INDEX
A
Accidents, see Environmental incidents;
Health and safety
Accountability, 4, 12-13, 20, 35
environmental cost accounting, 21, 22, 23-24, 113, 119
Aggregation of metrics, 164-165, 178-180, 182
automotive industry, 77, 80-81
chemical industry, 103
automotive industry, 54, 57, 58, 61, 64-67, 71, 74, 76-77, 78
best practices, 7-8
international perspectives, 78, 222, 223
pulp and paper industry, 140, 141, 144
see also Climate change
AMD, 229-230
American Chemical Society, 85
American Forest and Paper Association, 139
Asia Environmental Partnership, see U.S.-Asia Environmental Partnership
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, v-vi, 26
Attitudes
see also Public opinion
aggregation of metrics, 77, 80-81
air emissions, 54, 57, 58, 61, 64-67, 71, 74, 76-77, 78
computer applications, 56-57
cost factors, other then fuel economy, 61, 63, 77
decision making, general, 74, 75, 76
energy consumption issues, other than fuel economy, 54, 56, 57, 59 , 60, 65, 67, 74, 76, 80, 148
environmental burdens, 75, 79, 162
facility considerations, 3, 59, 62, 75, 148, 170
fuel economy, 56, 57, 65, 74, 81, 162
hazardous materials and wastes, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69;
see also "toxicity metrics" and "Toxic Release Inventory" infra
health and safety, 58, 74, 75, 77, 148
historical perspectives, 56-57, 62, 69, 71
international perspectives, 53(n.1), 56, 78-79
materials use and flow, 49, 54, 56-57, 58, 59, 61-63, 73, 74, 148
packaging, 58, 63, 70, 74, 148
pollutant emissions, general, 54, 56, 62;
see also "air emissions" supra
product-centered metrics, 51, 64, 75, 78, 162
product life cycle, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 79-80, 162
recycling and reuse of materials, 53-54, 57, 58, 59, 63-65, 69, 70 , 71-72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 148, 158
regulatory issues, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65-66, 75;
see also "fuel economy" supra
resource use, 67, 72, 75, 77, 80-81
small and medium-sized companies, 53, 77
solid wastes, 58, 63-64, 68, 74
small and medium-sized companies, 53, 77
toxicity metrics, other than TRI, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64-65, 80
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 57, 58, 59, 74, 80
types of metrics used, tables/lists, 3, 64-65, 74, 82, 148
waste management, 59-61, 69, 71-72;
see also "solid wastes" supra
water use and water pollutants, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66, 67, 74, 80
B
Best practices, 2, 6, 7-9, 13, 23, 161, 202-204, 212
forestry, 137-139, 142-143, 144
product life cycle, 6, 13, 161
small and medium-sized companies, 5, 13, 161, 212
Biodiversity, 10, 38, 50, 105, 158, 165, 186, 189
environmental condition metrics, 34
Biotechnology
C
Case studies, analytic framework, 40
see also Automotive sector;
Chemical sector;
Electronics sector;
Pulp and paper sector;
Semiconductors
Chemical Manufacturers Association, 87(n.4), 91, 98, 99
Chemical sector, 85-105, 223, 234
aggregation of metrics, 103
decision making, general, 89, 103
economics of, 85-86
ecosystems and ecoefficiency, 87, 105
energy factors, 87, 97, 101, 104, 105, 148
environmental burden metrics, 16, 101, 104, 158, 163
environmental incidents, 93, 98, 101, 148
facility-based considerations, 3, 92, 148
hazardous materials and wastes, 98, 101, 102;
see "toxicity metrics" and "Toxic Release Inventory" infra
health and safety, 87, 89, 91, 98, 99, 102, 148
international perspectives, 85-86, 97
materials use, 49-50, 86, 87, 93, 95-96, 99, 101, 148;
see also "raw materials" infra
packaging, 93, 98-100, 101, 148
pollutant emissions, 87, 89, 92-94, 103;
see also "air pollutants" supra
product-centered metrics, 86, 97-98, 99, 102
raw materials, 49, 51, 86, 93, 104
recycling and reuse of materials, 98, 100, 104-105, 148
see also "standards" infra
reporting, 91, 92, 97, 220, 221
stewardship issues, 87(n.4), 98, 99, 100, 102
sustainability, 104-105
