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OCR for page 607
Index
A
Agricultural impacts
air pollutants and fallout, 130
farming methods, 376-377, 400
grain crops, 123, 127- 130, 132, 194,
284, 286, 375-376, 558, 577; see also
Food
growing seasons, 118, 126, 130, 164, 286
precipitation changes, 123, 286, 400
reduced energy inputs, 127-128, 376, 558
soil deterioration and losses, 286, 400
sunlight reductions, 123, 127
temperature declines, 118- 119, 123- 130,
286, 558, 584
Air pollutants, 124-125, 130
Alcoholism
British military, 504-505
personnel screening for, 510, 512-516,
518
security risks because of, 506-508
Soviet military, 503
U.S. military, 496-498, 500
American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
5-6
American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS), 4-5
American Physical Society, 6
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 6
607
Antinuclear activism, 457-459, 462, 472,
476
Arab-Israeli War, 361, 488-489
Arms control studies, 4
Arms race, psychology of power in,
474-484; see also National leaders/
decision makers
Atmospheric effects and responses
chemically induced, 112- 114, 156,
163-164
convective cloud formation from fire
plumes, 108-109, 159
environmental stresses associated with,
156
ozone layer reductions, 112-113, 156,
160-163, 320, 584
photochemical smog formation, 163-164
radioactive cloud dispersal, 169
smoke-related, 95, 110-112, 137,
146-148, 184, 584
stratospheric injection of fallout, 106, 179,
184, 195
structural modification, 143, 148, 154,
184
sulfuric acid removal, 164
uncertainties in assessments of, 137
see also Climatic impacts and responses;
Nuclear winter; Tropopause;
Troposphere
OCR for page 608
608
Attitudes and perceptions
adult modal beliefs, 445-448, 461, 482,
584
adult modal feelings, 448-451, 468-473
aftermath expectations, 446-448
based on The Day After and Hiroshima
Nagasaki: 1945 docudramas, 452-457,
563
Canadian youth, 419-420
children's and adolescents', 295-296,
413-432, 435-443, 449, 467, 471, 584
cognitive and emotional stances, 449
European youth, 421-424
false consensus bias, 461
foreign policy, 450-451
New Zealand youth, 420-421
nuclear power plant risks, 468
powerlessness and resignation, 436, 470
researcher, clinician feelings, 428-429
salience of nuclear war issue, 452-462,
470, 472
Scandinavian youth, 418, 421, 435-443
sources of consensus in, 451-457
Soviet youth, 421-422
see also Denial; Hope
B
BEIR report, 225-226, 329, 331
Black rain, see Precipitation scavenging
Blast effects
energy distribution, 26-27, 105, 274
injuries, 264-267, 276, 321, 353, 361,
366
nuclear weapons yield and, 26-27, 38,
105
overpressure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
26, 29-32, 61-64, 79
range from detonation and, 61-62, 210
shock wave development, 19-27, 30-31,
265
structural damage, 19, 22-28, 31-33, 59,
77-79, 274, 384
wind generation, 19-20
see also Casualties; Fatalities; Nuclear
detonations
Blast scaling, see Scaling, blast
Brown, Harold, 6
Burns
blood and fluid requirements for, 361-362
facilities for treating, 357-358
INDEX
immune system suppression from,
320-321
types and treatment of, 24, 258, 267-269
see also Casualties; Fatalities; Injuries/
number of injured
C
Cancer incidence
breast cancer, 331
calculation of, 331-332
latency period, 330, 333
leukemia, 329-330, 333-335
malignant solid tumors, 330, 333-335
radiation exposure, 202, 225-226, 228,
329-335
toxic chemicals, 158- 159
ultraviolet-B radiation, 320
Carcinogens, 158-159; see also Toxic
chemicals/substances
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 6
Casualties
anti-industrial attack, 17, 67-68
antipopulation attack, 17, 69
blast and fire, 228
burn, 352
calculation sensitivities, 208; see also
Models/modeling; Scaling, blast
counterforce attack, 208-209, 218-230
economic and social collapse, 230
fallout, 223-226, 228
Hiroshima, 211
mass management of, 251-263, 269-278;
see also Triage
medical personnel, 354-357
number requiring medical treatment, 16
radiation, 234, 352
relative to range from detonation, 61-62,
210, 236
rules for predicting, 60-69; see also
Models/modeling; Scaling, blast
superfire, 16- 17, 58
trauma, 352-353
U.S. Civil War, 257
U.S. Department of Defense estimates of,
209, 220, 229-230
World War I, 258
World War II, 308-309
see also Fatalities; Injuries/number of
. . .
