NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is the president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This is a report of work supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coastal Ocean Program.
Cover art was provided by Eileen Kiliman, a native of White Plains, New York, now living in Front Royal, Virginia. She earned a BBA in Marketing and a Certificate in Commercial Art from Pace University in New York. After eight years of representing a graphic design firm, she has made her lifetime love of art a full time profession, receiving a variety of commissions. Her style projects childhood observations combined with adult introspection.
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
PANEL ON THE NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY Chair,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
THOMAS CHURCH,
University of Delaware, Lewes
MICHAEL H. FREILICH,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
CARL FRIEHE,
University of California, Irvine
ANNE GIBLIN,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
KENNETH D. HADDAD,
Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg
DALE B. HAIDVOGEL,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
EDWARD D. HOUDE,
University of Maryland, Solomons
MICHAEL N. JOSSELYN,
San Francisco State University, Tiburon
JAMES F. KITCHELL,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
JUDITH MCDOWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
JOHN B. MOONEY, JR., Consultant to
Ocean Engineering and Research Management, Ft. Pierce, Florida
Staff
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Staff Officer
CURTIS TAYLOR, Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
WILLIAM MERRELL, Chair,
Texas A&M University, Galveston
ROBERT A. BERNER,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
DONALD F. BOESCH,
University of Maryland, Cambridge
KENNETH BRINK,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
GERALD CANN, Independent Consultant,
Rockville, Maryland
ROBERT CANNON,
Stanford University, California
BILIANA CICIN-SAIN,
University of Delaware, Newark
WILLIAM CURRY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
RANA FINE,
University of Miami, Florida
JOHN E. FLIPSE,
Texas A&M University, Galveston (ret.)
MICHAEL FREILICH,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
GORDON GREVE,
Amoco Production Company, Houston, Texas (ret.)
ROBERT KNOX,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ARTHUR R. M. NOWELL,
University of Washington, Seattle
PETER RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
FRANK RICHTER,
University of Chicago, Illinois
BRIAN ROTHSCHILD,
University of Maryland, Solomons
THOMAS ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
SHARON SMITH,
University of Miami, Florida
PAUL STOFFA,
University of Texas, Austin
Staff
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Director
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Staff Officer
ROBIN PEUSER, Research Associate
MARY PECHACEK, Administrative Associate
LaVONCYE' MALLORY, Senior Secretary
CURTIS TAYLOR, Office Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN, Chair,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EDITH BROWN WEISS,
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
W. BARCLAY KAMB,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, California
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS A. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
ROBIN ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant