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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1987. Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/946.
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REFERENCES Adler, N.E. 1982 Adolescent Dec ision Mak ing and Contraceptive Behavior. Grant no. RO1-HD-16137 to National Tnstitute of Child Health and Human Development. Adler-Storthz, K., et al. 1985 A prospective study of herpes simplex virus infection in a defined population in Houston, Texas. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 151:582-586. Ager, J.W., F. Shea, and Agronow, S. 1976 Comparison of Participants and Dropouts from a Teen Con traceptive Program. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. 1979 1982 Alan Guttmacher Tnstitute 1976 1981 1983 1983 1984 Consequences of Teen Contraceptive Program Dropout and of Method Discontinuance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. Method discontinuance in teenage women: Implications for teen contraceptive programs. Pp. 236-263 in T. Stuart and C. Wells, eds., Pregnancy in Adolescence. New York: Van Nostrand. Eleven Million Teenagers: What Can be Done About the Epidemic of Adolescent Pregnancies in the United State. New York: Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Teenage Pregnancy: The Problem that Hasn't Gone Away. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute. School Sex Education in Policy and Practice. Issues in Brief 3 (February):1.6. Alexander, G. 1982 Literature Review for Project Choice. San Diego, Calif.: Center for Women's Studies and Services. Project Choice Report, Years I and II. Center for Women's Studies and Services. Project Choice, Interim Report: Year ITI. Calif.: Center for Women's Studies and Services. San Diego, Calif.: San Diego, 295

296 Andersen, A.E. 1984 Anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects. In Janina R. Gallen, ea., Nutr ition and Behavior . New York: Plenum Press. Anglin, T.M. ~ et al. 1981 Chala~dia trachomatis in adolescent females, abstracted. Pediatric Research 15:440. - Antonovsky, H.F., Sholam, I. r Kavenaki, S., Lancet' M. and Modar, B. 1980 Gender d if ferences in patterns of adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 9~2) :127-41. . Arkansas Family Planning Counc il 1983 Impact of Sex Education, 1978-1981. Little Rock, Ark. Aral, S.O., and Holmes, K.K. 1984 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. Pp. 126-141 in K.K. Holmes et al., eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill. Aral, S.O., et al. 1983 Demographic effects on sexually transmitted diseases in the 1970s: The problem could be worse. Sexually Transmitted - Diseases 19 :100-101. , . . Arnold, C.B. 1971 A condom distribution program for adolescents: The f indings of a feasibility study. American Journal of Public Heal th 61: 739-750. 1972 A condom distribution program for adolescent males. In D. V. McCalister, V. Theiessen, and H. McDermott, eds., Read ings in Family Planning: A Challenge to the Health . Professions. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby. 1972 The sexual behavior of inner city adolescent condom users. Journal of Sex Research 8: 298-309. A stwood, E . 1972 Recent Progress in Hormone Research. New York: Academic . . tress. Author unknown nd Ac ta Obstet . Gynecol Scand Suppl 117. Aznar, R., and Bennett, A.E. 1961 Pregnancy in the adolescent girl. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 81:934-940. Bachman, G., Johnston, L.D. and O'Malley, P.M. 1981 Smoking, drinking, and drug use among American high school students: Correlates and trends, 1975-1979. Amer ican Journal of Public Health Vol. 71 (1) :59-69. - Bachrach, C.A. 1984 Contraceptive practice among Amer ican women, 1973-1982 . Family Plann ing Pe r specs ire s 16 (November/Decembe r) : 2 53- 2 5 9 . Bachrach, C.A., and Horn, M.C. 1985 Marriage and f irst intercourse, marital dissolution and remarriage: United States, 1982. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics No. 107. .

