NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 4627 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Copies of this report are available from
Space Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON THE FUTURE OF SPACE SCIENCE
Steering Group
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG,
IBM Corporation (retired),
Chair
ANTHONY W. ENGLAND,
University of Michigan
DANIEL J. FINK,
D.J. Fink Associates, Inc.
URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,
Washington University
JOHN M. HEDGEPETH,
Digisim Corporation
JEANNE E. PEMBERTON,
University of Arizona
WILLIAM PRESS,
Harvard College Observatory
P. BUFORD PRICE,
University of California, Berkeley
ROLAND W. SCHMITT,
Clifton Park, New York
GUYFORD STEVER,
Washington, D.C.
JAMES WYNGAARDEN,
Washington, D.C.
MARC S. ALLEN, Study Director
BETTY C. GUYOT, Administrative Officer
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Senior Project Assistant
NATHANIEL B. COHEN, Consultant
Task Group on Alternative Organizations
DANIEL J. FINK,
D.J. Fink Associates, Inc.,
Chair
MARTIN BLUME,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
JOHN F. CASSIDY,
United Technologies Research Center
ROBERT S. COOPER,
Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corporation
GERALD P. DINNEEN,
National Academy of Engineering
HAROLD B. FINGER,
Potomac, Maryland
NOEL W. HINNERS,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics
THOMAS E. MALONE,
Potomac, Maryland
NORINE E. NOONAN,
Florida Institute of Technology
JAMES R. THOMPSON, jr.,
Orbital Sciences Corporation
ARTHUR B.C. WALKER,
Stanford University
SIDNEY C. WOLFF,
National Optical Astronomy Observatories
RICHARD C. HART, Senior Project Officer
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Senior Project Assistant
ERIN C. HATCH, Research Assistant
NATHANIEL B. COHEN, Consultant
Task Group on Research Prioritization
ROLAND W. SCHMITT,
Clifton Park, New York,
Chair
WILLIAM F. BRINKMAN,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
LARRY W. ESPOSITO,
University of Colorado
DAVID J. McCOMAS,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE,
University of California, Berkeley
MORTON B. PANISH,
Springfield, New Jersey
CARLÉ M. PIETERS,
Brown University
RUDI SCHMID,
University of California, San Francisco
EUGENE B. SKOLNIKOFF,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RICHARD C. HART, Senior Project Officer
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Senior Project Assistant
ERIN C. HATCH, Research Assistant
NATHANIEL B. COHEN, Consultant
Task Group on Technology
ANTHONY W. ENGLAND,
University of Michigan,
Co-chair
JOHN M. HEDGEPETH,
Digisim Corporation,
Co-chair
JOSEPH P. ALLEN,
Space Industries International, Inc.
ROBERT P. CAREN,
Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired)
JOHN J. DONEGAN,
U.S. Navy (retired)
SIMON OSTRACH,
Case Western Reserve University
JUDITH PIPHER,
University of Rochester
ALFRED SCHOCK,
Orbital Sciences Corporation
HENRY PLOTKIN,
NASA (retired),
Technical Advisor
NOEL ELDRIDGE, Project Officer
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Senior Project Assistant
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
CLAUDE R. CANIZARES
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Chair
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG
IBM Corporation (retired)
LAWRENCE BOGORAD
Harvard University
JOSEPH A. BURNS *
Cornell University
JOHN J. DONEGAN
U.S. Navy (retired)
ANTHONY W. ENGLAND
University of Michigan
DANIEL J. FINK
D.J. Fink Associates, Inc.
MARTIN E. GLICKSMAN
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RONALD GREELEY
Arizona State University
BILL GREEN former member,
U.S. House of Representatives
HAROLD J. GUY *
University of California, San Diego
NOEL W. HINNERS
Lockheed Martin Astronautics
JANET G. LUHMANN
University of California, Berkeley
JOHN H. McELROY
University of Texas, Arlington
ROBERTA BALSTAD MILLER
Consortium for International Earth Sciences Information Network
BERRIEN MOORE III
University of New Hampshire
MARY JANE OSBORN
University of Connecticut Health Center
SIMON OSTRACH
Case Western Reserve University
CARLÉ M. PIETERS
Brown University
JUDITH PIPHER *
University of Rochester
MARCIA J. RIEKE
University of Arizona
ROLAND SCHMITT
Clifton Park, New York
JOHN A. SIMPSON
University of Chicago
ARTHUR B.C. WALKER Jr., *
Stanford University
MARC S. ALLEN Director
|
* Former member. |
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
ROBERT J. HERMANN
United Technologies Corporation,
Chair
STEPHEN L. ADLER
Institute for Advanced Study
PETER M. BANKS
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
SYLVIA T. CEYER
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
L. LOUIS HEGEDUS
W.R. Grace and Co.
JOHN E. HOPCROFT
Cornell University
RHONDA J. HUGHES
Bryn Mawr College
SHIRLEY A. JACKSON
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
KEN KENNEDY
Rice University
HANS MARK
University of Texas, Austin
THOMAS A. PRINCE
California Institute of Technology
JEROME SACKS
National Institute for Statistical Sciences
L.E. SCRIVEN
University of Minnesota
LEON T. SILVER
California Institute of Technology
CHARLES P. SLICHTER
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SHMUEL WINOGRAD
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
CHARLES A. ZRAKET
The MITRE Corporation (retired)
NORMAN METZGER Executive Director
