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OCR for page 195
CGlossary
agglutinates aggregates of pieces
albedo the fraction of incident light that reflects diffusely from a surface
aphelia the most distant points in solar orbits
beneficiation process of transforming raw materials into more concentrated or beneficial forms
bioreactor any system that is engineered to use biological agents for the transformation of one form of matter into
another. This would include engineered composters, waste recovery systems, air purification systems using bio-
logical agents, and fermenters used for producing antibiotics or other biological products.
bioregenerative system system that makes use of metabolic processes in the conversion of waste to useful gases
Brayton cycle a dynamic scheme for power generation featuring high conversion efficiency and a single-phase
working fluid but with the drawback of relatively low heat-rejection temperatures, requiring relatively large and
massive radiators
capillarity the behavior of fluids under the influence of surface tension, such as the movement of water in a very
small diameter tube, induced by the water' s ability to wet the walls of the tube
cohesion the force that enables soil grains to cling together in opposition to the forces tending to separate soil into
parts
comminution reduction of a mass to minute particles or fine powder
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) a numerical approach using high-speed computers for evaluating the
conservation equations that describe single- and multiphase flows
Coriolis force in a rotating system, a force proportional to the angular velocity and the velocity of any motion as
measured in the rotating system
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and other critical environmental parameters
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cryogenics the study of the production of very low temperatures and their effects
dead comets comet cores that no longer experience strong particle field interactions with the Sun
duracrust a thin agglomerated soil layer that is observed at some locations on Mars
dynamic equilibrium the balancing of forces on bodies in motion
APPENDIX C
ecological system the ensemble sustaining a life-support system, with special emphasis on the quality, nature, and
analysis of interacting systems
ejecta rocks and other solid debris thrown off the surface of a planetary body
electrolysis the production of chemical changes in a chemical compound by causing its oppositely charged
constituents, or ions, to move in opposite directions under a potential difference
enabling technology a technology permitting the extension of human activity
Eulerian formulation a mathematical model written in a fixed coordinate system
excursive instabilities two-phase excursions from one operating state to another
film bearing A bearing in which forces are transmitted through thin but continuous fluid films (gas or liquid) that
separate solid machine components
fines the silty sand regolith on the Moon with a median grain size of only 0.1 mm
fractional gravity gravity levels lower than Earth' s but typical of those found on the surfaces of planets and their
major satellites
friction a force that opposes the sliding of one surface over another and whose magnitude is proportional to the
normal force between the surfaces
g-jitter (gravity-jitter) inertia effect due to oscillatory accelerations arising from crew motions, machinery,
rocket firings, and so on, occurring in spacecraft
gravity a body force per unit mass experienced as a result of mutual attraction with all other bodies, independent
of electromagnetic or other forces
heat exchanger device that facilitates the transfer of heat from a hot source to a cold sink
heat pipe A container of two-phase fluid used to transfer heat efficiently
heat sink A reservoir to absorb thermal energy
homeostasis maintenance of constant values. for example for temperature. humidity, and gases in the atmosphere
' 1 1 '
hydrostatic pressure the equilibrium pressure acting at the base of a fluid which is proportional to the fluid's
depth and gravity
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APPENDIX C
ilmenite FeTiO3, an oxygen-rich mineral found at moderate, but variable, concentrations on the Moon
in situ resource utilization the production of useful materials from resources that are acquired and processed
away from Earth's surface
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interracial phenomena behavior, specially associated with boundaries between different phases, including those
between similar phases of different materials
Lagrangian formulation a mathematical model written in a coordinate system that is moving with the fluid
Ledinegg instability an excursive instability in a boiling loop which may cause the flow to go to a new value,
which in turn may result in the onset of critical heat flux
liquid-phase sintering densification at the sintering temperature using a matrix of solid particles and a viscous
liquid
lunar magma molten lunar rock
Marangoni effect liquid convection caused by surface tension gradients at the free surface of a liquid or at the
interface between two liquids
Marangoni flow movement of fluids under the influence of the Marangoni force
Marangoni force a force exerted by the surface tension gradient
multiphase used to describe any process involving a mixture of phases; a glass of ice water is a multiphase system
near-net shape refers to shaped object that is in nearly the final desired shape and therefore requires only minimal
. .
mac fining
normal stress the component of stress normal to a plane inscribed in a substance, tending to cause compressive
or tensile strain in that normal plane, N/m2
penetrator a device used to penetrate beneath the surface of a planetary body
phase a homogeneous and physically distinct state of aggregation of a substance, i.e., solid, liquid, or vapor phase
phase separation separation of a mixture of phases into individual component phases
physically based model a model of system behavior based on fundamental physical principles (e.g., thermody-
namic laws) and the appropriate physical mechanisms (e.g., heat transfer, capillary flow), as opposed to an
empirical model based primarily on experimental measurements and that incorporates only a limited theoretical
understanding of the system
physicochemical system system that makes use of a combination of physical and chemical processes
power-to-mass ratio a characteristic of propulsion and other systems connoting the yield of power per unit of
system mass, not including propellant mass
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APPENDIX C
pultrusion a process for producing continuous fibers for advanced composites that involves pulling reinforce-
ments through tanks (of resins), a preformer, and a die
radiation anything propagated as rays, waves, or a stream of particles, but especially light and other electromag-
netic waves or the emission from radioactive substances
Rankine cycle a dynamic method of power generation that uses separate boilers and condensers with two-phase
(liquid/vapor) mixtures with high conversion efficiencies and high heat-rejection temperatures, allowing reduced
radiator mass and areas
reduced gravity gravity levels that are less than 1 go
regolith surface rock, especially used to describe the lunar surface soil
shear stress the component of stress parallel to a plane inscribed in a substance, tending to cause a shearing or
slippage strain in that parallel plane, N/m2
slurry a mixture of a liquid and insoluble solids
specific impulse thrust per unit mass of flow rate produced by burning rocket propellant at the rate of one pound
per second, in seconds
static equilibrium the balancing of forces on bodies at rest
substoichiometric in chemical reactions, the participation of one species in less-than-exact chemical equivalence
with other reacting species
surface tension attractive forces at a liquid surface that cause the surface to contract as far as possible
technical readiness level the maturity of a system, ranging from level 1 (a basic principle observed and re-
ported) to level 8 (a design qualified for spaceflight)
touch-and-go exploration round-trip space missions of the Apollo type, which are characterized by relatively
short surface stays
triple point the point on a pressure-temperature diagram representing the condition at which the solid, liquid, and
vapor phases can exist together in equilibrium
Van der Waals force attractive intermolecular force arising from induced dipole moment
viscosity the property of fluids by virtue of which they offer a resistance to flow
volatiles molecules that can exist in a gaseous phase on Earth's surface
volatilization conversion to a gaseous or vapor phase
water gas historical designation of a gaseous fuel produced by reacting steam with very hot solid carbon
Representative terms from entire chapter:
gravity gravity gravity