matures
Chemicals, see Toxic chemicals/substances
OCR for page 609
INDEX
Civil defense, 83, 293, 317, 382
Civil War (U.S.), mass casualty management
during, 255-257, 262, 274, 277-278
Climatic impacts and responses
aerosols causing, 102
black rain, 97
diurnal cycle, 573
precipitation changes, 111, 123- 125, 286,
400, 569
smoke-induced, 97-98, 141
sunlight reductions, 118, 122-123, 127,
557
temperature declines, 98, 110- 111,
118-119, 123-130, 139, 142, 152-
153, 156, 286, 557, 569, 571
see also Nuclear winter
Coolidge, Calvin, 543
Cuban missile crisis, 221, 488, 540-541
D
Deaths, see Casualties; Fatalities; Mortality
rates
Decision making, see Foreign policymaking;
National leaders/decision makers
Defense systems, efficacy of, 82, 208; see
also Civil defense; Strategic defense;
Strategic Defense Initiative
Denial
active, of nuclear war risk, 436, 467-468
dangers of, 468
distinction between hope and, 471
forms of, 469-471
public reaction to nuclear weapons
policies, 296
response to disaster warnings, 297, 563
survival mechanism, 468
Developing countries
food needs and availability postwar, 374-
377
impacts of nuclear war on, 288-289, 584
medical resources supply vs. demand,
370-374
Disaster analogies
Bhopal, India, chemical gassing, 303
categorization of, 291-292, 294
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 292-
293, 302, 304-305, 562-563
epidemics, 233
floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes, 293,
297, 299-300, 303
609
Hyatt Hotel collapse (1981), 275
Mount St. Helens eruption, 301
Texas City fertilizer ship fire, 266, 271,
351
Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident,
302, 303, 492-494
World War II bombing raids, 307-313
see also Fires, urban
Disaster Responses
disaster syndrome, 304-305
physicians, 278
postdisaster behavior, 303-307
psychopathic behavior, 305
role conflict in emergency personnel, 306,
383
scapegoat-finding, 306
see also Human behavior; Psychological
processes and problems
Disaster warnings
effects of, 301-302
responses to, 296-297
source credibility, 299-300, 383
studies of, 297-302
timing of, 298-301
Drug abuse by military personnel, 495-500,
503-508, 510, 513-515, 584
Drugs, medical
production worldwide, 371-372, 392-395
supply and post-nuclear-war demand,
363-365
E
Early Warning System, failure in, 494
Economic impacts
critical industries, 409
EMP damage to electronic systems,
384-385
food production, 374-375
long-term health problems, 386-387
monetary systems, 385-386, 388,
401-402, 405-406
pharmaceutical industry, 392-395
recovery prospects, 387-388, 403-404
reliability of projections, 388
trading patterns, 388, 402-403
treatment of surviving capital, 403, 406
warnings of war, 382-383
see also Energy impacts
Ecosystems
effects of atmospheric oxidants on, 164;
OCR for page 610
610
see also Atmospheric effects and
responses
effects of nuclear war-induced stresses on,
118-122, 124-125, 574
human carrying capacity of, 559
needs for modeling capabilities,
573-576
recovery prospects of, 122-123, 574,
576-577
Educators for Social Responsibility, 413,
430
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
damage caused by, 106, 292, 384-386,
401, 405
effect on medical systems and supplies,
370, 386, 395
effect on relief operations, 290
generation of, 406
protection against, 384
Energy impacts
domestic oil and gas reserves, 388,
396-400
energy-intensiveness of economic sectors,
396-397
recovery prospects, 395-400, 405
Extinction of species, 560, 574
Fallout, global
agricultural effects of, 130
atmospheric distribution of, 185- 187, 223
atmospheric test-related, 340
casualties from, 223-226, 228
components of, 179
deposition pasterns, 115, 179-180, 188,
197, 226-227
doses from, 114-115, 180-190; see also
Radiation doses
ecosystem vulnerabilities to, 124-124
genetic effects of, 343
hotspots, 115, 186, 189
impact on humans, 198-199, 202
nuclear fuel cycle facility contribution to,
195-198, 340
from perturbed atmosphere, 184- 186, 190
rainout of, 185, 189
seasonal effects on, 182, 188
from unperturbed atmosphere, 180-183
Fallout, local
calculation of, 176- 179
INDEX
definition, 168
deposition patterns, 169-172, 174-178,
189
doses from, 106, 114, 168, 171-176, 189;
see also Radiation doses
