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OCR for page 171
INDEX
Affective carryover effects, 36-37
Age
frequency judgments, ability to
make, 120-21, 123
memory ability relationship,
6-7, 44, 92
perceptions of national history,
38
Aids to memory (cues), 4, 15,
82-83, 104, 105, 111, 114, 1 18
Alternat Ives
choosing between, 109
middle alternatives, 116
Alzheimer's Syndrome (disease),
44
American Association for Public
Opinion Research, 69, 153
American Stat ist ical Associat ion,
69, 153
Anchoring and adjustment, 10, 12,
85-86
Ancillary information, 16
Antonyms, 109
Attitude questions, 14, 16, 35,
36, 87-89, ~ 12
Attitudes, 4, 91
nonattitudes, 87-~8
symbol ic and instrumental, 37
well-formed, 88-89
Attitude scaling techni ques, 90,
~6
Availability heuristic, 85, 122,
~ 24-25
Bias, ~ 7, 65, 86, 9 ~
See also Record checks.
171
Bottom-up processing, 76-77
Bounded recal l , 32 , 119
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2
Bureau of Social Science Research,
2, 149
Categorized words task, 50
Census Bureau, 2, 3, 21, 150, 152
Central processor, 103-4
Chicago, University of, 35, 37
Choice models, 89-90
Closed-format questions, 105,
113-15
Cognitive abilities
new investigation methods, 9
proposed survey topics, 6-7,
44-60
See also Comprehension,
Judgment, Memory.
Cognitive aspects of survey
methodology ~ CASM) seminar
background materials, 7 ~ -72,
150, 157-64
biographical sketcher of.
participants, 1 65-70
follow-up activities 69-70,
153-55
organization and structure,
1_3, 149-55
themes and topics, 3-6
Cognitive failures, 7
Cognitive processes, in survey
response, 35-37, 71, 73-74
Cognitive sciences
improvement of survey
methodology, 10-21
OCR for page 172
172
laboratory-based research on
survey methods, 26-34
research methods of, as
distinguished from survey
methodology, 4, 6, 26-27,
3l, 91-92, 106
study area of, ~
survey methodology,
collaboration efforts, 1-2,
24, 69-70
surveys as cognitive
experiments, 7-8
Committee on National Statistics,
1, 2, 149, 152
Communication errors, ~ 03
Comprehension, 2, ~ 3- ~ 4 , 74-79,
107, 108
Computer-assisted telephone
interviewing (CATI), 15, 17,
151
Conditioning, 32-33
Conditions
See Health.
Confidence measures, 16, 20, 66-68
Conf ident ial ity of responses,
33-34
Consistency, 91
Construct validity, 143
Context
comprehension, 77-78
frequency Judgments, 122
memory, 80, 125
question responses, 7B, ~ 16-19
Conversations, and inter~rlews, ~ 1,
~9
Correlations, form-re~istant, ~ 15
Crime victimization, 2, 62-63
Criterion validity, 143
Cued recall tests, 50
Cues (memory aids), 4, 15, 82-83,
104, 105, 111, 114, 118
Cultural and social differences
attitudes, 38-39
comprehension, ~ 3
illness concepts, 6, 22
memory, 47
motivation,
scripts, ~ 2
Dating events, 35, 37, 105, 123-24
Debriefing, 20
Decision models, 89-90
Deliberate errors, 103
Denial scales, 16
Dichotomous response categories,
~6
Don't known (DK) filters, 115-16
Economic and Social Research
Council, 69
Economic beliefs survey, 7
Education levels, and response
quality, 115
Elimination-by-aspects model, 90
Emotional experiences survey, 7
Emotions
emotional events, memory or, 83
response effects or, 36-37
Encoding specificity, 80, 104, 112
Episodic memory, 45, 49, 79-80,
104, 124
Errors, 4, 1 1
match errors, 134-36
offsetting errors, 143-44
reduction strategies, 13-20
sources of
See Response
types of., 103
Estimates
over- and underestimation,
121-23
past and future behavioral
est imates for self and
others, 65-68
preliminary estimates
(anchors), 10, 12, 85-86
probability estimates, ~ 6
t ime and frequency judgments,
10, 35, 37, ~ 19-25
Estimation strategies, 16
Ethnographic studies, 21
Examples, to clarify questions,
~ 3-14, 15
Factual questions, 86, 87
Fatigue effects, 18
Filters, 1 15-16
Floaters, ~ ~ 5- ~ 6
Forewarning of interview content,
15, 83
Forgetting, 81-82, 92-93, 137,
142-44
Form-resistant correlations, 115
OCR for page 173
173
Fragment completion test, 50
Frames ( schemata, scripts ), 5 ,
1 1-12, 14, 36, 65, 75-76, 88,
104, 109
Free recall tests, 50
Frequency judgments, 10, 35, 37,
1 1 9-25
Gallup survey, 108
General Social Survey, 110 , ~1 7,
153
Health
identification of health
condit ion, 6, 22-23
protocol analysis, 6 1-64
restricted act iffily, 23-24
self-perceptions of, 24
utilization of medical services,
21-22
Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, 23
Health surveys, 23
record-check estimates of
reporting errors, 137-42
See also National Health
Interview Survey.
