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STATI STICAL APPENDIX TRENDS IN ADOLE SCENT SEXUAL AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Kristin A. Moore, DeeAnn Wenk, Sandra L. Hofferth, and Cheryl D. Hayes, editors The major purpose of this statistical appendix is to provide an integrated and comprehensive source of data on teenage fertility be- havior. To date, much of the public data on prevalence of sexual activ- ity by age, sex, race and cohort in the United States, as well as trends in pregnancies, births, abortions, marriage and adoption, have not been available in any single source. Much of the information pre- sented in this statistical appendix was derived f rom data published by various federal government agencies, including the U.S. Bureau of Census and the National Center for Health Statistics. Much of it is also available in published form from non-governmental surveys. Some of the information presented here was derived from unpublished data made available by both governmental and non-governmental sources. This statistical appendix is one part of a comprehensive examina- tion of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing conducted by the Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, under the auspices of the National Research Council's Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy. The study was supported by a consortium of private foundations, including the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Founda- tion, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. Over the two years of the study, the panel conducted a detailed review of data on trends in teenage sexual and fertility behavior, a review and synthesis of research on the antecedents and consequences of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, and a review of intervention strategies and programs. The statistical appendix was prepared as background for the panel's re- port and as a reference for policy-makers, researchers, and others seeking information on patterns of sexual and fertility behavior among U.S. teenagers. This appendix is organized according to the panel's conceptual scheme for understanding adolescent sexual decision making. The pro- cess of becoming an adolescent parent, beginning with the initiation of sexual intercourse, involves a series of decision points faced by all adolescents (see Volume I, Chapter 1) . Choices (which vary in their degree of conscious decisionmaking) at each successive point in the sequence are dependent on the outcomes of previous choices. The A-1 / 353
A-2 / 354 total number and proportion of adolescents reaching each point in the decision-making process are determined by a variety of social and demo- graphic factors. The proportion of teenagers who are sexually active and the consis- tency of contraceptive use are the key factors that affect the proba- bility of pregnancy in the adolescent population. Once a pregnancy occurs, the proportion of teenagers who voluntarily terminate their pregnancy, give birth in- or out-of-wedlock, or relinquish their child for adoption affects the number of teenagers who become parents and the number who become unmarried parents. A change in the size of the ado- lescent population or in any of these factors will ultimately produce a change in the number of adolescent parents. Thus, it is important to examine recent trends and current levels in the frequencies of an entire range of behaviors in order to understand trends in adolescent pregnancy and childbearing. Additionally, adolescents are not a monolithic group. Adolescent behavior varies by age, sex, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic charac- teristics. For this reason, we have endeavored to provide data by age categories (i.e., less than 15 years old, 15 to 17 years old, and 18 to 19 years old) by race and ethnicity, and by sex. In some cases, however, data were not available in the desired form. Often, for example, age categories were inconsistent over time and across sources. Some data were not available by race and ethnicity. Despite these difficulties, we have tried to provide as much information as possible while retaining the ability to make meaningful comparisons of data from different sources and over time. In many cases data for older age groups are presented for comparison with adolescent age groups. The statistical appendix is organized into eight sections contain- ing tables with brief accompanying summaries. Sections 1 through 4 present data on teenagers at successive points along the path to ado- lescent pregnancy, including sexual activity, contraceptive use, and premarital pregnancy. Sections 5 through 7 present data on teenagers choosing different resolutions to pregnancy including abortion, mar- riage, birth, and adoption. The final section contains information on adolescents who became parents. This appendix is not intended to be analytical. The earlier chap- ters of Volume II provide a more complete synthesis of the research literature, an assessment of the reliability of the data, and an iden- tification of gaps in available knowledge. The addendum to this volume contains detailed descriptions of the major sources of data used for constructing the tables.
TABLES I. SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS . Proportion Of Women Aged 15 To 19 Beginning Menstruation At Specific Ages, By Race, 1976 - 1980 1.2 1.3 1.4 I.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 Percent Never Married Women Living In Metropolitan Areas Ever Experiencing Sexual Intercourse, By Age 1971 - 1982 All Women And Never-Married Women Who Have Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, By Age And Race, 1982, National Survey Of Family Growth Cumulative Sexual Activity By Single Year Of Age, Sex, Race And Ethnicity, 1983, National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth Cumulative Percentage Of Women And Men Under 20 Who Ever Had Intercourse, By Age, Race And Study, United States, 1938 to 1984 Percent of Sexually Experienced Never-Married Women Aged 15-19 Who Had Intercourse Only Once, by Age and Race, 1976 Frequency Of Sexual Intercourse Among Unmarried Females 15 To 24 Who Ever Had Intercourse By Race, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth Distribution {in Percentages) Of Total Number Of Premarital Sexual Partners, By Race: 1971, 1976 And 1979 - Sexually Experienced Females Aged 15 to 19, Metropolitan U.S. Percentage Distribution Of Women Aged 15-19 And Of Men Aged 17-21, By Relationship With Their First Sexual Partner, According To Race, 1979, Metropolitan U.S. 1.10 Percentage Distribution Of Women Aged 15-19 And Of Men Aged 17-21, By Relationship With Their First Sexual Partner, According To Age At First Intercourse, 1979, Metropolitan U.S. A-3 / 355