toxicity metrics, other than TRI, 92-93, 101
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 92, 98, 101, 103
types of metrics used, tables/lists, 3, 101-102, 148
waste management, 49-50, 93-95
weighting of metrics, 93, 94, 103, 104
see also Hazardous materials and wastes
Clean Water Act, 54
Climate change, 4, 65, 76, 105, 110, 148, 158, 162, 186, 203, 223, 227-231 (passim), 235
Kyoto Protocol, 97, 139, 165, 210
Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics, 78, 118, 160, 209
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 38
see also Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
Computer applications
automotive industry, 56-57
semiconductors manufacturing, 108
see also Internet
Cost factors, 4, 10, 41, 155, 159, 160, 165, 171, 223
automotive fuel economy, 56, 57, 65, 74, 81, 162
automotive industry, other, 61, 63, 77
environmental cost accounting, 21, 22, 23-24, 113, 119
historical perspectives, 21, 22
product life cycle metrics, general, 13
semiconductors, 109, 114-117 (passim), 126
see also Energy consumption and conservation
Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), 57, 61, 64-65
Council on Environmental Quality, 205, 208, 209, 214
D
Decision making, v, 11, 15, 24, 33, 34, 39, 42-44, 183-184, 188, 191
automotive industry, 74, 75, 76
investors, 39, 40-43, 79, 118, 156, 157, 160
ISO standards, 29-30
semiconductor manufacturing, 116
see also Management metrics
Department of Commerce, 57, 107, 210, 212
Department of Defense, 162
Department of Energy, 166
Department of State, 210
Design for environment, 115-117, 118, 119, 121, 123-124, 125
Digital Equipment, 230
E
Economic factors, 6, 154, 155-156
automotive industry, 53
chemical industry, 85-86
environmental factors vs, 20, 23-24, 25
financial metrics, 19, 118, 163, 169, 178
pulp and paper industry, 129-130, 136
socioeconomic status, 166, 214-215
suppliers, demand-side purchasing power, 161-162
see also Cost factors;
Market factors
Ecosystems and ecoefficiency, 4, 8, 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 39, 155, 157 , 158, 164, 165, 169, 183, 185, 189, 192, 194, 224
historical perspectives, 21, 24, 25
pulp and paper industry, 136
see also Biodiversity;
Forestry;
Sustainability
Electronics sector, 50, 107-127
types of metrics used, table/list, 3, 111, 119, 148
see also Semiconductors
Emergency Planning and Right-to-Know Act, 57
Emissions, see Pollutant emissions
Energy consumption and conservation7, 8, 149, 155, 160, 171, 172, 173, 186, 203, 227-231 (passim), 235
automotive fuel economy, 56, 57, 65, 74, 81, 162
automotive industry, other, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67, 74, 76, 80 , 148
chemical industry, 87, 97, 101, 104, 105, 148
global scale reporting, 222, 223
historical perspectives, 22
materials flow, general, 50
pulp and paper industry, 132, 140, 143, 148
semiconductors, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 148
Energy Policy Act, 57
Energy Policy and Conservation Act, 56
Environmental burden metrics, 4, 5, 11, 20, 24, 33, 34, 51, 160, 162, 164, 166, 170, 179, 180, 204, 207, 209
operational metrics, general, 30
pulp and paper industry, 144
Environmental Defense Fund, 38, 158, 164
Environmental incidents, 7, 148, 203, 223, 233
chemical industry, 93, 98, 101, 148
pulp and paper industry, 144, 148
Environmental justice, see Minority groups;
Socioeconomic status
Environmental management systems, 236
automotive industry, 77
global scale reporting, 222, 224
historical perspectives, 21
semiconductor manufacturing, 113
Environmental Protection Agency, 38, 205, 206, 208, 209-210, 212, 214
pulp and paper industry, 140
semiconductor manufacturing, 110, 112, 113
see also Toxic Release Inventory
Ethnicity, see Minority groups
F
Facility-based considerations, 10-11, 14, 159-160, 162, 164, 171, 180, 204, 207
automotive industry, 3, 59, 62, 75, 148, 170
semiconductors, 3, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117, 148