Homonyms, 79
Human information processing,
model, 103-5
Hypermne~ia, 12-13
Illness concepts .
~ Health.
Information integration theory,
84
Infor mat ion processing, model,
103-5
Institute for Social Research, 150
In~titut fur Demoskopie, 69
Instrumental attitudes, 37
Interfering variables, 9
Interviewers
behavior, improvement strategies
for, 17
response effects, 101, 102
role of, 5, 9, 65, 102
Int erviews
camp u t er- as ~ i ~ t ed t el ephone
interviewing (CATT), 15,
conceptual model, lO
conduct of, 5, ~ 8-20
humanizing, 5, 11, 19
length of ~ respondent burden ?
1e, ~ 18
matching respondent script, ~ 2,
~9
ordinary conversations,
comparison, ~ ~
presence of other persons, 9,
19, 20, ~ 18-19
validation interviews, 8, 20
Judgment, 2, 84-89
frequency judgments, 35,
66-68, 85-87, 119-25
improvement strategies, 15-17
proposed research on, 9-10
Judgmental heuristics, 12, 85-86,
124-25
Justice Statistics, Bureau of,, 2
37,
Landmark events, 15, 123-24
Lie scales, 16, 20
Lon&;-term memory, 45, 49, 79, 80,
103, 104
Luce choice rule, 89-90
Management and Budget, Of rice of,
Match errors, 134-36
Max Planck Society, 69
Medical services
reporting biases, 137-42
utilization or, 21-22
Memory
aids (cues) 4, 15, 82-83, tO4,
105, 111, 114, 118
as associative network, 80
definitions and types of, 45,
79-80
distribution of memory
abilities, 5, 44, 52
episodic memory, 45, 49,
79-80, 104, 124
forgetting, 81-82, 92-93, 137,
142-44
memorable events, 83-84
national and personal history
intersection, 7, 25, 38-43,
123-24
OCR for page 174
174
national memory inventory, 6, memory and memory tents, 45-46
25, 44-60 National Opinion Research Center,
organization of memory, 5, 9 35, 36, 108, 153
proposed research areas, 8-9 National Science Foundation, 1,
proposed survey topics, 6-7 1 52, 153
reconstruction of information, National survey on cognitive
80-81, ~ ~ 3 failures, 7
semantic memory, 45, 49, 79-80, Network, memory as, 80
~ 04, ~ 24 Network sampl ing, 33
written and spoken language, 79 Nonattitudes, 87-~8
Memory errors, ~ 03 "No opinion" response category,
Memory tasks, 46-49 ~1 5- 1 6
Memory tents, 46
national memory inventory, 25,
44-60
Mental health, 23
Metamemory, 7
Michigan, University of
Inst itute for Social Research,
150
Surrey Research Center, ~ 54
Middle alternatives, ~1 6
Milbank Memorial Fund, 69-70
Minnesota Multipha~ic Personality
Inventory, 16
lIultitrace theory, 124
National and personal history
relationship, 7, 25, 38-43,
123-24
National Center for Health
Statistics, 3, 25, 26-34, 150,
152
National Crime Survey, 2, 61
National Elections Survey, 150
National Health Interview
Surrey (NHIS), 6, lO, 14, 1B,
19, 21-24, 61, 118
as focus of CASM seminar, 3,
149-55
an test Vehicle for laboratory
research on survey methods,
26-34
National Medical Care Utilization
and Expenditure Survey, 23
National memory inventory, 6, 25,
44-60
battery description, 46-50
data collection and analysis,
50-52
instructions, materials, tests,
52-59
Office of Management and Budget,
Offsetting errors, 143-44
Open-ended questions, 89, 105,
113-15
Opinion (attitude) questions, 14,
16, 35, 36, 8?-89, 112
Optimism, 93
Oral presentation, 78-79
Overreporting, 119, 144
Paired-a~sociate tasks, 50
Part-net cuing, 13
Personal history
national history relationship,
7, 25, 38-43
survey question order, 14
Practice effects, 121
Presentation mode, 78-79
Primacy effects, 42
Primary memory, 45
Prior knowledge, 77
Proactive inhibition, 14
Probability estimates, 16
Protocol analysis, 12, 20, 61-64
Proper respondents, 33, 66-68
Question order
affective carryover effects,
36-37
as interpretive context, ~ 4, 78,
116-~8
interviewer discretion to
determine, 17
and organization of memory, 5,
9, 12, 14, 19
and proactive inhibit ion, ~ 4
OCR for page 175
175
Questions
additional questions to
produce addit tonal
information, 62
att itude quest ions, ~ 4, ~ 6, 35,
36, 87-89, ~ ~ 2
closed-format questions, ~ 05,
1 1 3- 1 5
different interpretations by
respondents, 6, ~ 3- ~ 4, 77-78,
~ 07-8
different questions on same
topic, ~ 08-9
to elicit reasons, 35, 36
filter and floater options,
1 15-16
focus of attention in, ~ ~ 2- ~ 3
generality/specificity
dimension, 110-~1
lengthening i ntroduction to,
111, 118 4, 6, 26-27, 31, 91-92, 106
open-ended quest ions, 89- ~ 05, laboratory-based research on
survey methods, 26-34
material to be recalled unknown
to researcher, 9
tools for methodological
Recognition memory, 50, 80
recall distinguished from, 105,
~4
Reconstruction of information,
80-~1, 113
Record checks, 8, 9, 20, 72,
130-47
basic logic of, 130-32
matching errors, 134-36
net survey response bias,
132-37, 142-45
report ing errors in health
surveys, 137-42
Reference periods, ~ 5, 22
Reporting biases, 91
Beg also Record checks.