A-4 / 356 1.11 Percentage Distribution Of Locale Of First Premarital Inter- course, Women Aged 15-19, By Race, 1976 And 1979, Metropolitan U .S . 1.12 Estimated Cummulative Percent Ever Experiencing Sexual Inter- course By Single Year of Age, Race, Ethnicity And Mother's Education, 1983, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1.13 Cumulative Sexual Activity By Single Year Of Age And By Drop Out Rate Of Respondent's High School, 1979 From National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth I I . CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS 2.1 Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Active Women Aged 15-19, By Contraceptive-Use Status, According To Race, 1976, 1979, 1982 2.2 Percent Of Women Aged 15-44 Who Used A Contraceptive Method At First Intercourse And Percent Distribution Of Women Who Used A Method, By Type Of Method, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth 2.3 Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Experienced Women Aged 15-19 And Men Aged 17-21, By Type Of Contraceptive Method Used At First Intercourse; Percentage Distribution Of Those Using A Method, By Type Of Method; According To Race And Planning Status Of First Intercourse, 1979, Metropolitan U.S. 2.4 Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Experienced Women Aged 15-19 By Type of Contraceptive Method Used At First Inter- course; Percentage Distribution Of Those Using A Method, By Type Of Method; According To Race, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Experienced Women Aged 15-19 And Men Aged 17-21 Who Did Not Use A Contraceptive Method At First Intercourse, By Reason Reported For Not Having Used A Method, According To Planning Status Of First Intercourse And Race, 1979, Metropolitan O.S. Percent Of Sexually Active Unmarried Women Under Age 20 By Timing Of First Contraception And Age At First Intercourse, According To Race, 1982, National Survey Of Family Growth Number of Women Aged 15-44 Exposed To The Risk Of Unintended Pregnancy, And Percentage Currently Practicing Contraception, By Marital Status, by Age, National Survey Of Family Growth
A-5 / 357 2.8 Number Of Never Married Women 15-44 Years Of Age Who Were Exposed To The Risk Of An Unintended Pregnancy, And Percent Using A Method Of Contraception, By Race And Age, And Percent Distribution Of Contraceptors By Method Of Contraception, According To Race And Age: United States, 1982 2.9 Number And Percentage Distribution Of Hispanic And Non-Hispanic Women Aged 15 To 19 (All Marital Statuses) Currently Exposed To The Risk Of Unintended Pregnancy By Current Contraceptive Status, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth 2.10 Percent Of Never-Married Women Aged 15-19 Who Correctly Per ceived The Time Of Greatest Pregnancy Risk Within The Menstrual Cycle, By Age, Race And Sexual Experience, 1976 And 1971 2.11 Standardized Contraceptive-Use Failure Rates By User Character- istics And Method Type: Single Women, January 1, 1979-July 1, 1982 III. PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS 3.1 Reproductive Behavior, U.S. Women Aged 15-19, 1960-1984 Pregnancies, Abortions, Miscarriages And Live Births By Marital Status To Women Aged 15 To 19, 1982 Proportion Of Women Ever-Pregnant Before Age 20, 1976 And 1981 Percentage of Premaritally Sexually Active Women Aged 15-19 Who Ever Experienced A Premarital First Pregnancy, By Contraceptive- Use Status And Race, 1979 And 1976, Metropolitan U.S. Estimated Cumulative Percent Of Metropolitan-Area Females Aged 15-19 With Premarital First Pregnancy, By Duration Since First Intercourse, Race And Contraceptive Use Status, U.S., 1979 3.6 Percentage Distributions Of Women Aged 15-19 Who Ever Experienced A Premarital First Pregnancy And Were Unmarried At The Time The Pregnancy Was Resolved, By Pregnancy Intention And, Among Those Who Did Not Want The Pregnancy, By Contracep- tive Use, According To Race, 1979, 1976 And 1971 (Metropolitan- Area Teenagers) IV. INDUCED ABORTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS 4.1 Number And Percentage Distribution Of Legal Abortions, Abortion Rate Per 1,000 Women, And Percentage Of Pregnancies Terminated By Abortion, By Age Of Women, United States, Selected Years, 1974-1982
A-6 / 358 4.2 Percent Change In Abortion Rates And In The Number Of Preg nancies Terminated By Abortions By Age Group, 1974 To 1978, 1979 To 1981, 1981 To 1982 4.3 Abortion Rate Per 1,000 Women, By Age-group And Race, According To Marital Status, 1979-1981 4.4 Estimated Abortion Rate Per 1,000 Women Aged 12-19 By Race, United States, 1971-1978 4.5 Legal Abortions Per 1~000 Births (Abortion Ratio) By Age At Conception And By Race, United States, 1972-1978 4.6 Ratios of Induced Terminations of Pregnancy By Race And Age Of Woman, 1980: 12-State Area 4.7 Percent of Induced Terminations of Pregnancy To Women With No Previous Induced Termination, By Age And Race Of Women: 12-State Area, 1980 V. MARRIAGE AMONG PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS 5.1 5.2 Percent Of Males And Females Aged 15 to 19 Never-married, By Race And Ethnicity, 1960-1985 Percentage Of First-Born Babies Born to Mothers Aged 15-19 Conceived Either Maritally or Extra-Maritally, By Race, Age, and Marital Status at First Birth According To Birth Cohort Of Baby VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRTHS TO ADOLESCENTS 6.1 Number Of Births In The United States To Women Under Age 20 By Race, 1955 - 1984 6.2 Birth Rates By Age Of Mother, By Race Of Child, United States, 1950 - 1984 6.3 Number Of Out-Of-Wedlock Births In The United States (estimated) By Age Of Mother: 1955-1984 6.4 Birth Rates For Unmarried Women by Age of Mother and Race of Child: United States, 1970-84 6.5 Live Births By Age Of Father, Age Of Mother, And Race Of Child: United States, 1983
A-7 / 3 59 6.6 Percent Of All First Births And Total Births In Which The Mother's Age Was Under 20, Under 18 Or Under 15, By Race, United States, 1950-1984 6 . 7 Number and Percent of All L ive Births to Women Under Age 20 by Hispanic Origin of Mother: Total of 23 Reporting States and the D istr ict of Columbia, 1984 6.8 Number and Percent of All Out of Wedlock Births to Women under Age 20 by Hispanic Origin of Mother: Total of 23 Reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1984 6.9 Percentage Of Mothers Receiving Inadequate Prenatal Care, By Age Group According To Race And Ethnicity, Residence And Marital Status, National Natality Survey 1980 6.10 Number and Percent Of Live Births With Low Birth Weight and Live Births by Birth Weight, by Age of Mother and Race of Child: United States, 1983; Based On 100 Percent Of Births In Selected States And On A 50-Percent Sample Of Births In All Other States 6.11 Estimated Cumulative Percent of Women Aged 15 to 19 Ever Experiencing First Birth By Single Year of Age, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Cumulative Percent Having A First Birth By Single Year Of Age, Race And Ethnicity, And By Mother's Education, Education in 1979; 1983 National Longitudinal Surrey of Youth 6.13 Infant Mortality Rates (deaths at less than one year of age per 1, 000 live births) By Age of Mother, U.S. Study of Infant Mortality f rom Linked Records and 1980 National Natality Survey/National Death Index (NNS/NDI) VII ADOPTION OF CHILDREN BORN TO ADOLESCENTS . Percentage Distribution Of Premarital Live Births Resulting From First Pregnancies Of Women Aged 15-19 At Interview, By Living Arrangements Of Baby And Race Of Mother: 1982, 1976, and 1971 7.2 Percentage Of Babies Born Premaritally To Women 15-44 Years Of Age At Interview Who Were Placed For Adoption By Age Of Mother At Birth Of Child And Race, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth 7.3 Adoptions by Type and Age of Mother, State of California Selected Years, 1967 to 1983