enhancement of effects of, 178-179
generation of, 106
genetic effects of, 343
height-of-burst effects on, 221, 223
impact on humans, 199-202
levels from massive attack, 354
multiburst models for, 174-179
nuclear fuel cycle facility contribution to,
194-195
oncological effects of, 333-334
particle sizes, 169
protection against, 173-174; see also
Radiation protection factors; Shelters/
sheltering
rainout of, 169-170
settling velocities, 169
single-weapon model for, 170-174
uncertainties in calculation of, 114, 168,
178-179, 190, 199-200
wind effects on, 226-227, 229-230
Fatalities
1-Mt airburst, 215
anti-industrial attacks, 67
antipopulation attacks, 16
blast and fire, 58, 228
cancer, 333
casualty rules in predicting, 60-69; see
also Models/modeling
counterforce attack, 208-209, 227-228
fallout, 200-201, 226
Hiroshima, 51, 61-62, 65, 211, 233, 236
levels of toxic agents causing, 45, 50
limited nuclear attacks, 208
prediction of, see Models/modeling
primary mechanism for, 118
radiation sickness, 224, 228
relative to ground zero, 61-65, 210, 236
in shelters, 43-44, 57-58, 94
superf~res, 59-66
weapon yield effects on estimates of, 67
World War II incendiary raids, 51, 75
see also Casualties; Mortality rates
Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA)
crisis relocation strategy, 382
OCR for page 611
INDEX
CRP-2B scenario of massive nuclear war,
350-366, 383-384, 389-392, 396,
398, 401, 405, 561
population distributions around nuclear
targets, 216
Fire gases
amounts generated by superf~res, 41-43
carbon dioxide, 41-44, 46, 48
carbon monoxide, 41-43, 45, 47-48, 56,
58
effects on ecosystems, 124-125
hydrogen cyanide, 41-43
physiological effects of, 44-46, 48, 50
sulfur dioxide, 41-43, 48, 50
see also Nitrogen oxides
Fires, urban
characteristics of, 80-86
development and spread of, 85-86
Dresden, Germany, 34, 75, 83, 87, 94
Hamburg, Germany, 38, 44, 51-58,
75-77, 87, 94, 309
history of, 73-80
London incendiary raids, 55
modeling of, 81-85
nuclear-nonnuclear contrasted, 81-82; see
also Disaster analogies
range of, 73
summary of experience on, 81
Tokyo, Japan, incendiary raids, 51, 53, 75
see also Superf~res
Firestorms, see Superf~res
Food
contamination of, 164
grain stores and crops, 123, 127- 130,
132, 194, 375-376, 558
interdependence of countries for,
288-289, 374-375
production disruptions, 131-132, 134,
164, 284-286, 374-376
sanitation and preservation of, 287
transport disruptions, 284-285
world reserves of, 284
see also Agricultural impacts
Food chain, radioactive contamination of,
188-190, 287
Foreign policymaking
coping with issue complexity and
inadequate information, 537-539,
544-545
crisis-induced stress impacts on, 529-545
611
efficacy of devil's advocates in, 549
groupthink, 544
minimization of impediments to
information processing, 546-550
nonstress factors affecting quality of, 546
organizational behavior, 545
problems arising in, 547
small-group dynamics, 542-545, 548-549
subsystems for, 536-537
see also National leaders/decision makers
Forrestal, James, 531
G
Genetic effects
calculation of, 341
cases of, 343
from 1 million manrem, 342
future generations, 343-344
post-nuclear-war response to, 344-345
radiation doses associated with, 338-340,
343
Geneva Conventions of 1949, 254, 255
Goldberger, Marvin, 3
Great Britain
instability in military personnel, 504-505
youth perceptions of nuclear war threat in,
421
Growing seasons, 118, 126, 130, 164, 286
H
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
blast overpressure and thermal energy at,
26, 29-32, 61-64, 79
cancer incidence in survivors, 329-330
casualty management by, 269, 278
fatalities in, 51, 61-62, 65, 211, 233, 236
firestorm area in, 29, 33, 63, 77-80,
211-213
genetic effects in offspring of survivors,
341, 344
LDso radiation doses, 224-225, 234, 577
personal accounts of bombing, 309-313
radiation exposure in, 235-247, 339
structural damage in, 77-79
teratogenic effects in offspring of
survivors, 344
weapon yield at, 210, 309
Hope
children's sources of, 436
distinction between denial and, 471
OCR for page 612
612
grounds for, created by new technologies,
482-483
see also Attitudes and perceptions
Hotline, upgrading of, 7
Human behavior
