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APPENDIX C
BACKGROUND MATERIALS FOR THE SEMINAR
The first 15 items listed in this appendix were mailed to all
parti cipants prior to the St. Michaels seminar. The items are listed in
the order of the conference sessions for which they provided background
information; notes explain their relevance to the session topic. The
last item is a reading list the staff provided for the CASH participants.
Seen Medic: 1980 Workshop on Applying Cognitive Psychology to Recall
Problems of the National Crime Survey
1. Report of the workshop, Jeffrey C. Moore, rapporteur. Although our
seminar will have a broader focus and will look at applications
largely in health surveys rather than in crime surveys, in a sense we
will be picking up where this workshop left off. Several of the
seminar participants took part in the 1980 workshop.
5~ To:
Background Paper No. ~
Tourangeau, R. (1983) Cognitive Science and Survey Methods. This
paper was written specifically for the seminar. Items 3, 4, and 5
were recommended by Tourangeau as farther background on areas of
cognitive science most relevant to survey design. (The reprised
version of. Tourangeau's paper appears in Appendix A.)
3. Linton, M. (1982) Transformations of memory in everyday life. In tI.
Neisser, ea., Memory Observed 77-91. The author describes an
experiment in memory for everyday events; the experiment (on the
author' ~ own personal memories) covers several years.
4. Abelson, R. (1981) The psychological status of the script concept.
A_~ 36:715-729. Summary, by one of the main
proponents of' the Rescripts concept, of the main evidence for the
influence of scripts on memory and comprehension.
157
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158
5. Nisbett, R., and Ross, L. (1980) _
_ . Engiewood Cliffs, Ad.: Prentice
Hall. Chapter 2. An introduction to work on the
~representativeness" and Availability heuristics.
Session Tools: An Introduction to CAt]
6. Roshwalb et al. (1979) New Methods of Telephone Interviewing: A
S/CATI. Paper presented at XXIII ESQMAR Congress. Describer the
CATI (computer-assisted telephone interviewing) system that will be
available for demonstration and use at our conference.
7. Rustemeyer et al. (1978) Computer-As~isted Telephone Interviewing:
Design Considerations. Presented at the annual meeting of the
American Statistical Association. ~ general introduction to CATI
systems: their advantages, the precise role of computer assistance,
the basic elements Or a system, and some unresolved issues. A
particular system is also described.
Session ToDic: Introduction to HIS (Health Interview Survey)
8. National Center for Health Statistics (1982) ,,,,,,, A,,,
the National Health Interview Survey United States, 1981, Ser. 10,
No. 141. A note attached to the cover of this publication identifies
the sections that should be of particular interest to seminar
participants.
9. Bureau of the Census. i_ _
Ail (excerpts) . The excerpts are: ~ ~ ~ the table of contents for
Parts A, D, and E of the manual (other parts are not relevant to the
interview), and (2) Part D, Chapter 2, General Instructions for Using
the HIS Questionnaires. Host participants should already have the
copies of the HIS core questionnaire and supplement that were
completed when they were interviewed; additional blank copies will be
brought to the meeting. One or two complete copies Or Parts A, D,
and E of the manual will also be available.
_
10. National Center for Health Statistics (1977) · ·~ -~r `~ ! ~ ·o~ ne
1~ ~·~ 00 I Abed lo , Ser. 2, No. 69. Describes the design and
results or several methodological studies, most or which were carried
out by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan for
the NC B in the 1960~. The studies were a. . . designed to test the
effectiveness of certain questionnaire design and interviewing
techniques used in the collection of data on health events in
household interviews and to investigate the role of behaviors,
attitudes, perceptions and information levels of both the respondent
and the interviewer.
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159
~3~: Background Paper No. 2
if. Bradburn, N., and Danis, C. ~1983) Potential Contributions of
Cognitive Sciences to Survey Questionnaire Design. This paper was
written specifically for the seminar. (The revised version appears
in Appendix A.)
I: Other NCHS Surveys
12. National Center for Health Statistics ( 1981 ) ~
I, Ser. 1, No. 16. See note on
cover that identities relevant parts of this report.
Session Topic: The General Social Survey
13. National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago ~ 1982) A
short description of the survey. We will have available at the
seminar a copy of the ~ ~1972-1982), which includes
all of the survey questions used during thin period and marginal
totals for each item in each round of the survey.
Sew TO c:
The National Election Survey
14. Three items are included:
a. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
~ . A one-page
description of the program.
b. The questionnaire $-or the 1982 fall-winter cross-section
inters iew.
