emergencies, 133, 135, 148–49
energy information, 42, 43–44, 45, 73–80, 84–86, 199
and organizations, 107, 116
government control of energy, 27–28, 47, 194
heating
bills for, 36
building standards, 126–27
comfort, 127
district, 173, 176
energy emergencies, 145
energy savings, 58, 120
invisibility, 35, 37–38, 119
local energy action, 162
low-income households, 28
purchase by intermediaries, 118, 119–20
as a social necessity, 18
See also energy use
house doctor energy audit, 94, 196
households
demographic shifts, 10, 50–51
energy audits, 89–91, 92, 93, 97
energy costs, 51
energy programs, 99
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
energy use, 41–42, 55–73
problem avoidance, 64–65
housing, 50, 62–63
multifamily. See rental housing
hydroelectric power, 17, 135, 163
imitation, 184
energy use, 66–67
organizations, 114–115
indices. See energy efficiency
information, energy, 184, 185
attention to, 84–87
Canada, 75–80
consumer diversity, 41–42, 100
consumer protection, 196–97
credibility, 45–46, 65, 101, 183, 196
emergencies, 148–50, 158–59, 201
energy audits, 5, 89–99, 197
energy bills, 36, 38
feedback as, 87–89, 100–01
framing of, 95
government roles, 74–80
interpersonal communication, 67–69
invisibility, 87–89, 100–01
organizations, 112–13, 114, 163
problems of, 40–45, 83–84
program effectiveness, 73–74, 80–83, 100–101
recommendations about, 100–01, 195–99, 201
social group membership, 66
social networks, 100, 101
uncertainty of, 40–41
See also communication
institutionalization of local energy actions, 175–77
insulation, 43
advertisements, 76–77
energy savings, 37, 38–39, 58
government grants, 23, 27
See also energy efficiency
insurance
energy emergencies, 140
intermediaries, 48–49, 62, 117–29
engineers, designers, and architects, 125–26
lending institutions, 126
operators, 122
organizations, 122–24
policy, 127–29
public goods and services, 124–25
purchasers, 117–22
recommendations about, 199, 200
standard-setting organizations, 126–27
investments, capital
consumer benefits, 63
energy efficiency, 38, 51–52, 58, 89, 109, 110, 116, 126, 200
energy technologies, 33
housing, 50
insurance, 140
prices and costs, 40
rented space, 119–20, 121–22
investor, energy user as, 39–62, 74
invisibility, energy, 35–40, 84, 85, 87–89, 100
rented space, 119
job training programs, 176
labor
local energy actions, 173, 176
lighting, 18, 36, 37, 120, 126, 127
limited choice. See choice
“limits-to-growth,” 21
linkages, 194
energy emergencies, 142, 145, 146, 200
loans, energy, 27, 51, 63, 126
local energy action, 161–80, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 194, 195, 200, 201–2
conservation efforts, 47, 97
emergencies, 142–43, 155, 162, 200
recommendations about, 180, 202–03
local energy policies
Auburn, New York, 163
Davis, California, 124, 163, 177
Los Angeles, California, 170
Richmond, Indiana, 171, 174
local energy programs
ACTION, 163, 171, 174
Atlanta, Georgia, 121
Community Energy Project, 171, 174
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
Fitchburg, Massachusetts, 47, 163, 165, 172, 173, 174, 177
Pembroke Solar Project, Kankakee
County, Illinois, 174
People’s Alternative Energy Services,
San Luis, Colorado, 163
Rochester, New York, 97
Saint Paul, Minnesota, 47
Seattle City Light, 169
Susanville, California, 170
United Neighbors, 174
Westside Development Corporation,
San Bernardino, California, 171
low-income househods
emergencies, 152–54
energy audits, 91
energy costs, 22, 28
energy efficiency costs, 51
redistributive policies, 172
social necessity view, 19, 25
solar energy, 171
weatherization, 28, 170
managers
city energy, 117
organization, 111, 112–13, 115
market system, 161, 195
energy as a commodity, 17, 20–21, 24
energy as an ecological resource, 18
energy as a social necessity, 19
energy disruptions, 132–33
energy emergencies, 142, 152–55
energy savings, 33
marketing, 41, 84–85
See also advertising, publicity
media, mass
energy audits, 91, 92
energy emergencies, 147, 148
energy ideas, 177
energy views, 25
government use of, 75, 85, 117
meters
feedback, 87–89
in multifamily housing, 120
miles-per-gallon number, 86, 197
military
energy emergency mobilization, 154
energy resources, 16, 20
strategic view of energy, 25, 26
mistrust. See credibility
momentum, behavioral, 69–71, 170, 183
mortgage investments
energy efficiency, 126, 129
National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, 23
national security. See strategic view of energy
natural gas
as a commodity, 15
deposits, 163
as an ecological resource, 18
furnace, 35
invisibility, 37
prices, 138
shortages, 132
necessity. See social necessity
networks, social, 97, 100, 116, 177–79, 184, 199
See also social influence, word-of-mouth information
norms. See values
nuclear power, 22, 23
politics of, 9–10
nuclear power plants
emergencies, 135, 136–37
siting decisions, 28
Three Mile Island, 4–5
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 4
oil
bills for, 37
as a commodity, 15
as an ecological resource, 18
emergencies, 135, 136–37, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146
furnace, 35, 37
prices and price controls, 56, 138
public control of, 27
shortage, 3–4
as strategic material, 19, 24–25
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
oil embargo of 1973–1974, 17, 19, 21, 103 n. 10, 138, 148
oil imports, 1, 3, 21–22
projected need, 32
emergencies, 132, 134–35, 136–37, 138, 141, 147, 148, 149, 155, 157, 158, 159 n. 1
organizations
energy emergencies, 133, 138