adult actions regarding nuclear war threat,
451-461; see also Antinuclear activism;
Sun~ivalism
decision making under crisis-induced
stress, 493-494, 529-548
disaster syndrome, 304-305
postdisaster, 303-307
psychology of power in national leaders,
474-484
response to disaster warnings, 296-303 Long, Frank, 6
role conflict in emergency personnel, 306,
383
see also Denial; Sociological impacts
Immune system suppression
after burns and trauma, 320-321
clinical experience on, 319-320
induced by stress, depression, and
bereavement, 321-322
by ionizing radiation, 249, 318-319, 559
malnutrition-induced, 322-323
mechanism of, 319
similarity to AIDS, 323-324, 559, 577
by ultraviolet-B radiation, 163, 319-320
Injuries/number of injured
anti-industrial attacks, 67
blast, see Blast effects
casualty rules in predicting, 60-66
distribution of, from massive attack, 351
352
massive exchange, 350-354
range from detonation and, 61-62, 215
relative to number of surviving physicians,
262, 271-274
thermal, 367; see also Burns
U.S. Civil War, 257
urban nuclear attacks, 272-273, 275-276,
366
Vietnam War, 261
World War I, 258
see also Casualties; Medical/physiological
effects
International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP), 329, 331, 334, 341
INDEX
International Physicians for Prevention of
Nuclear War (IPPNW), 3
J
Japan, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
Johns Hopkins School of Advanced
International Studies, 6
Johnson, Lyndon B., 543
K
Kennedy, John F., 540
Kennedy, Robert, 541
L
M
Mass fires, see Superfires
Media, see News media
Medical effectiveness measures, 261
Medical facilities
during conventional wars, 256-261
Medical Unit, Self-Contained,
Transportable (MUST), 260-261
supply and post-nuclear-war demand, 263,
355, 357-358, 367-369, 561
Medical organizations active in nuclear war
prevention, 3
Medical resources
blood and blood products, 358-362, 365,
368-370
casualty ratio, 262
equipment and supplies, 275, 353, 356,
364, 368, 372-374
personnel, 271-274, 354-357, 367-369,
386
supply vs. post-nuclear-war demand,
350-374, 386, 392-395, 584
see also Drugs, medical
Medical transport
conventional wars, 256-261
nuclear war, 274-275, 354-366
Medical treatment
conventional wars, 257-260
nuclear war, 274-275
radiation victims, 235
time constraints on, 262, 353-354
Medical/physiological effects
anoxia, 45-46
carbon dioxide exposure, 44-47
OCR for page 613
INDEX
carbon monoxide exposure, 45, 47, 56, 58
heat exposure, 44-45, 57
hematopoietic syndrome, 234, 319
hypovolemia, 277
malnutrition, 132, 249-250, 287,
322-323
radiation exposure, 201-202, 224-225;
see also Radiation sickness
of smoke and soot, 48
starvation, 287-288, 322, 558, 572
toxic chemical exposure, 157-160
tuberculosis, 323
ultraviolets radiation increases, 163, 320
see also Blast effects; Burns; Genetic
effects; Immune system suppression;
Injuries/number of injured
Military personnel, instability
effects of crisis-induced stress, 493-494,
562
psychiatric problems, 499-501, 506,
512-515, 584
substance abuse, 495-500, 503-508, 510,
513-515, 584
see also Nuclear weapons handling;
Personnel Reliability Program
Models/modeling
biases in, 178
cancer fatalities, 333
casualties from nuclear attacks, 16-17; see
also Casualties; Scaling, blast;
Scenarios/reference cases
conflagration, 17, 67-68, 81-85, 208,
212-214, 270-271
cookie cutter, 17, 60, 67-68
ecological and agricultural systems, 119,
128-130, 568, 573
fallout casualties, 223-227
fallout from escalating nuclear exchange,
176-179, 189-190
fission products injected into atmosphere,
181
global climate, 144, 568-569
GLODEP2, 179-182, 184-186, 188, 197
GRANTOUR, 182, 184-186, 199
influence of casualty rules on, 60, 208
KDFOC2, 170, 189
local fallout from multiple detonations,
174-176
local fallout from single burst, 170-174
military targets, 174
613
nuclear winter, 144, 575-576
overpressure, see Scaling, blast
postwar economic recovery, 388-389
radiation casualties, 248
radiative and climatic effects of smoke
injection, 98
smoke-induced atmospheric perturbations,
110, 139-141, 143-153
superfire environments, 86-94
superfire fatalities, 59-66
toxic gas concentrations in superfires,
41-42
uncertainties, 114, 137, 168, 178-179,
190, 199-200, 556-557, 566-573