Respondent booklet used in conjunction with the
questionnaire,
Seer ToDic: Validity Checks
15. Marquis, R. ~1978) Inferring health inters few response bias from
imperf eat record checks . ~
I. American Statistical Association. Discusses some
problems in determining ~truth" in a survey context. A paper based
on a presentation by Marquis at the St. Michaels seminar appears in
Appendix A.
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160
16. The following list of selected readings in cognitive sciences and
survey methods, prepared by the CASH staff, contains items that were
considered for mailing to all seminar participants, but had to be
omitted in order to stay within reasonable size limits. It was not
meant to be comprehensive in any Sense; there are more complete
listings of relevant items in the reference lists for the two
background papers prepared for the seminar.
A. Books
Bradburn, N.M., Sudman, S. and Associates (1979) Imorov[~c
~ . San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Di~kstra, W., and van der Zouwen, J. (1982) ~~e sehavic~ & n
cue s~v rev. New York: Academic Press
.
Hogarth' R.M.' ed. (1982) Levi 8 1~ 1~_~ a_ ease e_
Cor~13tercv. New Directions for the Methodology of Social and
Behavioral Science, No. 11. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Moss, L., and Goldstein, H., eds. (1979) _
Social Survey. Studies in Education (new series) 9. Windsor,
Ontario: NFER Publishing Company.
Payne, S.L. (1951) ~ ~ ~ _ ~ J~L~YL12~ t1~ Princeton, N.~.:
Princeton University Press.
inhuman. H. . and Preener. S. ( 1q811 Ouestions and An`3`rer.s in
L=_~ =~
Context. New York: Academic Press.
Sudman, S., and Bradburn, N.M. (1974) ~~DQu~ tEL elm :D 9~rz~.
Chicano: A1 dine.
-
~, _ ~ _
Sud man, S.' and Bradburn, N.~. (1982) Asking · ~stior,~ ~
~ . San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
B. ~
Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research. The following
publications in this series describe various methodological studies
related to the National Health Interview Survey.
No. 6 (1g65) Reporting of Hospitalization in the Health interview
Survey.
No. 7 (1965) Health Interview Responses Compared with Medical
Records.
No. ~ (1965) Comparison of Hospitalization Reporting in Three
Survey Procedures.
No. 16 (1966) Identifying Problem Drinkers in a Household Health
Survey.
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161
No. 18 (1966) Interview Responses on Health Insurance Compared with
Insurance Records.
No. 23 (1967) Interview Data on Chronic Conditions Compared with
Information Derived from Medical Records.
No. 26 (1968) The Influence of Interviewer and Respondent
Psychological and Behavioral Variables on the
Reporting in Household Interviews.
No. 41 (1971) Effects of Some Experimental Interviewing Techniques
on Reporting.
No. 45 (1972) Reporting of Health Events in Household Interviews:
Effects of Reinforcement, Question Length, and
Reinterviews.
No. 48 (1972) Interviewing Methods in the Health Interview Survey.
(Reports on a split-panel test with two substantially
different versions of the HIS questionnaire.)
No. 49 (1972) Reporting Health Events in Household Interviews:
Effects of an Extensive Questionnaire and a Diary
Procedure.
No. 50 (1972) Optimum Recall Period for Reporting Persons InJured
in Motor Vehicle Accidents.
No. 54 (1973) Quality Control and Measurement of Non.~pling Error
in the Health Interview Survey.
No. 57 (1973) Net Differences in Interview Data on Chronic
Conditions and Information Derived from Medical
Records.
Series 1, Programs and Collection Procedures. The following
publications in the series are relevant to the Health Interview
Survey or other NCHS household surveys.
No. 1 ~1965) Origin, Program, and Operation of the U.S. National
Health Survey. Reprint of earlier publication.
No. 2 (1964) Health Survey Procedure: Concepts, Questionnaire
Development, and Definitions in the Health Interview
Survey.
No. 11 (1975) Health Interview Survey Procedure: Concepts,
Questionnaire Development, and Definitions in the
Health Interview Survey.
No. 15 (1981) Plan and Operation of the Second National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey: 1976-80.
Other
National Health Interview Survey: Report of the National Committee
on Vital and Health Statistics (1980~. This report of a Technical
Consultant Panel on the Health Interview Survey includes
recommendati ons for changes in the content of the HIS questionnaire.
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162
C. Other Pub],1sh.d Reports
Loftus, E. (1982) Memory and its distortions. In A.G. Eraut, ea., The G.
~g:~. Washington, D. C.: American
Psychological Association. Con~cains some ideas about how to study
memory through survey research.
Marquis, R. ~ 1976 ) ~
~ ~ .. R-2319-HE71
.
Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation.
