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OCR for page 37
I I . CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS
This section presents information on contraceptive use among U.S.
adolescents. Most of the available data are on females, but data from
the National Surveys of Young Women and Men (NSYW/M) on male contra-
ceptive use are presented. Data from the 1982 NSFG are also presented in
this section.
Among limitations of the data on contraceptive use are the lack of
information on males, and the lack of standardization of contraceptive
categories across surveys. In the tables that follow, data on contra-
ceptive use are presented for sexually active men and women by marital
status, timing of use (i.e., just intercourse, most recent intercourse,
currently).
A-37 / 389
OCR for page 38
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OCR for page 39
A-39 / 391
TABLE 2 . ~
.
Table 2.1 displays the percentage distribution of premaritally
sexually active females aged 15 to 19 in 1976, 1979, and 1982 by con-
traceptive-use status according to race. Data are f rom the National
Surveys of Young Women (NSYW) for 1976 and 1979 and f rom the National
Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) for 1982 ~ Overall, the proportion of
premar itally sexually active females who always used a contraceptive
and who used a contraceptive at some time was higher in 1979 than in
1976. In 1976, 29 percent of the sample reported that they always
used a contraceptive and about 36 percent reported that they used a
contraceptive at some time. In 1979, 34 percent of the premaritally
sexually active females said they always used a contraceptive and
about 40 said they used a contraceptive at least some of the time.
White premaritally sexual active teenage females were more likely
to have used a contraceptive than blacks in both 1976 and 1979. The
proportion of those never using a contraceptive was somewhat lower in
1979 than in 1976 for both races. Even in 1979, though, a quarter of
the young women had never used a method of birth control, about 36 per-
cent of the black females and nearly a quarter of the white females.
In 1976, over 40 percent of the sexually active black female teenagers
and about one-third of the whites had never used a contraceptive before
mar r 1age .
The 1982 data include only women aged 15 to 19 who did not always
use contraception. Among these women, 48.2 percent used at f irst in-
tercourse, 52 .1 percent of the white women and 36.0 percent of the
black women. A lower proportion of women had never used a contracep-
tive method in 1982 compared to 1976, regardless of race. Only 14.6
percent of all sexually active 15- to 19-year old women had never used
any method in 1982, 12 percentage points lower than in 1979.
OCR for page 40
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A-41 / 393
TABLE 2.2
The percent of women of all ages who used a contraceptive at first
intercourse by age and method is shown in Table 2.2. Data are from the
1982 National Survey of Family Growth. (NSFG)
Among all women aged 15 to 44 in 1982, slightly less than one-half
used a contraceptive method at first intercourse. For the older women
in the sample who used a method, the most commonly used methods at
first intercourse were the condom (37.6 percent), the pill (29.4 per-
cent) and withdrawal (18.1 percent). Women currently aged 15 to 17
were the least likely to have used a method at first intercourse, all
of them having been under 18 when they initiated coitus. Those women
aged 15-19 in 1982 who used any method were most likely to have used
the condom (46.6 percent), withdrawal (24.7 percent) and the pill (17.3
percent). The table show that less than half of all women used contra-
ceptives at first intercourse, regardless of current age. The largest
difference was between those who had first intercourse before age 18
or at age 18 or older.
OCR for page 42
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A-43 / 395
TABLE 2.3
Table 2.3 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced
women aged 15 to 19 and men aged 17 to 21 by the type of contraceptive
method used at first intercourse and the percentage distribution for
those using a method by type of method according to race and planning
status of first intercourse for 1979. Data are from the National Sur-
vey of Young Women (NSYW).
Among women and men, those who planned first intercourse were more
likely to have used contraception than those who did not plan f irst in-
tercourse. Of the women who used a method at f irst intercourse, th
planners were more likely than those who did not plan to use a female
prescription method while male planners were more likely than those who
did not plan to use a male contraceptive method. Black women were more
likely than other young men and women to rely on a female prescription
method .
OCR for page 44
Type of Me thod
Used at First
Intercourse
A-44 / 396
TABLE 2.4 Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Experienced Women
Aged 15-19 By Type of Contraceptive Method Used At First Inter-
course; Percentage Distr ibution Of Those Using A Method, By Type
Of Method; According To Race, 1982 National Survey Of Family
G rowth
Pe rcent Using
Total* Wh i te B. lac k
A ll Respondents: (N-94 5 ~ (N=5 79 ~ (N=3 4 2
Female presc r ipt ion 8 .4 8. 0 10. 6
Female nonprescription 4.3 4.9 1. 9
Male 35.6 39.1 23.4
Condom 22.5 23.6 18. 8
Withdrawal 13 . 1 15. 5 4 . 6
None 51.8 47.9 64.0
Users only:
Female prescription 17.4 15.4 29.6
Female nonpresc r ipt ion 8. 9 9 .4 S . 4
Male 73.8 75.1 65.0
Condom 46.6 45.3 52.1
Withdrawal 27.2 29. ~ 12.9
*Includes races other than white and black.