urban fires, 81-85
WSEG-10, 223-224
Mortality rates
as a function of time after detonation,
236-240, 243
cancer victims, 330-331, 333
hospitalized casualties, 278, 261
injured in urban nuclear attacks, 273, 277
radiation-related, 224, 233-250, 278
relative to distance from ground zero, 233,
240-246, 248
treatment delays and, 270
see also Fatalities
Mutagens, 157
Mutations, 343-344; see also Genetic effects
N
Nagasaki, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Japan
Nasser, G., 541
National Academy of Sciences, 3-4
National leaders/decision makers
burdens imposed on, by military forces,
485
conceptual assimilation of nuclear and
conventional weapons by, 479-480
coping patterns of, 532-533, 546-548
crisis impact on managerial capacities and
performance of, 487-489, 529-550,
534-535, 539-542, 584
demonstration of resolve by, 480-481
ego defense mechanisms, 533
emotional instigators of violence in,
476-477
faith in weaponry, 478-479
OCR for page 614
614
medical support system for, 550
mental health of, 531-532
negative control of nuclear weapons by,
486
nuclear weapons management by,
485-489
perception of the enemy, 477-478
personal characteristics of, 475-476
resistance to public pressure for
disarmament, 474-475
stress indicators in, 535-536
see also Foreign policymaking
Nehru, J., 541
Nevada Test Site, 24
News media
credibility attributed to disaster warnings
by, 299-300
effects on adult feelings, beliefs, and
actions regarding nuclear war, 452-457
youth attitudes toward, 437
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
ozone reduction by, 112- 113, 136, 160-
163
physiological effects of, 48
Nixon, Richard M., 546
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
254
Nuclear detonations
airbursts, 18-28, 106, 385; see also
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
blast energy distribution from, 26-27,
105, 274
crater formation, 384
fireball formation and characteristics,
18-24, 28, 83-84, 106
height-of-burst implications, 19, 30, 61,
77, 82, 105, 200
incendiary effects of, 17-28, 105-106;
see also Superfires
on missile silos, 223
multiburst damages, 82
mushroom cloud formation, 21, 24
peak energy output from, 15, 30, 79
over rural targets, 97
shock wave development, 19-27, 30-31,
265
in space, 106
structural damage from, 19, 22-28,
31-33, 59, 77-79, 274, 384
surface burst damage, 82-83, 106, 108,
INDEX
136; see also Fallout
thermal energy distribution from, 27, 30,
83-85, 105
winds accompanying, 19, 22
see also Models/modeling; Scenarios/
reference cases
Nuclear fuel cycle facilities
adult perceptions of risk from, 468
fallout from attacks on, 195-198, 340
potential sources of fallout, 191-192, 194
radiological doses from attacks on, 115,
179, 190-193
reactor core integrity, 191-192
Three Mile Island accident, 302, 303,
492-494
Nuclear targets
number of, 310
populations around, 216, 218
strategic, in U.S., 216, 218, 221-222
see also Scenarios/reference cases
Nuclear terrorism, U.S.-Soviet agreement
on, 7
Nuclear war
characteristics of the issue of, 427-428
direct and indirect effects contrasted,
117-118
images and risk perceptions, see Attitudes
and perceptions
inadvertent, 530, 585; see also Nuclear
weapons handling
need for youth education on, 429-431,
563
population distributions after, 132- 134
prevention activities, 431-432, 436
risks to noncombatants, 288-289,
370-375, 558
scientific community's role in preventing,
1-11
socioeconomic structure after, 285
stresses induced by, 118-119
toxic environments following, 155-165
warnings of, 382-383
Nuclear weapons
arsenals, 106, 161, 216, 221, 486,
520-524
command and control of, 479, 485-489;
see also Nuclear weapons handling
ICBMs, 176-177, 220, 221, 230, 504,
507, 520, 523
Minuteman missiles, 222, 520
OCR for page 615
INDEX
Multiple, Independently Targetable,
Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs), 161
negative control of, 486
radioactivity from, 167-168; see also
Fallout
submarine-based ballistic missiles, 221,
507, 521, 523
tactical, 115, 179, 190, 504
theater, 115, 504, 507
Nuclear weapons handling
British military, 505
character of the work, 491-495
factors affecting performance, 492-495,
501-502, 584
ICBM launch crews, 491, 507