297 Bachrach, C.A., and Mosher, W. 1984 Use of contraception in the United States, 1982. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics 102 (December 4~. 1985 Adoption Plans, Adopted Children, and Adoptive Mothers: Un ited States, 1982. Unpublished manuscr ipt. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics (March). Bachu, A. 1983 International fertility indicators. Current Population Reports, Ser. ies P .23 , No. 123 . Washington, D.C.: U.S . Government Pr inting Off ice. Bacon, L.A . 1974 Early motherhood, accelerated role transition and social pathology. Soc ial Forces 52: 333-341. B al ley , L . B ., Mahan , C . S ., and D imper to , M . S . 1980 Folacin and iron status in low-income pregnant adolescent and mature women. Amererican Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33 :1997-2001. Baizerman, M., Sheehan, C., Ellison, D., and Schlesinger, E. 1974 A cr. itique of the research literature concerning pregnant adolescents, 1960-1970 . Journal of Youth and Adolescence 3~1~:61-75. Baldwin, W., and Cain, V. 1980 The children of teenage parents. Family Planning Perspectives 12(January/February):34-43. Baker, D.A., and Amstey, M.S. 1983 Herpes simplex virus: Biology, epidemiology and clinical infection. Seminars in Perinatology 7:1-7. Baltes, P., and Schaie, K. 1973 Life Span Developmental Psychology: Personality and Socialization. New York: Academic Press. Bank Street College 1985 Teen Fathers Project, Conversation with Joelle Sander, Coordinator. Barnard, K. 1978 Personal communication. University of Washington School of Nursing. Barnes, R.C., and Holmes, K.K. 1984 Epidemiology of gonorrhea: Current perspectives. Epidemiological Reviews 6:1-30. garret, R.L., and Robinson, B.L. 1982a A descriptive study of teenage expectant fathers. Family Relations 31:349-352. 1982b Teenage fathers: Neglected too long Social Work 27:484-488. Battaglia, F.C., Frazier, T.M., and Helegers, A.E. 1963 Obstetric and pediatric complications of juvenile pregnancy. Pediatrics 32:902-910. Bauman, K.E., and Udry, J.R. 1981 Subjective expected utility and adolescent sexual behavior. Adolescence 16:527-535.

298 Baumrind, D. 1983 Why adolescents take chances and why they don't. Presentation at National Institute of Child Health and Human Development commemorating Children's Day. Berkeley: University of California. Becker, G.S., Landes, E.M., and Michael, R.T. 19 77 An economic analysis of mar ital stability. Journal of Political Economy 85 :1141-87. Becker, G.S. 1960 An economic analysis of fertility. Pp. 209-40 in National Bureau of Economic Research, Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University. Becker, T.M., et al. 1985 Genital herpes infections in private practice in the United States, 1966 to 1981. Journal of the American Medical Association 253:1601-1603. Bell, T.A. 1983 Belsky, J. 1980 Belsky, J. 1984 Major sexually transmitted diseases of children and adolescents. Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2:153-161. Bell, T.A., and Hein, K. 1984 Adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases. Pp. 73-84 in K.K. Holmes, et al., eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bell, T.A., and Holmes, K.K. 1984 Age-specific risks of syphilis, gonorrhea, and hospitalized pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually experienced U.S. women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 11:291-295. Belmont, L., Cohen, P., Dryfoos, J., Stein, Z. and 2ayac, S. 1981 Maternal age and children's intelligence. Pp. 177-194. in K. Scott, T. Field, and E. Robertson, eds., Teenage Parents and Their Offspring. New York: Grune & Stratton. Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist 35:320-335. 1984 Determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development 55:83-96. , Gilstrap, B., and Ravine, M. The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, 1 Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interaction in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. Child Development 55:692-705. Berger, C., Gold, D., Andres, D. Gillet, P., and Kinch, R. 1984 Repeat abortion: Is it a problem? Family Planning Perspectives 16 (March/April):70-75. Bernard, J. 1981 The good-provider role: Its rise and fall. American Psychologist 36:1-12. Bernstein, S.G., et al. 1985 Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in colposcopically directed cervical biopsy specimens in 1972 and 1982. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 15:577-581.