Schuman, H., and Ralton, G. (1985) Survey methods and interviewing.
Chapter in G. Lindsey and E. AronsoD, eds.,
Pi. 3rd edition. New York: Random House. Available in
.
prepublication form. ~
Schumann, H., Smith, T., and Turner, C. ~1984) Variability in survey
mea~urem~ts of subjective phenomena: empirical results. Chapter 5
in I. Report of the Panel on Surrey
Meanurem~t of SubJective Phenomena, Committee on National
Statistics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. [Available in
prepublication form. ~
Skogan, W. ~1981 ~ And= I,
NCJ-74682. Washington. D.C.:
Bureau of Justice Statistics. An
_
extensive overview of 15 years of methodological development in
refining the methods by which criminal Victimization can be measured
through survey interviews.
D. _
Bower, G., Black, J., and Turner, T. (1979) Scripts in memory for text.
~ 11:177-220. Provides the main empirical support
for script theory.
Einhorn, H., and Hogarth, R. ~1978) Confidence in Judgment: persistence
of the illusion of validity. ~ 85~5~:395-416.
Describes the tendency for people to be overconfident in performing
a range of Judgment tasks.
Erdelyi, M., and RIeinbard, J. (1978) Has Ebbinghaus decayed with
time?: the growth of recall (hypermnesia) over days. Cal of
~ 4~4~:275-289.
Sometimes memory improves over time, particularly in the face of
repeated efforts at recall.
Loftus, E., and Beach, L. (1982) Human inference and Judgment: is the
glass half empty or half full? starr I t~ ~ · ~~w 34:939-956. A
review of R. Nisbett and L. Ross (1980) Rb ~ numb bra
_ . Englewood Cliffs, I..:
Prentice-Hall.
Nisbett, R., and Vilson, T. (1977) Telling more than we can know:
verbal reports on mental processes. ~~ rb~sc I ~ '~ ~~
84~3~:231-259. Describes some limits to self-knowledge and claims
that self-reports reflect our theories of behavior more than a direct
introspective awareness of its causes.
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163
Smith, E., and Rluegel, J. (1982) Cognitive and social bases of.
emotional experience: outcome, attribution, and aff~ec~c. Jou~ of
_ ~ 43~6~:~129-~141. Reports on a
study, based on results from a national survey, of cognition-emotion
links, taking into consideration the social context of the
individual.
E. ~
Givens, J., and Moos, A. ~1 981~ Redesigning the National Health
Interview Survey's Data Collection Instrument. Paper presented to
the American Public Health Association.
Kovar, M., and Wilson, R. (1976) Perceived health -~tatus--how good is
proxy reporting? Pp. 495-500 in
Section. Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association.
Rovar Me, and Wright, R. (1973) An experiment with alternate respondent
rules in the National Health Interview Survey. Pp. 311-316 in
proceedings of the Social Statistics Section. Washington, D.C.:
American Statistical Association.
Massey, J., and Gonzalez, J. (1976) Optimum recall periods for
estimating accidental injuries in the National Health Interview
Survey. Pp. 584-588 in _ ~
Section. Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association.
Massey, J., Marquis, E., and Tortora, R. ~ 1982) Methodological issues
related to telephone surveys by federal agencies. proceedings of the
~ . Washington, D . C .: American Statistical
Association .
Monsees, M., and Massey, J . ~ ~ 979 ~ Adapting procedures for collecting
demographic data in a personal interview to a telephone interview.
Proceedings of. the Social Statistics Section . Washington, D. C .:
American Statistical Association.
Nisselson, H., and Woolsey, T. (1959) Some problems of the household
interview design for the National Health Survey. Journal of the
~ 34~285~:69-87. This article,
published about two years after the start of the National Health
Interview Survey, discusses many of the basic survey design issues
that were addressed in subsequent methodological research.
White, A., and Massey, J. (1981) Selective reduction of proxy response
bias in a household interview survey. Pp. 211-216 in Proceedings of
the Koala' st~ti~u~ ~ton. Washington, D.C.: American
Statistical Association.
F. ~ _¢
Ralton, G., and Schuman, H. (1982) The effect of the question OF survey
responses: a review. ~ ,
Series A, 145, Part I' 42-73. Includes comments by the discussants.
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164
LofLus, B. and Marburger, V. (1983) Since the eruption of Mt. St.
Helens, did anyone beat you up?: improving the accuracy of
retrospective reports with landmark events. be g~_~l ;
11:~14-120.
Sykes, W. (1982) Investigation of the effect of question form. Survey
~ Lt~: I Mel LLtc. Social and Community Planning Research, London.
Includes a classification of question forms used on survey
questionnaires.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
interview survey
