NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This report and the committee were supported by the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy and the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
Cover art was created by Ellen Hill-Godfrey. Ms. Hill-Godfrey received her master's of fine arts degree from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Her paintings and prints have been exhibited in the Washington, D.C. area, and throughout the mid-Atlantic and southern regions. She has done illustrations for the University of Georgia Press and the University of North Carolina's Endeavors magazine. Ms. Hill-Godfrey resides in Kensington, Maryland.
Copies of this report are available from the Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20418.
Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
WILLIAM MERRELL (Chairman),
The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment, Washington, D.C.
GERALD A. CANN, Senior Advisor to the Executive Committee,
Raytheon Company, Arlington, Virginia
WILLIAM CURRY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
ELLEN DRUFFEL,
University of California, Irvine
RANA FINE,
University of Miami, Florida
JOHN E. FLIPSE, Independent Consultant,
Georgetown, South Carolina
SUSAN HANNA,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
JOHN E. HOBBIE,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
EILEEN E. HOFMANN,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
ROBERT B. GAGOSIAN,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
ROBERT KNOX,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
LOUIS L. LANZEROTTI,
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey
JOHN MAGNUSON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
B. GREGORY MITCHELL,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ARTHUR NOWELL,
University of Washington, Seattle
TERRANCE J. QUINN,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
C. BARRY RALEIGH,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
JAMES P. RAY,
Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas
PETER RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
BRIAN ROTHSCHILD,
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
THOMAS C. ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
SHARON SMITH,
University of Miami, Florida
PAUL STOFFA,
University of Texas, Austin
Staff
MORGAN GOPNIK, Acting Director
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Director (Leave of Absence)
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Program Officer
DAN WALKER, Program Officer
STEWART B. NELSON, Consultant
MARY ENG, Administrative Associate
LORA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
LAVONCYÉ MALLORY, Project Assistant
HEATHER BLOUGH, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN (Chairman),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
JERRY F. FRANKLIN,
University of Washington, Seattle
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
DEBRA KNOPMAN,
Progressive Foundation, Washington, D.C.
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
JUDITH E. MCDOWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS C. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
GREGORY SYMMES, Reports Officer
JAMES MALLORY, Administrative Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
SUSAN SHERWIN, Project Assistant