A-8 / 360 VIII. CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT PARENTS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Percent of Women Aged 20-29 Completing High School By Age At Birth Of First Child, Race And Ethnicity, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Percent of Mothers Aged 20-29 Having A Subsequent Birth Within 24 Months Of The First, By Their Age at First Birth, Race And Ethnicity, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Cumulative Percentage Of Metropolitan-area Women Aged 15-19 Who Had A Premarital Second Pregnancy, By Number Of Months Following Outcome Of The Premarital First Pregnancy, According To Race, Outcome And Age At Conclusion Of First Pregnancy, 1971, 1976 and 1979 Receipt Of AFDC Among Women Aged 20-29 By The Women' s Age At First Birth, Pace, And Ethnicity, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth Poverty Status Of Mothers Aged 20-29, By Their Age At First Birth, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth 1,
I . SEXUAL ACT IVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on sexual activity among adoles- cents in the United States. Data are provided on sexual activity among never-married teens and married teens before and after marriage. In most cases the designation of being sexually active pertains to men and women ever having intercourse. Data are also provided on frequency of sexual intercourse, number of premarital sexual partners, location of first intercourse and other factors that may affect the timing of first sexual intercourse among adolescents, such as age at first menstruation. The data came f rom three main sources, the National Surveys of Young Women and Men (NSYW/M), the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLS), and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The 1979 NSYW/M are for U. S . metropolitan areas only. For this reason the data in Table 1.2 from the 1971 and the 1976 NSYW/M and the 1982 NSFG were adjusted to include metropolitan areas only, in order to present a comparable time series. In subsequent tables for which similar data from the 1982 NSFG were not available, only data from the NSYW/M are presented. Data on young men are only available in the NSYM and the NLS. . The estimates of female sexual activity based on data from the NLS and the NSFG although generally consistent, differ in three respects. First, the age categories for the NSFG are mid-year (i.e., age 15 means 15.5 years) whereas for the NLS data, the age categories extend to the end of a specified age (i.e., age 15 means until the 16th birthday). Second, unless otherwise noted data from the NLS include all women re- gardless of marital status. Third, Hispanic persons in the NLS data may be of any race (black or white); in the NSFG data, unless other- wise noted black and white totals include Hispanic persons. This means that the race and ethnicity categories are not mutually exclusive. The NSYW/M do not include data on H ispanics. A-9 / 361
A-10 / 362 TABLE 1.1 Proportion Of Women Aged 15 To 19 Beginning Menstruation At Specific Ages, By Race Of Women, 1976 - 19801 - Proportion of Women, by Race Age at First Menstrual Cycle Total WhitesBlacks 8-105.1% 4.6%7.6% 1112.7 12.117.6 1229.4 29.624.7 1330.2 31.425.8 1413.1 12.914.8 155.9 5.8 162.9 2.99.5 17+0.7 0.7 100.0 100.0100.0 Mean Age12.6 12.712.5 \ N = 2,121 1,767 305 Notes: None of the black-white differences in age at menarche reach accepted levels of statistical significance. The total group includes 49 women of other race groups. Where cell sizes fell below 25, data are grouped in categories. Data are derived from women's responses to a question in the medical interview, "How old were you when your period or menstrual cycles started? Data were coded in years. Source: Unpublished tabulation from Ronette Briefel, National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS, Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 - 1980.
A-11 / 363 TABLE 1.1 Table 1.1 shows the proportion of women aged 15 to 19 (studied between 1976 and 1980) by age at menarche and race. These data were tabulated from the Second National Health and Nutrition Survey. Over three quarters, 77.4 percent, of all women began menstruation by age 13, 96.4 percent of all women began menstruation by age 15. The mean age at first menstruation for all women was 12.6 years, 12.7 years for white women and 12.5 years for black women. The difference in age at first menstruation between black and white women is not statistically signif icant.
A-12 / 364 TABLE 1.2 Percent Never Married Women Living In Metropolitan Areas Ever Experiencing Sexual Intercourse, By Age 1971 - 1982 (percent who have had intercourse) Race Pe rcent Chang e and Age 1982 1979 1976 1971 1971-82 All Races* 15-19 15 16 17 18 19 Wh ite 42.2 17.8 28.1 41.0 52.7 61.7 46.0 22.5 37.8 48.5 56.9 69.0 39.2 18.6 28.9 42.9 51.4 59.5 27.6 14.4 20.9 26.1 39.7 46.4 52.9 23.6 34.4 57.0 32.7 33.0 15-19 40.3 42.3 33.6 23.273.7 15 17.3 18.3 13.8 11.353.1 16 26.9 35.4 23.7 17.058.0 17 39.5 44.1 36.1 20.295.5 18 48.6 52.6 46.0 35.636.5 19 59.3 64.9 53.6 40.745.7 Black 15-19 52.9 64.8 64.3 52.41.0 15 23.2 41.1 38.9 31.2-25.6 16 36.3 50.4 55.1 44.4-18.2 17 46.7 73.3 71.0 58.9-20.7 18 75.7 76.3 76.2 60.225.7 19 78.0 88.5 83.9 78.3- .4 *Includes races other than Black and White. Sources: Melvin Zelnik & John F. Kantner, "Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use amd Pregnancy Among Metropolitan-Area Teenagers: 1971-1979", Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 5, Sept/Oct 1980. William Pratt, NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 1982, Cycle III, unpublished tabulations, 1984.
A-13 / 365 TABLE 1.2 Table 1.2 shows the percent of never married women aged 15 to 19 living in metropolitan areas who had ever experienced sexual inter- course by 1971, 1976, 1979 and 1982. For all 15- to 19-year-old metro- politan women, there was a 53 percent increase in the percent of sexually experienced females between 1971 and 1982 due primarily to increases among whites. Overall, the percent increase in the propor- tion sexually experienced was the largest among 17-year olds. There was also a substantial increase in the proportion of females aged 15 and 16 who were sexually experienced. Although the proportion sexually active increased during the 1970s, between 1979 and 1982, there was a slight decrease in the percent of metropolitan teenage females experiencing intercourse. Of women aged 15 to 19 in 1982, about 42 percent had had intercourse compared to 46 percent of women aged 15 to 19 in 1979. The decline in the proportion sexually active occurred for 15-, 16-, 17-, 18- and 19-year-old female teenagers regardless of race. The decline for white teenagers was slight, from 42.3 to 40.3 percent for 15- to 19-year-olds and is not statistically significant. The decline for black teenagers was much larger, from 64.8 to 52.9 percent for 15- to 19-year-olds. From a statistical perspective this trend is only marginally certain, and will have to be monitored to determine its significance. It is important to note that, while more than 50 percent of females aged 18 to 19 in 1982 had experienced intercourse, fewer than 30 percent of females aged 15 and 16 in 1982 had done so.