improving working conditions for, 519
instability of personnel, 490-519
managerial demands of, 485-489
personnel screening for, see also
Personnel Reliability Program
psychiatric problems and, 499-501, 506,
512-515, 584
security risks, 505-509, 512
Soviet military, 504
submarine patrol crews, 491-493, 501,
507-508
substance abuse and, 495-500, 503-508,
513-515, 584
U.S. military, 498-499, 501
in underground bases, 491-492
Nuclear weapons yield
EMP effects relative to, 385
fatality estimates relative to, 67
mass fire generation and, 38, 94
radiation dose relative to, 182-183
thermal and blast effects relative to, 26
27, 38, 105
Nuclear winter
absorption optical depth leading to, 102
103
contribution of plastics to, 98-103
duration of, 557
physical mechanism, 97, 141-142, 156
prevention of photochemical smog
formation by, 164
reliability of studies of, 556-557,
566-573
smoke contribution to, 97
studies of, 97, 560-561
support for theory, 98
615
o
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA)
airburst casualty estimates, 61-64, 210
damage estimates, 384-385
Detroit, Michigan, nuclear attack scenario,
366-370
review of DOD casualty estimates, 220
Ozone depletion, 112-113, 156, 160-163,
320, 584
p
Panofsky, Wolfgang, 3
Personnel Reliability Program
decertifications by, 510, 512-517
positions under jurisdiction of, 509
qualifying standards for, 509
screening procedure, 509-510
Soviet counterpart of, 510-511
strengthening of, 515, 517-519
violations of security rules of, 512
weaknesses of, 511-515
Pharmaceutical production, see Drugs,
medical
Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), 3
Planetary Society, 6
Plastics
contribution to nuclear winter, 98-103
optical perturbations from combustion of,
102
production, use, and properties, 98-102
treatment with flame and smoke
retardants, 102
Policymaking, see Foreign policymaking;
National leaders/decision makers
Pollutants, see Air pollutants; Fire gases;
Smoke; Toxic chemicals/substances
Populations
around military-industrial targets, 216-218
around strategic nuclear targets, 216-218
Precipitation scavenging
of smoke, 97, 109, 112-114, 142-143,
145-146, 158
of toxic chemicals, 113- 114
see also Climatic impacts and responses
Prodefense activism, 459-460
Psychiatric problems
in national leaders, 531-532
in nuclear weapons personnel, 499-501,
506, 512-515, 584
OCR for page 616
616
postdisaster psychopathic behavior, 305
Psychological processes and problems
of general public, see Attitudes and
perceptions; Disaster responses; Human
behavior; Stress, psychological
hazard perceptions, 291-292, 296, 383;
see also Attitudes and perceptions
instability in military personnel, 490-519;
see also Nuclear weapons handling
leadership-related, see Foreign
policymaking; National leaders/decision
makers; Stress, crisis-induced
mental health in leaders, 531-532
of nuclear arms race, see Arms race;
Foreign policymaking; National leaders/
decision makers
substance abuse by military personnel,
495-500, 503-508, 513-515, 584
theory of bounded rationality, 303
see also Denial; Disaster responses
Psychosocial perceptions, see Attitudes and
perceptions
Psychosocial studies
adult beliefs, feelings, and actions
regarding nuclear war, 141-462
children's and adolescents' perceptions of
nuclear war threat, 413-443
international, 418-422
methodological issues, 424-427, 437-439
qualitative, 422-424
questionnaires, 417-422, 435-443
systematic sampling for, 415-417
see also Attitudes and perceptions;
Research and studies on nuclear war
Pugwash, activities of, 5
Pyrotoxins, see Fire gases; Toxic chemicals/
substances
R
Rabin, I., 541
Radiation, beta, effects of, 115, 168, 179
Radiation, gamma
biological repair of damage from, 199,
200, 224, 226
cancer incidence from, 202, 225-226,
228, 329-335
decay of, 168- 169
dose projections, 114- 115, 172- 174
factors influencing amounts dispersed,
168, 172
INDEX
genetic effects of, 337-344
hematological effects of, 224
human sensitivity to, 224-225
immune system impairment by, 318-319
insect resistance to, 286, 559-560
prodromal effects, see Radiation sickness
teratogenic effects of, 344
see also Fallout
Radiation, neutron
fallout estimates, 172-173
LDso relative to ground zero, 247