Sou roe: See Table 2 .3
OCR for page 45
A-45 / 397
TABLE 2.4
Table 2.4 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced
women aged 15 to 19 by type of contraceptive method used at first in-
tercourse and the percentage of those using a method, by type of
method, according to race. Data are from the National Survey of Family
Growth (NSEG).
Black women aged 15 to 19 were more likely than white women to have
used no method at first intercourse. Among the users, black females
were more likely to have used a female prescription method and less
likely to have used withdrawal than white women.
OCR for page 46
A-46 / 398
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A-4 7 / 399
TABLE 2 . 5
Table 2 .5 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced
women aged 15 to 19 and men aged 17 to 21 who d id not use a contracted
tive method at f irst intercourse by reason reported for not having used
a contraceptive method, according to planning status of f irst inter-
course and race. The data are from the 1979 National Survey of Young
Women (NSYW) for metropolitan areas only.
For both males and females regardless of whether they planned first
intercourse r less than 5 percent of those not using contraception at
first intercourse reported that they wanted to become pregnant or did
not care if a pregnancy occurred. Among those who planned first inter-
course and did not use contraception, 16.2 percent of the women and 8.5
percent of the men, thought pregnancy was impossible, and 31.2 percent
of the women and 25.6 percent of the men said they did not want to use
contraception. Among those who did not plan f irst intercourse, white
men and women were more likely than blacks to indicate that contracep-
tion was not available and more black men and women indicated that
they did not know about contraception than white men and women.
OCR for page 50
A-50 / 40 2
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OCR for page 51
A-51 / 403
TABLE 2.7
Table 2.7 shows the estimated number of women aged 15 to 44 exposed
to the risk of unintended pregnancy and the percentage currently prac-
ticing contraception, by marital status and age. Data are from the
1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Women exposed to the
risk of an unintended pregnancy includes women practicing contracep-
tion and those not practicing contraception who had sexual intercourse
in the last three months and were not pregnant, post partum, seeking
pregnancy or non-contraceptively sterile.
These data indicate that among women aged 15 to 44 exposed to the
risk of an unintended pregnancy, never-married women aged 15 to 19 were
the least likely to be currently using contraception, whereas there
were no differences among marr fed women.
OCR for page 52
A-52 / 404
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OCR for page 53
A-53 / 405
TABLE 2.8
Table 2.8 shows the number of never-married women exposed to an un-
intended pregnancy and the percent who used any contraceptive method
by age and race. For women using any method, the percentage distribu-
tion of type of contraceptive method is presented by age and race for
1982.
Among all never-married women aged 15 to 44 exposed to an uninten-
ded pregnancy, 3 out of every 4 were using a method of birth control--
77 percent of the white women and 73 percent of the black women. The
pill was the most commonly used method by all exposed women.
Among teenage women aged 15 to 19, 69 percent of the exposed white
women and 64 percent of exposed black women used a method. Women aged
15 to 19 who were exposed to an unintended pregnancy and who were using
contraception were more likely to use the pill then older women, 71
percent of black teens and 60 percent of white teens, compared to 55
and 48 percent of older women respectively.
OCR for page 54
A-54 / 406
TABLE 2.9 Number And Percentage Distribution Of Hispanic And
Non-Hispanic Women Aged 15 To 19 (All Marital Statuses) Currently
Exposed To The Risk Of Unintended Pregnancy By Current
Contraceptive Status, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth.
Non-Hispanic
Total Hispanic Black
White & Other
No. currently exposed 3244 290 630 2, 324
~ in 1, 000s)
Total 100 100 100 100
Using contraception 71 68 66 73
No contraception 29 32 35 27
Users Only
No. 2302 197 413 1692
Total 100 100 100 100
Pill 64 63 70 63
IUD, sterilization 2 9 5 0
Condom 21 15 13 23
Diaphragm 6 5 2 7
Other 8 8 10 7
Source: A . Torres and S. . S ingh, H ispanic Adolescents and
Contraception: An Analyses of Data f rom the 1982 National Survey
of Family Growth Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APHA,
1985.
OCR for page 55
A-55 / 407
TABLE 2.9
Table 2.9 presents the estimated number and percentage distribution
of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 currently exposed to
the risk of an unintended pregnancy by current contraceptive use
status. These data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth
(NSFG), and they are categorized by ethnicity, not by race. Thus,
persons of Hispanic origin may be black or white, but black, white
and other persons cannot be of Hispanic origin. The def inition of
exposure to the risk of an unintended pregnancy is the same as that
provided for Table 1. 7.