A-14 / 366 TABLE 1.3 All Women And Never-Married Women Who Have Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, By Age And Race, 1982, National Survey Of Family Growth Number of Women (logos) Age* ~ Who Had Intercourse Total** White Black Total.. White Black All Women All Ages 15-4454,09945,3676,985 86.3 86.0 89.7 15-199,5217,8151,416 46.9 44.9 58.9 15-175,1224,119821 32.2 30.1 44.1 151,4741,191209 19.2 17.9 28.0 161,6011,302260 30.4 28.8 41.6 172,0461,626352 43.0 40.1 55.4 182,3271,967302 58.1 54.8 77.0 192,0721,728293 70.7 69.0 82.0 20-2410,6298,8551,472 85.4 84.5 93.2 25-4433,94928,6974,097 97.6 97.7 99.0 Never-Married Women All Ages 15-4419,16414,9483,545 61.3 57.6 79.6 15-198,8397,1931,377 42.8 40.2 57.8 15-174,9683,971818 30.1 27.S 43.8 151,4601,177209 18.4 16.9 28.0 161,5591,263257 28.5 26.7 40.8 171,9491,531352 40.1 36.4 55.4 182,1071,768289 53.8 49.7 76.1 191,7641,454270 65.6 63.2 80.5 20-245,8114,5021,084 73.3 69.5 90.8 25-444,5143,2521,084 82.0 79.7 96.3 *Single years of age refer to the mid-points in the age intervals, e.g., 15 means 15.5 years. **Includes races other than White and Black. Source: Pratt et al. "Understanding U.S. Fertility," Population Bulletin, Volume 39 No. 5, December 1984. Reprinted by permission.
A-15 / 367 TABLE 1.3 Table 1.3 shows data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) on the number and percent of all women and never married women who ever had sexual intercourse by age and race for 1982. Among all women aged 15 to 19, 47 percent had had sexual intercourse (44.9 per- cent of white teens and 58.9 percent of black teens), compared to more than 85 percent of all women older than age 20. The proportions of never-married women aged 15-19 ever having had sexual intercourse are only slightly lower than for all women aged 15 to 19 because most women under age 20 have never been married. Unmarried teens account for 32 percent of all unmarried women ever having had intercourse and 8 per- cent of all sexually active women. It should be noted that the proportions presented in this table for never-married women differ slightly for those presented in Table 1.2 for 1982 because they are not limited to metropolitan areas.
A-16 / 368 TABLE 1.4 Cumulative Sexual Activity By Single Year Of Age, Sex, Race And Ethnicityl, 1983, National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth Cumulative % Sexually Active Age* Male Female Total 15 16 17 18 19 20 N White 15 16 17 18 19 20 N Black 15 16 17 18 ~9 20 N 16.6 28.7 47.9 64.0 77.6 83.0 (4657) 12.1 23.3 42.8 60.1 75.0 81.1 (2828) 42.4 59.6 77.3 85.6 92.2 93.9 (1146) 5.4 12.6 27.1 44.0 62.9 73.6 (4648) 4.7 11.3 25.2 41.6 60.8 72.0 (2788) 9.7 20.1 39.5 59.4 77.0 84.7 (1157) Hispanics 15 19.3 4.3 16 32.0 11.2 17 49.7 23.7 18 67.1 40.2 19 78.5 58.6 20 84.2 69.5 N (683) (703) Note: Sample is limited to respondents age 20 and over at 1983 survey date. *Percentages reference birthday for specified ages, e.g., 15 means by 15th birthday or end of 14. [Hispanic persons may be of any race. Source: Special Tabulations from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University.
A-17 / 369 TABLE 1.4 Data on the cumulative percent of males and females in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) who reported having had sexual intercourse are presented in Table 1.4. by age and race. In all, 4 out of every 5 males and 7 out of every 10 females were sexually active by age 20. Among males, blacks were more likely to be sexually experienced than both Hispanic and white males. Nearly 60 percent of the black males had had intercourse by age 16 and 94 percent had had intercourse by age 20. ~ In comparison, by age 16 about 32 per- cent of the Hispanic males and less than a quarter of the white males were sexually experienced. By age 20, slightly more than 80 percent of white and Hispanic males had had intercourse. This data base, like the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), indicates that black females were more likely to have had intercourse than whites or Hispanics. Approximately 2 out of 10 black females were sexually active by age 16 and more than 8 out of 10 were sexually active by age 20. In contrast, only 1 out of 10 white and Hispanic females were sexually active by age 16 and 7 out of 10 were sexually active by age 20. In general, males were sexually active at younger ages than fe- males, and blacks were sexually active at younger ages than whites or Hispanics.
A-18 / 370 TABLE 1.5 Cumulative Percentage Of Women And Men Under 20 Who Ever Had Intercourse, By Age, Race And Study, United States, 1938 to 1984 Females Males Study Year AgeWhite Black White Black Kinsey, Pomeroy 1938-50 131 & Martin, 1948 142 Kinsey, Pomeroy, 153 Martin & Gebhard, 167 1953, U.S. 17- 18- 19__ 2020 14.8 27.8 38.8 51.6 61.3 68.2 71.5 73.1 Vener & Stewart, 1970 13 10 -- 24 1974; Michigan, 14 10 -- 21 School B 15 13 -- 26 Sample, 16 23 -- 31 Tables 4 & 5 17+ 27 -- 38 TOTAL 16 -- 28 1973 13 10 -- 28 14 17 -- 32 15 24 -- 38 16 31 -- 38 17+ 35 -- 34 TOTAL 22 -- 33 Miller & Simon 1971 14-15 5.3 -- 7.8 1974, Illinois 16-17 21.7 -- 20.9 Table 3 TOTAL 13.0 -- 14.0 Sorenson, 1973 1972 13-15 30 44 Table 404, U.S. 16-19 57 72 TOTAL 45 59 Simon, Berger & 1967 Gaxnon, 1972 Table III (College Youth, U.S.) It 18 7 18 19 - 19 30 25 36 __ 63 Jessor & Jessor 1972Grade 10 26 -- 21 1975, Colorado 11 40 -- 28 Table 1 12 55 -- 33 Udry, 1980 Raleigh, NC 197813 6.1 35.0 27.0 69.8 Tallahassee, FL 198014 11.0 39.3 28.8 75.9 Zabin el al, 1984 1981-82 Inner city Baltimore, It 16 16+ 34.8 59.9 54.0 65.9 80.3 76.8 83.3 93.1 Source: Refer to references at the end of text.
A-19 / 371 TABLE 1.5 Table le 5 presents cumulative percentage distributions of women and men under age 20 who ever had intercourse by age, race and study for the United States f rom 1938 to 1964. This table shows both the trends over time in adolescent sexual activity and variations and cons istenc ies in sample est imates.