299 Bierman, S.M. 1983 A retrospective study of 375 patients with genital herpes simplex infections seen between 1973 and 1980. Cutis 31:548-552, 557, 560-565. Billy, J.0.G., Rodgers, J.L., and Udry, J.R. 1984 Adolescent sexual behavior and friendship choice. Socia1 Forces 62:653-678. Billy, J.O.G., and Landale, N.S. 1986 The effect of marital status at first birth on marital dissolution among adolescent mothers. Demography 23 (August): 329-349. Billy, J.O.G., and Udry, J.R. 1985a The effects of age and pubertal development on adolescent sexual behavior. Acta Pasdologica. 1985b The influence of male and female best friends on adolescent Sexual behavior. Adolescence 20:21-31. 1985a Patterns of adolescent friendship and effects on sexual behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly 48:27-31. Block, A.H., and Dubin, S. 1981 Research on the Societal Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: Welfare Costs at the Local Level. Final report to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Washington, D.C.: Bokonon Systems, Inc. Blum, R. and Resnick, M. 1982 Adolescent sexual decision-making: Contraception, pregnancy, abortion, motherhood. Pediatric Annals 11(10):797-805. Bochner, K. 1962 Pregnancies in juveniles. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 83:269-271. Bolton, F.G. 1985 Preventive screening of adolescent mothers and infants: Critical variables in assessing risk for child maltreatment. Journal of Primary Prevention 5:169-187. Bolton, F.G., and Belsky, J. 1985 The adolescent father and child maltreatment. In A.B. Elster and M. E. Lamb, eds., Adolescent Fatherhood. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bolton, F.G., MacEachron, A., Laner, R.H., and Gal, D. S. 1985 The adolescent family and child maltreatment: Perspectives on father, mother, and child. Bongaarts, John 1978 A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review 4(March):105-132. Bowie, W.R., et al. 1981 Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in two different populations of women. Canadian Medical Association Journal 124:1477-1479. Bowlby, J. 1969 Attachment and loss (Vol. 1~: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

300 Bracken, M.B., and Holford, T.R. 1979 Induced abortion and congenital malformations in offspring of subsequent pregnancies. American Journal of Epidemiology 109: 425-432 . Branch, A., Quint, J., Mandel, S., and Russell, S. 1981 Project Redirection: Interim Report on Program Implementation. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. Brann, E. 1979 A multivariate analysis of interstate variation in fertility of teenage girls. American Journal of Public Health 69:661-666. Briggs, R.M., Herren, R.R., and Thompson, W.B. 1962 Pregnancy in the young adolescent. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84:436-441. Broderick, C.B. 1965 Social heterosexual development among urban Negroes and Whites. Journal of Marriage and the Family 27:200-203. 1966 Sexual behavior among pre-adolescents. Journal of Social Issues 22:6-21. Broman, S. H. 1981 Longterm development of children born to teenagers. Pp. 195-224 in K. Scott, T. Field, and E. Robertson, eds., Teenage Parents and Their Offspring. New York: Grune & Stratton. Brooks-Gunn, J., and Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. 1985 Antecendents and consequences of parenting: The case of adolescent motherhood. In Fogel and Melson, eds., The Origins of Nurturance. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bumpass, L.L., Rindfuss, R.R., and Janosik, R. 1978 Age and marital status at first birth and the pace of subsequent fertility. Demography 15(February):75-86. Bumpass, L.L., and Sweet, J.A. 1972 Differentials in marital instability: 1970 American Sociological Review 37(December):754-766. Burnham, D. 1983 Induced terminations of pregnancy: Reporting states, 1980. Monthly Vital Statistics Report 32~8, Supplement):1-31. Burt, M.R. 1986 Estimates of Public Costs for Teenage Childbearing: A Review of Recent Studies and Estimates of 1985 Public Costs. Prepared for the Center for Population Options. Washington, D.C.: Center for Population Options. Burt, M., Kimmich, M., Goldmuntz, J., and Sonenstein, F. 1984 Helping Pregnant Adolescents: Outcomes and Costs of Service Delivery. Final report to Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs, Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.

