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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
APPENDIX B
BENCHMARKING RESULTS TABLES
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Biomaterials
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
Tissue engineering
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Clear US leadership; tremendous worldwide interest.
Molecular architecture
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Strong US competition from Germany and Japan.
Protein analogs
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US dominates, driven by a basic-science approach.
Biomimetics
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•
Strong players in North America, UK, Japan.
Contemporary diagnostic systems
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•
Large European Community investments in biosensors research could lower US ranking.
Advanced controlled-release systems
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US leads; extremely high worldwide interest could change this.
Bone biomaterials
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Important developments in Europe and Japan.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
Sol-gel-derived materials
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•
Area advanced by US for production of monolithic glass.
Self-assembled materials
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•
US leads in fundamental advances, technologic innovation,
Integrated micromagnetics
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•
Japan leading in power systems on-a-chip applications; US and others ahead in development of new materials.
Multilayer ferrite processing
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•
Being advanced primarily by US industry.
3D Nanoporous silicates
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•
New synthesis approach deserves greater scrutiny
Microwave dielectrics
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Worldwide attention focused on producing low-, high-dielectric-constant materials.
Electrophoretic thin-film
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Area ripe for basic, applied materials preparation research.
MEMS Heat engines
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MEMS heat engines made from SiC are a new US discovery. An exciting technology, and US enjoys a major lead. Investments in MEMS fabrication facilities, foundries needed to exploit opportunities.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Single-crystal high-authority ferroelectrics
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•
Single-crystal-oxide ferroelectrics discovered in US provide unprecedented large strains in concert with large forces (high authority). Exploitation by DOD has begun. Broad-based effort needed to establish commercial technology that benefits from discovery.
AlN–Diamond heat dissipation for power electronics
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High-thermal-conductivity dielectrics, especially AlN, SiC, diamond are crucial for power electronics. Production capacity dominated by Japan; an unstable situation for the US.
Films, coatings (thermal barrier coatings, diamondlike carbon, hydroxyapetite)
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Ceramic films and coatings are increasingly important for thermal protection, wear resistance, corrosion protection. US leads; major efforts in the European Union, Japan.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Composites
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2 Maintaining
3
4
5 Losing
Comments
Polymer matrix composites
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•
Implementation slow, because of cost. Cost reduction efforts continue, worldwide, Industry activity: US, Japan, France equally engaged.
(a) Large integrated structures
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Use of lower temperature curing matrices and electron beams allows manufacture of large integrated structures needed to reduce cost. Little basic research in US in support; France more progressive.
(b) Ambient-temperature curing (electron beams)
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Enabling for integrated structures: France active.
(c) Design, testing protocols
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New test methods and design practices needed to support cost reduction strategies. Minimal US activity other than NASA–ARL.
Ceramic matrix composites
•
•
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Implementation in energy, aerospace sectors imminent. Research funding at US universities has essentially ceased. France and Japan have major initiatives.
(a) Oxide composites
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•
Recent emphasis. Most long-life applications required oxides; technology immature. US has slim leadership position.
(b) Nonoxide composites, fibers
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Japan and Germany more proactive. Stress oxidation remains a problem for many applications. Little academic activity on this topic. Japan has new program.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Metal matrix composites
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•
New applications for particle-reinforce Al alloys led resurgence of US interest in these composites. Minimal research backup.
(a) Particle-reinforced alloys
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Some research on Al2O3–Al materials; research on SiC–Ti has ceased. US remains ahead.
(b) Continuos fiber
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•
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Magnetic Materials
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments (sources of leadership)
Thin-film micromagnetics of
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•
CMU, NRL. Germany
Interlayer magnetic coupling
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•
NIST, IBM
Giant magnetoresistance (spin valves)
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•
IBM
Spin-dependent tunneling
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•
MIT, CMU. Japan
Magnetic nanostructures
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•
Stanford, UCSD
Colossal magnetoresistance
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•
Univ. of Maryland, many others
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Relative Position of Subfield: Metals
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
High-temperature structural intermetallics
•
•
US among leaders in basic experimental work; at forefront in studies for real structural applications.
Amorphous (bulk), quasicrystalline, nanostructured materials (high-strength materials)
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•
Bulk-glass-forming alloys were discovered in the US. Intensive study is going on in Japan.
Theory, modeling of atomic bonding, crystal structure, interfaces, phase diagrams, phase transformations, properties
•
•
Ab-initio calculations and non-ab-initio modeling excellent in US. Leadership at US national laboratories and universities.
GMR, related materials
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•
Excellent studies for applications.
Hydrogen-absorbing materials applications for batteries, hydrogen storage
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•
Recent intensive studies in Germany, Japan.
Advanced processing of materials to net shape (metallic alloys)
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•
Excellent work in US superalloys industry (jet engine disks).
Quantitative understanding and models of plastic deformation (polycrystalline materials)
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•
Good work in Europe, US in national laboratories, universities, industry.
Quantitative understanding of structure evolution, plastic deformation of polycrystalline metallic alloys
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•
Strong US and European capabilities and programs.
Integration of models of structure evolution, plastic deformation, composition, processing (concurrent product–process design)
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•
Good, but generally under–funded, programs in Europe, US. Strong capabilities at national laboratories, universities, and some companies in US, Europe.
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Integration of dimensional scales from atomic clusters to test coupons to final products
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•
No clear leader in this relatively new area
Net shape, novel processing of metallic alloys
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•
Will continue to be a major interest of global industries; no clear leader.