Radiation, ultraviolet-B
cancer incidence from, 320
ecosystem impacts, 124-125, 163, 286
effect on plastics, 100
increases in, 113, 124-125, 130, 136,
156, 162-163, 573, 584
Radiation doses
from attacks on nuclear power plants,
196-197
bases for, 247
bone marrow, 248
buildup of, 181
calculation of, from single bursts, 170-
172
cancer incidence and, 331-332
doubling method for calculating, 341
genetically significant, 337-340, 343
global human population, 181, 190, 196
immunosuppression-related, 319
ingestion and inhalation, 168, 179, 187-
190
internal total body dose, 189
LDso, 200, 224-225, 233-235, 239-241,
245, 247-250, 319, 559, 577, 583
leukemia-related, 330
organ, 247
peak equivalent residual, 224
sensitivity to warhead yield, 182-183
in shelters, 247; see also Radiation
protection factors
to survivors, 332, 335, 338-340
total cumulative external, 339-340
whole-body, from major exchange, 181,
198-199
Radiation protection factors, 173-174, 189,
200-201, 223-224, 226, 248-249
Radiation sickness
medical supply needs, 362
mortality rate, 224
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INDEX
prodromal symptoms, 199, 202
see also Medical/physiological effects
Radionuclide releases
cesium-137, 188, 287
iodine-131, 187
strontium-90, 187-188, 194, 287
Research and studies on nuclear war
concerned with avoidance, 4-5, 10- 11
environmental consequences, 96-97
recommendations for, 115- 116, 123,
426-427
see also Psychosocial studies
Risk perceptions, see Attitudes and
perceptions
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 546
S
Scaling laws for dose calculations, 171-172;
see also Models/modeling, conflagration
Scaling, blast
of 100-city reference case, 64-65
of Hiroshima data, 63, 67
sensitivity of, 17, 67-68, 208, 210-214,
227
Scandinavian youth, 418, 421, 435-443
Scenarios/reference cases
6,500-Mt exchange, 138-139, 161-162
Detroit, Michigan, 366-370
FEMA CRP-2B scenario of massive
nuclear war, 350-366, 383-384, 389
392, 396, 398, 401, 405, 561
military-industrial targets, 67-68, 107,
208-209, 216
New York City, 272-278, 354
nuclear reactor attacks, 195-196
nuclear winter, 102-116
Omaha, Nebraska, 272-273, 276
OTA, 366-370
SCOPE/ENUWAR, 104-135, 168, 176,
187, 197-199, 556
strategic nuclear targets, 216, 218, 220
222
urban targets, 17-28, 51, 61, 67-68, 208,
269, 272-273
Washington, D.C., 272-273, 276
see also Models/modeling
Scientific Committee on Problems of the
Environment (SCOPE) Environmental
Effects of Nuclear War (ENUWAR)
report, 96, 104-135, 168, 176, 187,
617
197-199, 556
Segdaev, R.Z., 6
S helters/sheltering
fatalities in, 43-44, 57-58, 94
in Hiroshima, Japan, 238
protection factors provided by, 173, 189,
200-201, 223-224
in Soviet Union, 382
time necessary in, 339
Smoke
amount produced by superf~res, 137-139,
144-145, 570-572
composition and properties of, 107-108,
572
contribution to nuclear winter, 97, 141
distribution end residence time, 110, 142,
145-146, 148-152
effect on global fallout, 184
injection altitudes, 97, 111, 137-139
ozone destruction by, 162
particle coagulation, 109-110
particle size, 137-138
from plastics, 101-102
precipitation scavenging of, 97, 109,
112-114, 142-143, 145-146, 158, 557
solar radiation absorption by, 97, 111
113, 145-146, 148, 151, 156
uncertainties in calculations of, 568,
570-572
Sociological impacts
recovery prospects, 389-392
shifts in social order and behavior,
390-392; see also Psychological
processes and problems
social cohesion and morale, 308
Sorensen, Theodore, 540-541
Soviet military
chain of command, 504
instability in, 501-502
nuclear weapons handling in, 504, 510-
511, 522-523
substance abuse in, 503-504
Soviet Union
civil defense system, 382
relations with United States, 6-7
rules of sea agreement between U.S. Navy
and, 7
youth perceptions of nuclear war threat in,
421-422
Stalin, J., 541
OCR for page 618
618
Standing Consultative Commission (SCC), 8
Stanford University, 6
Strategic defense, crisis prevention approach
to, 6-8
Strategic Defense Initiative, 6, 209, 480
Stress, crisis-induced
coping patterns in leaders and decision
makers, 532-533, 537-539, 544-548
effects on decision making, 487-489,
529-548, 584
imposed by the military on national
leaders, 485