pulp and paper industry, 3, 143-145, 148
stakeholders, 35
Federal government, 6, 23, 165, 205-214
see also Legislation;
Public-sector industries;
Regulatory issues;
Reporting;
specific departments and agencies
Financial metrics, 19, 42, 118, 163, 169, 178
Foreign countries, see International perspectives;
specific countries
Forestry, 130-131, 136-139, 140, 142-143, 144, 165
best practices, 137-139, 142-143, 144
biodiversity, 136, 137, 139, 186
G
Global Reporting Initiative, 209
Government, see Federal government;
Local communities and government;
Public-sector industries;
State government
Great Lakes persistent toxics (GLPT) program, 56, 58, 59, 74
Greenhouse gases, see Climate change
H
Hazardous materials and wastes, 3, 10-11, 37, 38, 155, 207, 227-231 (passim), 234, 235
automotive industry, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69
chemical industry, 98, 101, 102
best practices, 7-8
historical perspectives, 22
operational metrics, 30
pulp and paper industry, 144
real estate transactions, liability, 38-39
semiconductor manufacturing, 110, 111, 120, 121, 123
see also Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act;
Toxicity metrics;
Toxic Release Inventory
Hazard Ranking System, 38, 158
Health and safety, 4, 7, 25, 37, 51, 149, 165, 174-175, 179, 180, 203, 233
automotive industry, 58, 74, 75, 77, 148
chemical industry, 87, 89, 91, 98, 99, 102, 148
environmental condition metrics, 33
global scale reporting, 222
pulp and paper industry, 140, 144, 148
semiconductor manufacturing, 110-113(passim), 116, 119, 121, 148
sustainable development, 187(n.2)
see also Environmental incidents;
Toxicity metrics;
Toxic Release Inventory
Hewlett Packard, 229
Historical perspectives, 20-22, 50, 183-184, 187-188
automotive industry, 56-57, 62, 69, 71
ecosystems and ecoefficiency, 21, 24, 25
metrics comparability over time, 35, 36
pulp and paper industry, 134-135
semiconductor manufacturing, 110
I
IBM, 230
Imperial Chemical Industries, 93, 94, 103, 158, 163, 207
Incentives, see Taxes and incentives
Industrial Toxics Project, 141
Information technology, see Computer applications
Insurance industry/liability, 4, 38-39, 41, 157
Integrated circuits, see Semiconductors
Intel Corporation, 227-228
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 29-34, 118, 120
International perspectives, 5, 25, 184, 186, 204-205, 234, 235
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, v-vi, 26
automotive industry, 53(n.1), 56, 78-79
climate change, 4, 65, 76, 105, 110, 148, 158, 162, 186, 203, 223, 227-231 (passim), 235
Kyoto Protocol, 97, 139, 165, 210
environmental management systems, 222, 224
paper impacts, 130
reporting, 219-225
standardization of metrics, 12, 29-34, 35, 36, 78-79, 118, 120, 158 , 210
U.S. Agency for International Development, v-vi, 1-2, 210
U.S.-Asia Environmental Partnership, v, 1-2
U.S. Trade Representative, 210
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 172, 186, 209
World Commission on Environment and Development, 187
World Council on Environment and Development, 25
World Resources Institute, 35, 42
Internet, 38, 117, 164, 189, 227
Investors, 39, 40-43, 79, 118, 156, 157, 160
Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics, 78, 118, 160
regulatory issues, 39, 42, 43-44
ISO, see International Organization for Standardization
J
Just-in-time inventory, 56, 61, 61-62, 98
K
Kyoto Protocol, 97, 139, 165, 210
L
Legislation
Clean Water Act, 54
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 38
see also ''Superfund ...'' infra
Emergency Planning and Right-to-Know Act, 57
Energy Policy Act, 57
Energy Policy and Conservation Act, 56
Pollution Prevention Act, 54
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 10-11, 54, 207, 208
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 54, 57, 58, 74, 92, 98, 113
see also Toxic Release Inventory
management metrics, 32
Life cycle metrics, see Product life cycle