A-20 / 372 TABLE 1.6 Percent of Sexually Experienced Nexrer- Married Women Aged 15-19 Who Had Intercourse Only Once, by Age and Race, 1976 Race White Black Age All % N % N 15-19 14.8 14.3 379 12.7 410 15-17 19.9 18.4 206 18.4 217 18-19 8.6 9.3 173 6.2 193 Source: M. Zelnik and J.T. Kantner, Asexual and Contraceptive Experience of Young Unmarried Women in the United States 1976 and 1971." Family Planning Perspectives 9, 1977. Reprinted by permission.
A-21 / 373 TABLE 1.6 Table 1.6 shows the percent of a sample of sexually experienced never-married women aged 15 to 19 in 1976 who had only had sexual intercourse once. Data are from the 1976 National Survey of Young Women (NSYW). Among sexually experienced never-married 15- to 19-year- old women, nearly IS percent had sexual intercourse only once. About 20 percent of women aged 15 to 17 and fewer than 10 percent of women ages 18 to 19 reported having had intercourse only one time. There were no substantial differences by race.
A-22 / 374 TABLE 1. 7 Frequency Of Sexual Intercourse Among Unmarried Females 15 To 24 Who Ever Had Intercourse By Race, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth Age Frequency of I ntercourse 15-17 18-19 15-19 20-24 All Races* Total ever having 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% intercourse (N=295) (N=4 73) (N=768) (N=626) No intercourse in last 3 months 18.3 17.9 18.1 24.3 Once a month 20.7 13.5 16.4 14.2 2-3 times a month 27.9 23.0 25.0 22.3 Once a week 21.4 20.6 20.9 18.5 More than twice per week 9.8 20.7 16.3 19.3 Daily 1.9 4.3 3.3 1.4 White Total ever having 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% intercourse (N=146) (N=175) (N=3 21) (N=3 67) No intercourse in last 3 months 21.0 20.5 20.7 27.8 Once a month 14.5 11.1 12.4 14.5 2-3 times a month 29.2 20.8 24.1 20.5 Once a week 23.2 20.7 21.6 17.0 More than twice per week 10.8 22.0 17.6 19.3 Daily 1.3 4.9 3.6 0.9 Black Total ever having 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% intercourse (N=146) (N=291) (N=437) (N=2 50) No intercourse in last 3 months 11.8 7.5 9.5 15.0 Once a month 39.5 23.0 30.8 12.6 2-3 times a month 24.9 29.4 27.2 29.8 Once a week 13.3 21.0 17.4 21.3 More than twice per week 7.2 16.9 12.3 18.8 Daily 3.3 2.2 2.7 2.5 *Includes Blacks, White and other. Other category too small to percentage. Source: Special Tabulations from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-23 / 375 TABLE 1.7 Table 1.7 presents the percentage distributions of unmarried fe- males aged 15 to 24 who ever had sexual intercourse by race according to frequency of intercourse. These data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. (NSFG) Overall, 18.1 percent of sexually experienced female teenagers reported that they had not had intercourse in the three months prior to the interview, 20.7 percent of whites and 9.5 percent of blacks. The young teenagers, aged 15 to 17, were somewhat less likely to have had sexual intercourse twice per week or more frequently than older teenagers.
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A-25 / 3?7 TABLE 1.8 The percentage distribution of a sample of women by race and by total number of premarital sexual partners as of the survey date is shown for 1971, 1976 and 1979 in Table 1.8. The percent of women who had had only one premarital sexual partner was lower in 1979 than in 1976 or 1971, 49 compared to 53 and 62 percent respectively. The largest difference was for black women. In 1971, 60 percent of the black women had had only one premarital sexual partner, while in 1979 about 40 percent of the black women had had only one premarital sexual partner. There was about an 11 percent age point decline in the number of white women who had had one partner in 1971 compared to 1979, 62 versus 51 percent. Although in all years white teenagers were more likely than black teenagers to have had only one nonmarital sexual partner, they were slightly more likely than blacks to have had 6 or more such partners.
A-26 / 378 TABLE 1.9 Percentage Distribution Of Women Aged 15-19 And Of Men Aged 17-21, By Relationship With Their First Sexual Partner, According To Race, 1979, Metropolitan U. S . Women Men Relationship WithTotalWhite Black TotalWhite Black First Partner(N=936)(N=478) (N=458) (N=670)(N=396) (N=274) Engaged9.39.6 8.2 0.60.5 1.0 Going steady55.257.6 46.5 36.539.2 21.9 Dating24 .422.2 32.6 20.020.2 19.0 Friends6.76.0 9.4 33.730.2 52.4 Recently met 4.4 4.6 3.3 9.3 9.9 5.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Source: M. Zelnik and F.K. Shah, First Intercourse Among Young Amer icans, ~ Family Planning Perspectives, 15 (2 ~ (March/April), 1983 Repr inted by permission.
A-27 / 379 TABLE 1.9 - Table 1.9 shows the percentage distribution of women aged 15 to 19 and of men aged 17 to 21 by their relationship with their first sexual partner by race. Data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW) for metropolitan areas only in 1979. Among the women, over 85 percent of the white and black women were engaged, going steady, or dating their first sexual partners. Only 4.6 percent of the white women and 3.3 percent of the black women had recently met their first sexual partners. Among males, however, 40 percent of the white men and 58 percent of the black men said that their first sexual partners were friends or someone they had just recently met.
A-28 / 38 0 TABLE 1.10 Percentage Distribution Of Women Aged 15-19 And Of Men Aged 17-21, By Relationship With Their First Sexual Partner, According To Age At First Intercourse, 1979, Metropolitan U.S. Women Men Relationship With <15 15-17 18+ <IS15-1718+ First Partner(N=2 73) (N=555) (N=103) (N=305) (N=294) (N=64) Engaged3.9 6.8 18.7 0.4 0.8 0.0 Going steady44.4 61e 9 46.1 20.0 46.2 47.9 Dating28.9 21. 6 29.0 18. 6 22.4 12.6 Friends13.2 4.3 5.4 54.4 20.0 26.7 Recently met 9. 6 3.4 0. 8 6. 6 10. 6 12. 8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 source: M. Zelnik and F.K. Shah, "First Intercourse Among Young Americans," Family Planning Perspectives, 15 (2) (March/April), 1983. Repr inted by pe rmi s sign.
A-29 / 381 TABLE 1.10 Table 1.10 shows the percentage distribution of women aged 15 to 19 and of men aged 17 to 21 by relationship with their first sexual partner according to age at first intercourse. Data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW) for metropolitan areas only in 1979. Among women, teenagers who were younger at first intercourse (less than 17 years) were more likely to have recently met and less likely to be engaged to their first partner than teenage women who had first in- tercourse at age 18 or 19. Among males, however, those who first had sexual intercourse at age 18 to 21 were more likely to have recently met their first partner than males who first had intercourse under age 18.