Representativeness heuristic, 85
Research methods
cognitive ~ciences/survey
research methodology compared,
113-15
types of, 35, 86-87
Question wording and context
and response effects, 14 , 36 ,
102-3, 106-13
Randomized response, 33
Rating scales, 90, 116
Reasons, quest ions to el ~ c ~ t,
35-37, 87
Recall, 2
bounded recall, 32, 119
improvement strategies, ~4-15,
65-66
protocol analysis, 12, 20, 61-64
question order effect on, 5, 9,
12, 14, 19
question wording effect on, 112
recognition distinguished from,
105, 114
as reconstruction, 80-~1, 113
retrieval order, 62, 63
telescoping' 9, 31-32, 111, 119,
143-44
validation procedures, 8, 9,
20-21, 130-147
Recall interval, 143-45
Recall tents, 50
Recency effects, 42
research, 20-21
Respondent burden, 118
Respondents
choice of respondents, 19-20
cognitive process involved in
survey responding, 35-37,
73-74
debriefing, 20
interactions among household
members, 9, 19, 2O, ~18-19
interview behavior, ~ 8-20
interview role of, 101-2
motivation, 18-19
multiple respondents, 19-20
preserving anonymity of, 33-34
proxy respondent, 33, 66-68
response effects, 101, 102
Response categories, l] 3- 1 6
Response effects/errors, 1l,
13-17, 71-72, 101-29
conceptual model, ~ O 1-3
contextual meaning and, ~16-19
of emotions, 36-37
human information processing,
model, 1 03-5
perceptions of confidentiality
and, 33-34
OCR for page 176
176
question wording and, 36, 102-3,
106-13
response categories, 113-16
survey and cognitive research
tradit ions compared, 106
temporal memory and, 119-25
Response select ion, 89-90
Rest periods, 14
Restricted activity
See Health.
Retrieval
f~ Recall.
Retrieval cues (memory aids), 4,
82-83, 104, 105, 111, 114, 118
Royal Statistical Society,
Salience, 16, ~ 19, 123, 125
Satisficing rules, 90
Schemata, scripts (frames), 5,
~ 1-12, 14, 36, 65, 75-76, 88,
104, 109
Secondary memory, 45
Self-enumeration, 34
Selt-report data, 5
compared with proxy reports,
66-68
Semantic memory, 45, 49, 79-80,
104, 124
Sensitive items, 16, 33-34, 10S,
142
Sensory memory, 79
Short-term memory, 45, 49, 79,
103, 104
Social Science Research, Bureau
or, 2, 149
Social Science Research Council
(United Kingdom), ~
Social Science Research Council
(United States), 70, 153
Spacing effects, 121, 122, 125
Split-ballot studies, 20, 21, 36,
106
Squish effects, 123
Stereotypes, BB
Stores, ~ 06
Strength models, 124
Survey bias
Gee Record checks.
Survey methodology
cognitive sciences,
collaboration efforts, 1-2,
24, 69-70
improvement strategies, 10-2
laboratory-based research on
26-34
research methods of, as
distinguished from cognitive
sciences 4, 6, 26-27, 31,
91-92, 106
Survey Research Center, 154
Surveys
as cognitive experiments, 7-8
methodological research
component, 1 1
proposed research areas, 8-10
proposed surveys on cognitive
abilities, 6-7
reliability assessments, 1 1
See al so Interviews.
Symbolic attitudes, 37
Synonyms, 109
Telescoping, 9, 3t-32, ~ ~ 1, 119,
~ 43-44
Temporal memory, ~ 0, 35, 37, ~ 05,
~ ~ 9-25
Threshold process models, 116
Time for retrieval, ~ 43-45
Top-down processing, 75-76
Trait models, ~ 1 5-16
Underreporting, 6, 8-9, ~ 2- ~ 3,
15, 21-23, ~ 1B, 144
United Kingdom,
Utilization
See Health.
Validation interviews, 8, 20
Val idity checks, 20-2 ~ .
See also Record checks.
Verbatim memory, 80-~1
Videotaped inters dews, ~ 7, 20, ~ 53
Visual aide, to clarity questions,
~4
Wechaler Memory Scale, 46
Yale University, 35
Zentrum fur Umtragen und
Methodische Analyze, 69
Representative terms from entire chapter:
record checks