Local communities and government, 4, 33, 37, 157, 160, 166, 222
automotive industry, 78
Lucent Technologies, 229
M
Management metrics, 32-33, 40-42, 224
historical perspectives, 21
ISO standards, 29-30
Market factors, 2, 3, 24, 81, 155
investors, 39, 40-43, 79, 118, 156, 157, 160
see also Public opinion
Massachusetts, 161
Materials use, 148, 149, 155, 160, 170-171, 172, 203
automotive industry, 49, 54, 56-57, 58, 59, 61-63, 73, 74, 148
chemical industry, 49-50, 86, 87, 93, 95-96, 99, 101, 148
best practices, general, 7-8
just-in-time inventory, 56, 61, 61-62, 98
operational metrics, 30, 31, 32
pulp and paper industry, 50, 130-131, 136-137, 142-143, 148
sectoral studies, compared, 49-50
semiconductor manufacturing, 50, 116, 117, 122-123, 124, 148
see also Packaging and containers;
Raw materials;
Recycling and reuse of materials;
Waste management;
Water use and water pollutants
Minority groups, 166
Models and modeling
aggregation and presentation of metrics, 169-182
chemical industry emissions, 92
environmental cost accounting, 23-24
semiconductor manufacturing, 108
sustainable development, 189-191
Motorola Corporation, 228
Motor vehicles, see Automotive sector
N
National Institutes of Health, 208
National Science Foundation, 214
National Semiconductor, 229
New Jersey, 161
O
Occupational safety and health, see Human health and safety
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 113, 116, 140, 144
Operational metrics, 30-32
automotive industry, 51
defined, 30
semiconductor manufacturing, 117
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 20, 210, 219
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 56
P
Pacific Rim, see Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Packaging and containers, 7, 148, 149, 173, 179, 203
automotive industry, 58, 63, 70, 74, 148
chemical industry, 93, 98-100, 101, 148
operational metrics, 30
semiconductor manufacturing, 109, 113, 116, 148
Paper sector, see Pulp and paper sector
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, 57
Pollutant emissions, 3, 149, 158, 189, 203
automotive industry, 54, 56, 62
best practices, general, 7-8
chemical industry, 87, 89, 92-94, 103
defined, 147
global scale reporting, 219, 222, 223
historical perspectives, 21
semiconductor manufacturing, 112, 117
see also Air pollutants;
Hazardous materials and wastes;
Solid wastes;
Toxicity metrics;
Toxic Release Inventory;
Water use and water pollutants
Pollution Prevention Act, 54
Prioritization of impacts, see Weighting of metrics
Product-centered metrics, 24, 147-148, 149, 162, 164, 179, 203
automotive industry, 51, 64, 75, 78, 162
chemical industry, 86, 97-98, 99, 102
comparability across products/companies, 35, 36, 78, 158, 159-160, 204
global scale reporting, 222
historical perspectives, 22
semiconductor manufacturing, 113
Product life cycle, 2, 5, 6, 12-13, 26, 50, 158, 161-163, 210-211
automotive industry, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 79-80, 162
best practices, general, 6, 13, 161
historical perspectives, 21, 22
see also Recycling and reuse of materials;
Suppliers and supply chain metrics
Public opinion, 3, 6, 20, 24, 38, 50, 156-157, 158, 165, 188, 201
toxic releases, general, 38
Public-sector industries, 5, 161, 162, 166
Pulp and paper sector, 129-146
economic factors, 129-130, 136
environmental incidents, 144, 148
facility-based considerations, 3, 143-145, 148
forestry, 130-131, 136-139, 140, 142-143, 144, 165
sustainability, 131, 136-137, 142-143, 144, 148
health and safety, 140, 144, 148
historical perspectives, 134-135
materials use, 50, 130-131, 136-137, 142-143, 148
product life cycle, 51, 130-136
see also "forestry" supra
resource use, 140-142;
see also Forestry
sustainability, 131, 136-137, 142-143, 144, 148
types of metrics used, tables/lists, 3, 144, 148
water use and water pollutants, 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143-144
Q
Quantitative metrics, general, 9-10, 12, 22, 23, 153-154, 156-157, 161, 164, 187, 204, 205-206, 210-211, 219