Among H ispanic women aged 15 to 19 exposed to the r isk of an un-
intended pregnancy, 68 percent were using some form of contraception.
This proportion is slightly higher than for non-hispanic blacks and
slightly lower than for non-Hispanic whites and others, but differences
are very small.
H ispanic women aged 15 to 19 exposed to the risk of an unintended
pregnancy and using contraception were as likely as non-Hispanic whites
and others to use the pill and more likely than non-Hispanic blacks
and non-Hispanic whites and others to use the IUD or sterilization.
OCR for page 56
A-56 / 408
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OCR for page 57
A-57 / 409
TABLE 2.10
Table 2.10 presents the percent of never-married women aged 15 to
19 who correctly perceived the time of greatest risk of pregnancy
within the menstrual cycle by age, race and sexual experience for 1971
and 1976. Data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW).
Overall, a slightly higher proportion of never-married women aged
15 to 19 correctly perceived the time of greatest pregnancy risk with-
in the menstrual cycle in 1976 compared to 1971, 4006 compared to 37.6.
In both years, sexually experienced young women were more likely than
women not sexually experienced to perceive the time of greatest preg-
nancy risk within the menstrual cycle. Among whites, younger teenagers
were less likely than older teenagers to be aware of the time of
greatest risk. White women at all ages were more likely than black
women to perceive the time of greatest pregnancy risk.
.,
OCR for page 58
A-58 / 410
TABLE 2.11 Standardized Contraceptive-Use Failure Rates By User Characteristics And
Method Type: Single Women, January 1, 1979 - July 1, 1982 (NSFG)
Method Type
No
Characteristic Pill IUD Rhythm Condom Diaphragm Spermacides Other Method
Intent and Age
De lay
Less than 18 4.5 4.4 15.9 7.8 14.2 15.5 9.1 33.5
18-19 3.1 4.9 17.5 8~7 15.7 17.1 10.1 36.5
20-24 4.5 4.3 15.7 7.7 14.0 15.2 9.0 33.0
25-29 3.4 3.2 12.0 5.8 10.7 11~7 6.8 26.0
30-44 3.9 3.8 13.9 6.8 12.4 13.S 7.9 29.8
Prevent
Less than 18 11.0 10.5 33.9 18.4 31~6 34.0 21.1 62.9
18-19 9.6 9.3 30.6 16.3 28.3 30.5 18.7 58.2
20-24 7.2 6.9 23.9 12.3 21.7 23.5 14.2 47.6
25-29 5.0 4.8 17.4 8.6 15.6 17.0 10.0 36.3
30-44 1.9 1.8 7.0 3.3 6.2 6.8 3.9 15.7
Race2
Black 4.5 4.3 2.3 7.7 13.9 15.1 8.9 32.5
Other Races 4.7 4.5 20.6 8.1 14.5 15.8 9.3 33.7
Parity4
0 Live Births 3.9 3.8 14.1 6,8 12.3 13.4 7.9 29.5
1 ~ Live Births 6.6 6.3 22.4 1102 20.0 21.6 13.0 44.3
~overt; Ratio
Income
Less than 100% 5.4 5.2 18.6 9.3 16.7 18.2 10.8 38.2
100-299% 4.7 4.5 16.2 8.0 14.5 15.7 9.3 33.8
300% or more 3.9 3.7 13.7 6.7 12.2 13.2 7.8 29.0
~ tandardized by race, parity, and poverty ratio income.
2Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, poverty ratio income and parity.
3Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, race and parity.
4Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, race and poverty ratio income.
Source: W.R. Grady, M.D. Hayward, J. Yagi, "Unintended Pregnancy in the United States:
The Impact of Contraceptive Method and User Characteristics, n Family Planning Perspectives
(18) Sept./Oct.:200-209. Reprinted by permission.
OCR for page 59
A-59 / 411
TABLE 2.11
Table 2.11 presents standardized contraceptive-use failure rates
by user characteristics and method type for characteristics and method
type for single women. These data are for the period of January 1,
1979 to July 1, 1982 and are from the 1982 National Survey of Family
Growth. Failure rates are the number of pregnant ies occur ing per 1,000
women using a given contraceptive method.
These data ind icate substant ial d if ferences in contracept ive-use
failure rates by user characteristics. Women under age 30 seeking to
delay a pregnancy have lower use-failure rates than those seeking to
prevent a pregnancy. Black women have higher use failure rates than
women of other races. Women who had more than 3 live births had higher
use failure rates than women who had fewer births. Women who had less
than 100 percent of a poverty level income had higher contraceptive-use
failure rates than women with higher income. Finally, women under age
18 seeking to prevent a pregnancy had the highest contraceptive-use
failure rates regardless of other character istics of the women.
OCR for page 60
Representative terms from entire chapter:
unintended pregnancy