indicators of, in national leaders, 535-536
in nuclear weapons personnel, 493-494,
562
Stress, psychological
denial of, 468-471
in general public, see Attitudes and
perceptions; Human behavior
immunosuppression induced by, 321-322
Superfires
air temperatures in, 38, 40, 43-50, 59,
81, 87-90, 94-95
atmospheric responses, 52-53, 89-90,
108-109
casualties from, 16-17, 58, 210-211; see
also Models/modeling
characteristics of, 17, 80-86
climate effects of, see Climatic impacts
and responses; Nuclear winter
ecosystems impacts of, 124-125
environments of, 28-38, 86-94, 274
fatality estimates for, 59-66; see also
Models/modeling
firebreak efficacy in, 53
fuel loadings contributing to, 38, 40,
98-102, 107-108
generation of, 15-16
ignition mechanisms, 82-85, 212
merging of, 37-39
physiological effects, 45-48, 56-58
range of, 16-17, 28-29, 31-32, 38, 51,
60, 64, 67-68, 86-87, 94, 107-108,
212-213
safe exposure time for humans in, 49
secondary fires contributing to, 32-33
shock wave influences on, 31-32
survival rates, 58
toxic gas generation by, 17, 38-50,
112-114; see also Synergisms
INDEX
uncertainties in studies of, 567-568
variables in fire damage predictions, 83;
see also Models/modeling
weather influences on, 29, 31, 36, 60, 83
wind generation by, 34-37, 51, 53-54,
81, 87-94, 108, 274
see also Smoke
Survivalism, 459-460
Survivors
health maintenance of, 405
medical personnel, 354-356
number after massive nuclear exchange,
351
outside assistance to, 391, 405
radiation doses to, 332, 335, 338-340
uninjured, 356
Synergisms
environmental impacts of, 559-560
in immune system suppression, 325
radiation and war-induced stresses, 225,
249, 584
toxic chemicals and radiation, 160
toxic fire gases and temperatures, 43-50
T
Thermal pulse, see Nuclear detonations
Toxic chemicals/substances
asbestos fibers, 160
carcinogens, 158-159
detection of, 160, 164
dioxins, 157-159
environmental effects of releases of, 113,
157-160
mutagens, 157
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
157-158
polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs), 50
Triage
categories, 252, 263-264, 266-267
concept, 251-255, 262
ethical issues in, 252-254
in nuclear war, 263-264, 274
Tropopause
definition, 82
effect on lofting of fire products, 91-93
Troposphere
fallout injection into, 106, 179, 184-185,
195
photochemical smog formation in,
163-164
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INDEX
smoke removal by, 146
structural changes in, 146
Truman, Harry, 533
U
U.S. military
allied nuclear role, 522
breakdown of nuclear roles of service
branches, 520-522
substance abuse in, 495-499
United Nations Association of the United
States, 6
United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation
(UNSCEAR), 329, 331, 334, 340
United States
crisis relocation strategy, 382-383
defense policy, 209; see also Strategic
Defense Initiative
nuclear weapons policy, 219-220, 230
relations with People's Republic of China,
482
relations with Soviet Union, 6-7
rules of sea agreement between Soviet
navy and, 7
youth perception of nuclear war threat in,
413-415, 422
University of California, 6
V
Velikhov, E.P., 3, 6
Vietnam War, mass casualty management
during, 260-261, 361
W
Warnings, see Disaster warnings; Early
Warning System
619
Water supplies
for postattack medical uses, 369-370
radioactive contamination of, 187-188
Weapons
destructive power of, 9
miniaturization of, 9
in space, studies of, 5-6
U.S. Civil War, 256
Vietnam War, 261
World War I, 259
see also Nuclear weapons
Weather
disruptions from smoke injections,
110-111
influences on firestorm development,
29-30; see also Climatic impacts and
responses; Nuclear winter
Wilson, Woodrow, 543
World Health Organization, 235
World Medical Association code of ethics
for wartime physicians, 254
World War I, mass casualty management
during, 252, 254, 257-259
World War II
incendiary raids, 16-17, 51-59, 75-77,
83, 87-88, 94, 107
German cities burned during, 76
human response to bombing raids, 307-
309
Japanese cities burned during, 77
mass casualty management during, 259-
260; see also Casualties
psychiatric discharges during, 500
y
York, Herbert, 6
OCR for page 620
Representative terms from entire chapter:
nuclear winter