energy programs, 92, 97, 99, 175–76
energy users, 106–17, 129
imitation, 114–15
intermediaries, 117–29
momentum, 183
policy, 115–17
recommendations, 198–200
values, 184
payback period, 60, 86, 90, 95, 107, 109, 110
policy analysis. See energy policy
politics
energy emergencies, 149, 152–53
energy programs, 85
local energy action, 167, 169–76
and views of energy, 25–26, 28–29
prediction
nuclear accidents, 4
energy use, 32–33, 56
preparedness, energy emergency, 133, 135, 138–39, 146–47, 157–58, 185–86
adaptability, 186–87
credible communication, 149–50, 183
diversity, 141
federal role, 151–55, 200–01
linkages, 145
and local energy action, 162, 165
local concerns, 142–43, 188
recommendations about, 155–58, 200–02
prevention, energy emergency, 138–41, 142, 165
federal role, 151, 156
and local energy action, 165–66
mass media, 147
recommendations about, 156
prices, 187
decontrol, 20
energy shortages, 3, 132, 138, 144, 152, 154, 156
and energy users, 10, 33–35, 55–56
local action, 165
low-income households, 28, 30 n. 6
oil in 1970s, 21–22, 33
See also costs of energy
problem avoidance, 64–65, 83
public goods and services, 124–25
publicity
energy programs, 91–92, 97
See also advertising, marketing
rail transportation
emergencies, 136–37
energy efficiency, 44
rate of return, 60, 95
organization investments, 110
utility rate increases, 123
See also payback period
rationality. See decisions
Reagan administration
Amtrak, 54 n. 5
energy information, 75
energy policy, 22–23, 44, 56, 164
redistributive policies, 171–73
refrigerators, 125, 126
rental housing
energy efficiency, 52, 117–22, 170
energy equipment, 48–49
recommendation, 200
rental space
energy use, 119–20
research
support of energy views, 25, 26
local energy action, 178–79, 180
recommendations for, 197, 198, 200–02
See also experimentation
Residential Conservation Service (RCS), 43–44, 53 nn. 3–4, 74, 90, 93, 96, 98, 99, 167, 196
recommendations about, 196–97
residential utility billing system (RUBS), 120
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
resiliency, energy, 139–40, 165–66
See also adaptability
resource. See ecological
risk
insurance, 140
intermediaries, 119
organization energy policy, 108, 111
roles for major institutions, 194–95
routines, organizational, 109–10, 116
rules, organizational, 109–11, 113, 116
scientific community
energy policy and programs, 194–95
shortages, energy, 3–4, 46, 47, 132, 182
conservation measures, 48
See also emergencies, energy;
oil embargo of 1973–74
slack, organizational, 108–9, 111, 187
social group membership
energy information, 66, 67–69, 97, 177, 184
and energy consumption, 63–64
energy emergencies, 142, 143, 147
local energy action, 165
See also networks
social influence, 66–69
social marketing, 84–85
social necessity view of energy, 16, 18–19, 169–70
conflict with other views, 20–21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28
energy programs and policies, 23–24, 76, 171
energy shortages, 132, 152–53, 154
society
and energy, 9
energy emergencies, 133, 143, 147, 151
soft energy path, 171
solar energy, 23, 67, 171, 177
building code, 124
energy conservation, 39
heating, 83, 119, 174
solar technology, passive, 17, 39, 163, 174
standard-setting organizations, 49, 126–27, 128
state energy offices, 177
state governments
energy emergencies, 155, 157
statistical services, 199
stockpiling
fuel, 135, 144, 155
information, 201
strategic petroleum reserve, 25, 132, 145, 148, 156, 157, 159 n. 1
strategic view of energy, 16, 19–20, 26, 28
control of energy, 27
energy information, 76
energy shortages, 132, 154
and other energy views, 24–25
national security, 21–22
suburbanization, 124
symbolic meanings of energy, 46–48
tax credits, 27, 51, 167, 190, 192
taxes
gasoline, 3, 47
organizational use of energy, 107, 115
windfall profits, 27
temperature
building standards, 126–27
thermostats, 37, 48, 63, 67, 96
Three Mile Island, 4–5
trade and professional associations, 115, 116, 177, 196, 199
transportation, 55
costs of, 51
energy demand, 50–51
energy efficiency, 44
energy emergencies, 134–35, 137, 140, 142, 144
energy invisibility, 39
energy savings, 127
public transit, 44, 124
purchases by intermediaries, 118
as a social necessity, 18
suburbanization, 124
trustworthiness. See credibility
uncertainty, 40–41, 182, 183, 188
emergency policies, 156–57
organizational response, 111–12
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Energy Use: The Human Dimension
and social influence, 66
unions, labor
energy emergencies, 136, 145
utilities
Bradley Plan, 98
certification programs, 86, 121, 198
conservation programs, 85, 195–96
emergencies, 5, 145
energy audits, 5, 90–91, 92, 97
energy efficiency loans, 51
energy information, 42
local action, 169, 177
public control of, 27
rates, 123, 172
recommendations, concerning, 195–98
See also bills, utility
trustworthiness, 45–46
values and norms
and energy use, 64, 71–73, 184
views
of energy, 14–29
of energy users, 59–65, 107–08
visibility. See invisibility
vividness, 68–69, 93–94, 101, 196
wastes, 22, 24, 173, 175
water heating, 62
consumption, 37
energy savings, 95, 120
purchase by intermediaries, 118
weather
energy emergencies, 135
weatherization, 20, 56
investment in, 28, 30 n. 8
programs, 74, 163, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176–77
welfare programs
energy programs, 46
local energy action, 174
utility bills, 19
wood stoves, 35, 37
word-of-mouth information, 63–64, 69
energy audits, 91, 94, 97
See also communication, networks