301 Bush, D. 1983 Fertility-related state laws enacted in 1982. Family Planning Perspectives 15(May/June):111-116. Card, J. J. 1977 Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing for the Young Parent's Future Personal and Professional Life. Final report to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Palo Alto, Calif.: American Institutes for Research. 1978 Long-Term Consequences for Children Born to Adolescent Parents. Final report to National Institute for Child Health and Human Development. Palo Alto, Calif.: American Institutes for Research, December. 1981 Long-term consequences for children of teenage parents. Demography 18(May):137-156. Card, J.J., and Wise, L.L. 1978 Teenage mothers and teenage fathers: The impact of early childbearing on the parents' personal and professional lives. Family Planning Perspectives lO{July/August): 199-207. Jr. Abortions for teenagers. Pp. 139-154 in Abortion and Sterilization. London: Academic Press. Jr., and Rauh, J.L. Adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases: An expanding problem. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6:1-5. Cates, W., Jr., Schulz, K.F., and Grimes, D.A. 1983 The risks associated with teenage abortion. The New England Journal of Medicine 309~11~:621-624. 1984 Sexually transmitted diseases: The national view. Cutis 33:69-72, 74-75, 77-78, 80. Cates, W., Jr., et al. 1977 Effect of delay and choice of method on risk of abortion mortality. Family Planning Perspectives 9:266-269. 1980 Adolescent abortions in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 1:18-25. 1983 The risks associated with teenage abortion. New England Journal of Medicine 309:621-624. Cates, W., 1981 Cates, W., 1985 Centers for Disease Control 1979 Nonreported sexually transmitted diseases - United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1980 Pelvic inflammatory disease - United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 28:605-607. 1982 Genital herpes infection - United States 1966-1979. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 31:137-139. 1983 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Statistical Letter 1982 No. 132, Atlanta, Ga. 1983 Abortion Surveillance 1979, 1980. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1984 Annual summary, 1983. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 32:54, 22-25.

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351 1980 Determinants of Fertility Behavior Among U.S. Females Aged 15 - 19 1971 and 1976. Final resort to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University. Sex and Pregnancy in Adolescence. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Zelnik, M. and Kim, Y.J. 1982 Sex education and its association with teenage sexual activity, pregnancy and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives 14(May/June):117-126. Zelnik, M., Koenig, M.A., and Kim, Y.J. 1984 Source of prescription contraceptives and subsequent pregnancy among women. Family Planning Perspectives 16 {January/February):6-13. Zelnik, M. and Shah, F.K. 1982 ~ 1981 Sex education and its association with teenage sexual activity, pregnancy and contraceptive use. Family Planning Persnectives 14~117-126. 1983 First intercourse among young americans. Perspectives 15:64-70. _ Family Planning Zlatnik, F.J., and Burmeister, L.F. 1977 Low "gynecologic age" an obstetric risk factor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 128:183-185. Zucker, R.A. and Barron, T.H. 1973 Parental behaviors associated with problem drinking and antisocial behavior among adolescent males. In M.E. Chafetz, ea., Research on Adcoholism: I: Clinical Problems and Special Populations. Washington, D.C., U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing office. Zucker, R.A., Battistich, V.A., and Langer, G.B. 1981 Sexual behavior, sex-role adaptation and drinking in young women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 42~5~:457-65. Zucker, R.A. and Devoe, C.I. DATE Life history characteristics associated with problem drinking and antisocial behavior in adolescent girls: A comparison with male findings. Pp. 109-134 in R.D. dirt, G. Winoker and M. Roff, eds., Life History Research in Psychopathology (Volume 4~. - Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Zuckerman, B., and Alpert, J. 1983 Neonatal outcomes: Is adolescent pregnancy a risk factor? Pediatrics 71:489-493. Zuckerman, B. et al. 1984 Pregnancy Risk Taking Among Adolescents. Paper Presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America. . .

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More than 1 million teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year; nearly half give birth. Why do these young people, who are hardly more than children themselves, become parents? The statistical appendices and working papers for the report Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing provide additional insight into the trends in and consequences of teenage sexual behavior.

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