financial-environmental performance, 39
materials use, 30
semiconductors, 120
sustainability, 188
R
Race/ethnicity, see Minority groups
Raw materials
chemical industry, 49, 51, 86, 93, 104
pulp and paper sector, 50, 51, 141;
see also Forestry
Recycling and reuse of materials, 63-64, 69, 149, 158, 172, 179, 203, 227-230 (passim)
automotive industry, 53-54, 57, 58, 59, 63-65, 69, 70, 71-72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 148, 158
chemical industry, 98, 100, 104-105, 148
electronics industry, 50, 148,
see also "semiconductor ..." infra
historical perspectives, 22
paper industry, 130, 132, 134, 140, 142, 143-144, 148, 155
product take-back, 163
semiconductor manufacturing, 112, 114-116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125 , 163
Regulatory issues, 1, 3, 23, 37, 42, 154, 156, 157, 174, 188
automotive industry, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65-66, 75
financial metrics, 19, 118, 163
global scale reporting, 222, 223
historical perspectives, 21, 22
operational metrics, 32
quantitative goals, 9
semiconductor manufacturing, 110-113 (passim), 117
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Standards
Reporting, 1, 3, 9-10, 157-158, 159-160, 205
chemical industry, 91, 92, 97, 220, 221
global scale, 219-225
impact ranking, 10-11
semiconductor manufacturing, 227-231
standardization of metrics, 11-12, 35, 36
see also Aggregation of metrics;
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 10-11, 54, 207, 208
Resource use and resource-use metrics, 103-104, 149, 170-173, 179, 180
pulp and paper industry, 140-142;
see also Forestry
semiconductor manufacturing, 112, 114, 119, 126
see also Energy consumption and conservation;
Materials use;
Recycling and reuse of materials;
Water use and water pollutants
Responsible Care program, 87(n.4), 91
Reuse of waste, see Recycling and reuse of materials
Rockwell International, 231
S
Safety, see Health and safety
SEMATECH, 117
Semiconductor Industry Association, 116
Semiconductors, 51, 107-127, 227-232
cost factors, 109, 114-117 (passim), 126
energy, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 148
environmental burden, 112, 119
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 112, 113
facility-based considerations, 3, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117, 148
hazardous materials, 110, 111, 120, 121, 123
health and safety issues, 110-113 (passim), 116, 119, 121, 148
historical perspectives, 110
international perspectives, 111, 118, 120
manufacturing process, 107-110
materials use, 50, 116, 117, 122-123, 124, 148
pollutant emissions, 112, 117;
see also "water use and water pollutants" infra
product life cycle, 116-117, 118, 120-124
recycling and reuse of waste, 112, 114-116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125 , 163
regulatory issues, 110-113 (passim), 117
reporting, 227-231
resource and resource-use metrics, 112, 114, 119, 126
solid waste, 113
sustainability, 124
toxicity metrics, other than TRI, 110, 111, 113
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 112, 113
Types of metrics used, tables/lists, 3, 119, 126, 148
waste management, 112, 113, 117, 121-125 (passim);
see also "solid waste" supra
water use and water pollutants, 111-114(passim), 120, 122, 123
Service sector, 5, 149-150, 166-167, 172
Shareholders, see Investors
Small and medium-sized companies
best practices, 5, 13, 161, 212
product life cycle metrics, 13
Social impacts, 4, 19-20, 184-185, 188, 190-191, 194-195
operational metrics, 30
population dynamics, 194(n. 1), 186
see also Human health and safety;
Public opinion
Socioeconomic status, 166, 214-215
Soils
environmental condition metrics, 34
real estate transactions, liability, 38-39
Solid wastes, 234
automotive industry, 58, 63-64, 68, 74
best practices, 7-8
pulp and paper industry, 140, 142
semiconductor manufacturing, 113
see also Recycling and reuse of materials