A-30 / 382 TABLE 1.11 Percentage Distribution Of Locale Of First Premarital Intercourse, Women Aged 15-19, By Race, 1976 And 1979, Metropolitan U.S. 1976 Locale Total (N=713) 1979 White Black Total (N=345) (N=368) (N=923) White Black (N=469) (N=454) Respondent's home 17.6 16.2 21.2 18.5 17.9 20.7 Partner's home 43.5 43.8 43.1 49.2 48.4 51.7 Home of relative/ 21.1 21.5 20.2 12.3 12.6 11.5 friend Motel/hotel 5.5 3.3 11.5 4.2 2.2 11.7 Car 7.1 8.9 2.0 8.9 10.6 2.7 Elsewhere 5.2 6.3 2.0 6.9 8.3 1.7 Source: M. Zelnik, "Sexual Activity Among Adolescents: Perspective of a Decade, In E.R. McAnarey (Ed.), Premature Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983. Reprinted by permission.
A-31 / 383 TABLE 1.11 Table 1.11 shows the percentage distribution of the location of first nonmarital intercourse for women aged 15 to 19 by race. The data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW) for 1976 and 1979, metropolitan areas only. For the majority, over three-quarters, in both 1976 and 1979, of all the women aged 15-19 who had a first premarital intercourse, the location was the home of the respondent, the partner or a friend or relative. In both years, black women were more likely than white women to first have sexual intercourse in a motel/hotel. For white women the location of first premarital intercourse was more likely to be a car or elsewhere than for black women. The partner's home was twice as likely to be the location of first intercourse as the young women's home.
Lois page replaces page A-32 / 384. A-32 / 384 TABLE 1.12 Estimated Cumulative Percent Ever Experiencing, Sexual Intercourse By Single Year of Age, Race, Ethnicity And Mother's Education, 1983, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Males Respondent 's Mother 's Education2 Females . Age* ~ HS - HS ~ HS ~ }IS - HS > HS Total Sample 15 23.9 13.7 12.0 7.3 4.7 3.3 16 38.0 24.8 23.0 16.9 10.2 10.4 17 57.9 43.8 40.6 34.6 23.7 21.4 18 72.4 61.8 55.6 53.7 40.5 34.1 19 83.5 77.6 68.7 71.8 61.4 50.5 20 87.6 82.8 76.5 81.3 73.4 60.8 N 1808 1878 790 1975 1791 756 Whites 15 18.5 9.9 9.7 6.3 4.5 3.2 16 31.2 20.4 20.6 15.9 9.2 10.5 17 52.8 40.0 37.2 33.6 22.6 20.2 18 68.6 58.8 52.9 53.5 39.1 31.9 19 81.3 75.8 66.4 72.4 59.9 48.5 20 8S.7 91.5 74.9 82.0 72.4 59.0 N 814 1359 592 883 1288 577 ~ HS ~ ITS c HS ~ HS Blacks 15 42.8 43.} 12.0 6.8 16 62.7 58.0 23.2 16.1 17 79.3 76.3 44.0 33.8 18 87.7 8S.1 63.2 53.9 19 93.0 92.5 80.1 72.0 20 94.5 94.0 87.2 80.6 N 541 525 595 499 Hi spani cs 15 20.8 16.1 4.S 2.9 16 32.2 29.0 12.2 8.7 i7 49.6 46.7 24.; 19.- 18 66.9 6S.5 39.0 38.9 19 79.3 76.5 55.8 62.0 20 86.0 79.9 68.0 70.8 ~453 192 496 183 Note: Sample is limited to respondents age 20 and over at 1983 survey date . * Percentages refer to birthday for specified ages, e. g 15th birthday or end of age 14. , 15 me ens by 1 Hispanic persons may be of any race. 2 Education is defined as less than High School, completing High School or more than High School (not available for Blacks and Hispanics ) . Source: Special Tabulations from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University.
A-33 / 385 TABLE 1.12 Table 1.12 shows cumulative estimates of sexual activity by single year of age and mother's education in 1983 for a national sample of youths. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS). In general, the lower the mother's educational level, the lower the respondent's age at becoming sexually active. For the total sample, more than half (57.9 percent) of the males whose mothers had less than high school educations and about two fifths of the males whose mothers had a high school education or more than a high school education were sexually active by age 17 (43.8 and 40.6 percent). Slightly over a third of the females whose mothers had less than high school educations {34.6 percent) and less than one quarter of the females whose mothers had a high school education or more (23.7 and 21.4 percent) were sexually active by age 17. Black males were more likely to be sexually active by age 20 than whites and Hispanics and, Hispanic males were as likely to be as sexually active white males by age 20, regardless of mother's educa- tion. Black females were more likely to be sexually active by age 20 than whites and Hispanics regardless of mother's education.
A-34 / 386 TABLE 1.13 Cumulative Sexual Activity By Single Year Of Age And By Drop Out Rate Of Respondent's High School, 1979 From National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth Drop-Out Rate of Respondent's High School, 1979 Males Females Age* LO ( <10%) HI (10%+) LO (< 10%) HI (10%~) Total Sample 15 10.7 18.8 3.4 5.1 16 21.5 31.5 9.2 12.8 17 40.7 S0.4 20.6 28.4 18 59.1 65.8 36.5 45.1 19 73.4 79.4 56.5 64.6 20 81.0 82.8 68.3 75.4 N 1387 1454 1441 1523 Whites 15 8.4 13.5 3.2 4.2 16 17.9 26.1 8.9 ll.S 17 37.3 45.4 19.9 26.1 18 56.5 61.9 35.4 41.9 19 71.7 77.4 55.5 61.9 20 79.7 80.7 67.5 73.8 N 998 762 1053 806 Blacks 15 35.6 45.2 6.4 8.6 16 58.3 59.3 13.6 18.5 17 73.9 77.0 28.1 40.6 18 83.9 86.1 48.8 62.3 19 91.4 92.1 68.1 80.0 20 92.8 94.4 78.5 86.3 N 268 411 268 447 Hispanics 15 9.8 19.2 .4 5.9 16 26.6 29.6 5.5 12.6 17 47.5 46.8 17.9 23.1 18 64.7 63.4 34.3 36.4 19 76.1 74.4 52.3 55.4 20 84.2 80.3 63.5 66.3 N 121 281 120 270 Note: Sample is limited to respondents age 20 and over at 1983 survey date. *Percentages refer to birthday for specified ages, e.g., 15 means by 15th birthday or end of age 14. 1Hispanic Persons may be of any race. Source: Special Tabulations from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University.