Next generation of high-temperature alloys
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Effects of recent massive changes in global aerospace, defense industries not yet known
Surface treatments to enhance structural performance
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Coatings, etc., widely used; quantitative knowledge of effect on structural performance is weak.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Electronic and Optical-Photonic Materials
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
Deep UV, electron lithography
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•
US industry leads; rest of the world nearly equal. Key to further miniaturization in innovation a strong US area.
Systems-on-a-chip
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•
Simulation, modeling extremely critical. US occupies preeminent position.
Copper metalization
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•
Processing R&D vigorous worldwide.
Submicrometer plasma processing
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•
US, Japanese industries collaborate.
Holographic storage materials
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•
US industry, academia lead the world
Organic transistors
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•
European industry, universities strong; US leads in materials, processing.
Photonic band-gap materials
•
•
US universities, industry lead.
Organic lasers, LEDs
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•
US, European industry nearly equal; Japan expanding involvement.
Blue-green lasers (gallium nitride materials)
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•
Japanese industry lead; US industry competitive.
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Semiconductor processing
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•
Comparable in industrialized countries; US, Japan lead.
Interconnects
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•
Activities mainly in industry. This area needs, and soon could have, important innovations.
Magnetic Storage
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•
US, Japan share leadership in GMR.
Widegap Lasers and Display
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•
Japan started in widegap display, led in gallium nitride; other countries, including US, gaining. Japan is the clear leader in liquid crystal display.
Nanomaterials
•
•
Frontier with a promising future. US started, maintained lead; Europe, Japan investing heavily.
Semiconductor equipment
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•
US has advanced recently. Sematech contributed to success.
Wireless
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•
Strong capabilities in Europe.
Fibers
•
•
US does well in advancing research.
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Superconducting Materials
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
High-temperature superconductors (general)
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•
Leadership between US and Japan
Hig-temperature superconductor snythesis
•
•
Leadership distributed globally. Could change with next compound discovered.
Processing of highly textured, dense bulk forms for wire, energy storage
•
•
Strong programs at ANL, LANL, and ORNL, US and Japan co-leaders. Japan is especially strong in energy storage.
Magnetic phase diagrams, properties
•
•
Strong capabilities at US universities, national laboratories.
Statistical mechanical modeling of transport and critical phenomenon
•
•
US strong but not dominant; strong European capabilities.
Experimental measurement of flux transport mechanisms
•
•
Strong US university, national laboratory capabilities.
Modeling of optical, electronic properties
•
•
US leads fundamental research.
Physical properties (other than magnetic)
•
•
Strong leadership at US universities.
Development of fluxoid imaging technologies
•
•
Strong capabilities at US universities, industry, and national laboratories. Leading capabilities in Europe.
Thin-film deposition processes
•
•
US leads; Japan could overtake.
Epitaxial, patterning techniques
•
•
US leads in surface, interface science.
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Relative Position of Subfield: Polymers
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
1. Controlled polymerization
Metallocene polymerization of olefins
Living free radical polymerization
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Dendrimer polymerization
Biologic synthesis
Supercritical CO2 as a polymerization medium
•
•
US leads in most areas; other countries have important programs, especially in (a) and (b)
2. Multicomponent systems
Blends or alloys
Block, graft copolymers
Nanocomposites
Macrocomposites
Thin-film laminates
Interfaces
•
•
US has strong position; many other countries investing heavily.
3. Biomedical polymers
Implants
Drug delivery
•
•
US is preeminent.
4. Electronic–Photonic
Conducting polymers
Polymers for display devices
Resist materials
Electroluminescent
•
•
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
5. Separation media
Membranes
Molecular recognition
Barrier materials
Modified atmosphere packaging
Coatings
•
•
US position strong; Europe, Asia have strong efforts in membranes.
6. Theory, modeling
Molecular simulation
Monte Carlo techniques
Conformation
Scaling theory
•
•
US is very strong; strong efforts also in Europe.
7. Processing
Rheology
Flow instability
Computer modeling
New processes
•
•
Very strong efforts in Germany
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INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING OF US MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Relative Position of Subfield: Catalysts
Current Position
Likely Future Position
Sub-Subfield
1 Forefront
2
3 Among world leaders
4
5 Behind world leaders
1 Gaining/Extending
2
3 Maintaining
4
5 Losing
Comments
Catalysis
•
•
Shape-selective catalysis, metallocene catalysis for polymerization, and application of catalysts for emissions control (automobile) economically critical in US.
Selective oxidation
•
•
Selective oxidation is a growing area; applications from small to heavy chemical synthesis (30–40 million tons annually). Industry leaders in US and Europe.
Solid acid–base catalysis
•
•
Industrial activity highly competitive, secretive, largely focused in US.
Environmental catalysis
•
•
Environmental progress requires highly sophisticated industrial work. Advances made concert with applications. Strong capabilities in US, Europe, Japan.
Catalyst characterization
•
•
This area has benefited from advances in atomic resolution microscopy, necessarily equipment dependent. Utility of work depends on strong links to applications.
Combinatorial catalysis
•
•
Still in its infancy; US is strong.
Asymmetric catalysis
•
•
Highly specialized field of great importance limited-quantity manufacturing of products (significantly below the commodity level)—pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals. Industry leaders in US, Europe, Japan.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
strong capabilities