Stakeholders, general, 19, 33, 157, 164, 191
commercial/financial, 4, 28, 38-42, 157, 208
automotive industry, 56
external, 4, 11, 29, 34, 35, 37-38, 39, 157, 208
Standards
automotive fuel economy, 56, 57, 65, 74, 81, 162
chemical industry, 87, 91, 96, 99
environmental, general, 2
historical perspectives, 21, 22
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 29-34, 118, 120
metrics, general, 5, 11-12, 29-42, 118, 154, 158, 169-182, 204, 208 -210
comparability across products/
companies, 35, 36, 78, 158, 159-160, 204, 208-209
financial metrics, 19, 118, 163, 169, 178
international efforts, 12, 29-34, 35, 36, 78-79, 118, 158, 120, 210
quantitative, 9-10
semiconductor manufacturing, 118-120, 121
see also Best practices
State government, 23, 37, 161, 165
semiconductor manufacturing, 110
chemical industry, 87(n.4), 98, 99, 100, 102
historical perspectives, 21
investors and, 39
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 54
automotive industry, 57, 58, 74
semiconductor manufacturing, 113
see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act;
Toxic Release Inventory
Suppliers and supply chain metrics, 6, 12-13, 50, 148, 158, 161-162, 175, 179
automotive industry, 63, 77, 78, 148
small and medium-sized companies, 53, 77
defined, 147
chemical industry, 98, 99, 148
global scale reporting, 222
service sector, 166-167
Sustainability, 4, 6, 10, 13-14, 25, 37, 38, 50, 149, 158, 166, 172 , 175-176, 179, 183-197, 204, 213-215, 222
chemicals sector, 104-105
historical perspectives, 21
metrics by sector, 3
pulp and paper industry, forests, 131, 136-137, 142-143, 144, 148
semiconductor manufacturing, 124
socioeconomic factors, 14
see also Best management practices
T
Telecommunications, 124, 220, 221
see also Internet
Texas Instruments, 228
3M, 95
Torts, see Liability
Toxicity metrics, general, 22, 25, 37-38, 164
automotive industry, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64-65, 80
Great Lakes persistent toxics (GLPT) program, 56, 58, 59, 74
pulp and paper industry, 141
semiconductor manufacturing, 110, 111, 113
see also Hazardous materials and wastes
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 37-38, 154, 159-160, 164, 205, 207, 208
automotive industry, 57, 58, 59, 74, 80
chemical industry, 92, 98, 101, 103
semiconductor manufacturing, 112, 113
Transportation, 220
chemical industry, 102
semiconductor manufacturing, 121
U
United Nations Development Programme, 39
United Nations Environment Programme, 183
U.S. Agency for International Development, v-vi, 1-2, 210
U.S.-Asia Environmental Partnership, v, 1-2
U.S. Trade Representative, 210
V
Volatile organic compounds, 60, 61, 65, 101, 114, 140, 227-230 (passim)
W
Waste management, 63-64, 155, 234
automotive industry, 59-61, 69, 71-72
chemical industry, 49-50, 93-95
electronics industry, 50
global scale reporting, 222, 223
historical perspectives, 21
pulp and paper industry, 140
semiconductor manufacturing, 112, 113, 117, 121-125 (passim)
see also Hazardous materials and wastes;
Recycling and reuse of materials;
Solid wastes
Water use and water pollutants, 4, 149, 160, 171, 172, 186, 203, 227-230 (passim), 235, 236
automotive industry, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66, 67, 74, 80
chemical industry, 105
best practices, 7-8
environmental condition metrics, 34
pulp and paper industry, 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143-144
semiconductor manufacturing, 111-114 (passim), 120, 122, 123
Weighting of metrics, vi, 10-11, 22, 37, 38, 51, 163-164, 167, 176 -177, 219, 223
chemical industry, 93, 94, 103, 104
Wildlife and wildlife habitat, 38, 105, 137, 138-139, 144, 165, 186
environmental condition metrics, 33, 34
see also Biodiversity
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 172, 186, 209
World Commission on Environment and Development, 25, 187
World Resources Institute, 35, 42
World Wide Web, see Internet
X
Xerox Corporation, 125