A-35 / 387 TABLE 1.13 Table 1.13 presents data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on cumulative sexual activity by single year of age and the drop out rate in the respondent's high school. In general, the percent sexually active by age 20 was higher among respondents who attended schools with high drop-out rates (greater than 10 percent) compared to respondents who attended schools with low drop- out rates {10 percent or lower). Again, the incidence of sexual activity was greater among black males and females regardless of the drop-out rate in the respondent's high school. It should be noted that high school drop-out rates may be a conse- quence of levels of sexual activity as well as a measure of the com- munity context. -
II. CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on contraceptive use among U.S. adolescents. Most of the available data are on females, but data from the National Surveys of Young Women and Men (NSYW/M) on male contra- ceptive use are presented. Data from the 1982 NSFG are also presented in this section. Among limitations of the data on contraceptive use are the lack of information on males, and the lack of standardization of contraceptive categories across surveys. In the tables that follow, data on contra- ceptive use are presented for sexually active men and women by marital status, timing of use (i.e., just intercourse, most recent intercourse, currently). A-37 / 389
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A-39 / 391 TABLE 2.1 Table 2.1 displays the percentage distribution of premaritally sexually active females aged 15 to 19 in 1976, 1979, and 1982 by con- traceptive-use status according to race. Data are from the National Surveys of Young Women {NSYW) for 1976 and 1979 and from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) for 1982. Overall, the proportion of premaritally sexually active females who always used a contraceptive and who used a contraceptive at some time was higher in 1979 than in ~~ ~ In 1976, 29 percent of the sample reported that they always , , _ 1976. used a contraceptive and about 36 percent reported that they used a contraceptive at some time. In 1979, 34 percent of the premaritally sexually active females said they always used a contraceptive and about 40 said they used a contraceptive at least some of the time. White premaritally sexual active teenage females were more likely to have used a contraceptive than blacks in both 1976 and 1979. The proportion of those never using a contraceptive was somewhat lower in 1979 than in 1976 for both races. Even in 1979, though, a Quarter of the young women had never used a method of birth control, about 36 per- cent of the black females and nearly a quarter of the white females. In 1976, over 40 percent of the sexually active black female teenagers and about one-third of the whites had never used a contraceptive before marriage. ~ _ ~. . . ~ ~ _ _ _ . . . _ The 1982 data include only women aged 15 to 19 who did not always use contraception. Among these women, 48.2 percent used at first in- tercourse, 52.1 percent of the white women and 36.0 percent of the black women. A lower proportion of women had never used a contracep- tive method in 1982 compared to 1976, regardless of race. Only 14.6 percent of all sexually active 15- to 19-year old women had never used any method in 1982, 12 percentage points lower than in 1979.
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A-41 / 393 TABLE 2.2 The percent of women of all ages who used a contraceptive at first intercourse by age and method is shown in Table 2.2. Data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. (NSFG) Among all women aged 15 to 44 in 1982, slightly less than one-half used a contraceptive method at first intercourse. For the older women in the sample who used a method, the most commonly used methods at first intercourse were the condom (37.6 percent), the pill (29.4 per- cent) and withdrawal (18.1 percent). Women currently aged 15 to 17 were the least likely to have used a method at first intercourse, all of them having been under 18 when they initiated coitus. Those women aged 15-19 in 1982 who used any method were most likely to have used the condom (46.6 percent), withdrawal (24.7 percent) and the pill (17.3 percent). The table show that less than half of all women used contra- ceptives at first intercourse, regardless of current age. The largest difference was between those who had first intercourse before age 18 or at age 18 or older.
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A-43 / 395 TABLE 2.3 Table 2.3 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced women aged IS to 19 and men aged 17 to 21 by the type of contraceptive method used at first intercourse and the percentage distribution for those using a method by type of method according to race and planning status of first intercourse for 1979. Data are from the National Sur- vey of Young Women (NSYW). Among women and men, those who planned first intercourse were more likely to have used contraception than those who did not plan first in- tercourse. Of the women who used a method at first intercourse, the planners were more likely than those who did not plan to use a female prescription method while male planners were more likely than those who did not plan to use a male contraceptive method. Black women were more likely than other young men and.women to rely on a female prescription method.
Type of Method Used at First I ntercour se A-44 / 396 TABLE 2.4 Percentage Distribution Of Sexually Experienced Women Aged 15-19 By Type of Contraceptive Method Used At First Inter- course; Percentage Distribution Of Those Using A Method, By Type Of Method; According To Race, 1982 National Survey Of Family G rowth Pe rcent Using Total* White Black All Respondents:(N=945) (N=579)(N=342) Female prescription8.4 8.010.6 Female nonprescription4.3 4.91.9 Male35.6 39.123.4 Condom22.5 23.618. 8 Withdrawal13.1 15. 54. 6 None51. 8 4 7. 964 . O Users only: Female prescription17.4 15.429.6 Female nonprescription8.9 9.45. 4 Male73.8 75.165.0 Condom46.6 45.352.1 Withdrawal27.2 29. 812.9 *Includes races other than white and black. Sou roe: See Table 2 .3
A-45 / 397 TABLE 2.4 Table 2.4 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced women aged 15 to 19 by type of contraceptive method used at first in- tercourse and the percentage of those using a method, by type of method, according to race. Data are from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Black women aged 15 to 19 were more likely than white women to have used no method at first intercourse. Among the users, black females were more likely to have used a female prescription method and less likely to have used withdrawal than white women.
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A-47 / 399 TABLE 2.5 . Table 2.5 shows the percentage distribution of sexually experienced women aged 15 to 19 and men aged 17 to 21 who did not use a contracep- tive method at first intercourse by reason reported for not having used a contraceptive method, according to planning status of first inter- course and race. The data are from the 1979 National Survey of Young Women (NSYW) for metropolitan areas only. For both males and females regardless of whether they planned first intercourse, less than 5 percent of those not using contraception at first intercourse reported that they wanted to become pregnant or did not care if a pregnancy occurred. Among those who planned first inter- course and did not use contraception, 16.2 percent of the women and 8.5 percent of the men, thought pregnancy was impossible, and 31.2 percent of the women and 25.6 percent of the men said they did not want to use contraception. Among those who did not plan first intercourse, white men and women were more likely than blacks to indicate that contracep- tion was not available and more black men and women indicated that they did not know about contraception than white men and women.
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A-49 / 401 TABLE 2.6 . The percentage distribution of sexually active unmarried women under age 20 by the timing of first contraception and age at first intercourse according to race is shown in Table 2.6. The data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), and include only women who did not use contraceptives at first intercourse but used it at sometime after first intercourse. The data indicate that younger teenage women (under age 15 and aged 15 to 17) were more likely than older teenagers to delay more than 12 months after first intercourse to begin using contraceptives. This was true regardless of race, but black teenagers were especially likely to delay using contraception. Only among whites aged 18 and 19 does a majority initiate contraceptive use within the first or second month after initiating sexual activity.
o c: ~ o I) ~ · - A: o ~ a) c ~ v] c ~ o · - x ~ co · - o A: By :^ u] a · - u] Is EN ~ o a) ED ·r o ~ x ~ m 1 ~ 0 · - PI A: o CJ 0 ~ · - h O ~ ., Z ~ P4 :^ · ~ A: ~ :' EN ~ O O ~ · - o . - Q. C) co) · - ~Q P4 - ~Q o o o · - - :) z ~5 · - 3 C~ ~ ~ · - Z £ o E~ Ll o - 'U 3 O O 3 ~ u~ ~5 ~ · - h ~ 3 AS ·^ a) ·e o E~ ~1 _I ~: ~: A-50 / 40 2 '- coo~c~a, · · O ~ d' meno~c~o~ ~ C~ C~ ~ ~e ~ C e ~d. ~ ~) t+) COOD Q ~ ~ CD ~ ~ O U. ·· · · ~ kD ~ 0D tD O ~ a, ~ ·· · · · ~ CD~ ~ kD O O ~a~ t- oo c~ \ ~ -~ 0\ ao ~u, ~ 0 U ~U, ~rao kD U~ u ~ ~ 0\ ~n ~' ~ O ~r un U, c ~r CD ~D ~ ~0\ ~U~ ~ ~ er 0O ~ ~ O O ~0 ~ a' 0 ~r ~' ~ ~ ~r o ~r I I 1 1 1 U~ ~ O U~ U) _I _I ~ ~ ~) ~ O 3 X ~n ~: S C~ O ~ S Pd 3 O · - Q4 ~Q ' O t) C~ ~ · - O · - ' O ~ ~ o o ~ ~c ~5 3 - ~u ~5 ~ C O · - n ~: ~ O O s · - {Q ~n · - . - C) ~ s P~ · - ta U] O U H a,' · - C P' · - C~ 0 a' 1 . ~a ~a · - O C~ S ~ ~: ·^ P4 C o o C o O ~ · - · - U] · - ~: ~ · - P: n a' · - a, tn ~ o, {Q ) `;; o ~ ~ c a ~5 0 ~ U] ~ ~ ~0 ' Z ~ - c) m ~·e Q U :5 · Z 0 ~U) - - . ~ · ~ U] ~4
A-51 / 403 TABLE 2.7 Table 2.7 shows the estimated number of women aged 15 to 44 exposed to the risk of unintended pregnancy and the percentage currently prac- ticing contraception, by marital status and agee Data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Women exposed to the risk of an unintended pregnancy includes women practicing contracep- tion and those not practicing contraception who had sexual intercourse in the last three months and were not pregnant, post partum, seeking pregnancy or non-contraceptively sterile. These data indicate that among women aged 15 to 44 exposed to the risk of an unintended pregnancy, never-married women aged 15 to 19 were the least likely to be currently using contraception, whereas there were no differences among married women.
A-52 / 404 .. #¢ C · - ~o ~ 4~ U ~; u o C C _ o eq ~U U ~ 0 0 ~ 'm o ~ o4 ·,, U 3 0 ~ 4~ :, 4~ ~ O ~ O ~ .,' ~ · - C L. O 4~ O O U S O S x: ~n ~ ~ q~ a' 0 ~ o0 ~ S ~ O E~ O _ 4 O E~ U 0 ~ ~ O 60 4~ 04 O ~0 X~ ~ O a ~n ~ O O · - .C O S :~= ~ · - 4J CD 4J ~ ~: o0 0 - q~ O eq ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 u ~n ~ ~ 0 er ~ ~r ~ O 1 S: U~ ~ ~ a, ~ ~ 0 0 0 :~ `: ~ · - ~ >t U ~ 0 :~: · - ~ m ·- ~ `: :Z ~ _ q~ 0 ~ C~ U 0 ~ ~ ~ tq Z ~ 4 00 q~ 4~ 0 U) L O ~S m ~ ·- E-~ ~ Y 0 m o o C~ . o ~·- ~0 ~ [Q D O O aC Ql 4 X C ~U £ · O P~ ~0a, ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~· · · · · · e 1 ~r ~ ~J ~ ~ 0 O ~U, ~_1 01 CD ~ U~ ~ U~ _I · · e · 1'~Co 1~ er -I d' u ~u ~u, ~_d 1 ~1 U~ U, ~r l O r~ CS, l _1 l U-) l _/ ~ ~r ·S l 3 _. ~r o o l CO U~ a, r~ Ln U] U ~r; ~r ~r CO U' ~ C~ o oU, · · · ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~a' 1- ~ 1 ~ O ~ . . a' ~ ~ 1~ ~ ~ ~ o · · · ~ rn ~ ~ u~ tD C~ o . o o ~r0 ·~ tDO . 1 0 1 _I C ~n o .= ·e ~n O ~ ~ ::) 4~ ~ :^ :E ~ o .,, N · - E ~ O · - Q, ~ ~ 0 C ·,1 ~} ·- O ~ ~ a c: cn o 3 C 0 ~n S O o C ~8 ~n o S ~JJ 4 ~o o ~ .. ~C o 0 U · ~Q Co .,,s ~ 0 0 ~ 3 X eqS O O 0 £ S~ O · 0 0 S - ' ~ eq C C ~ ~ O ~ ·- U ·,4 JJ o0 0 ~ Pd ~P4 ~ >' _ U~ ~o ~ O Q ~ 54 ~ ~_ - 04 C 4~ 3 C O Q4 eq O V ~· - V ' 60 CD ~ ~· - C ~ S V .~ U C 3 4 3 0 0 t~ C) C ~ O O ' O C C _t 0 ~n 0 0 ·~' O ~ ' ~·^ ~S ~ V ~· 0 C - tQ · - C 0 0 C ~ ' 0 O ~ V ~ · - a, C ~O JJ ~ ~ Q, ~ C S ~a C · - V ~ 4~ 0 0 Y o0 aQ ~ 0 C C C ~ 0 O V 4~ V ~ _ ~t~q ~ ~ Y CJ' 3 0 t) JJ c ~._ ~a ( .,. ~, 0 0 3 CL 04 ~ ~ ' ~O a, eq £ ~C ~ O m- - O ~ O ~Q 3 ~ 3 ~ O ~n ~ tn m ~a 3 C 3 3 ~ _1 3 V ~ V U C ~ C C · - p, 1~4 H ~ C ' a, o0 U · - tQ ' - C 0 F ~ O U) ~ S `: V 0 · - L. ~: ~ £ O CJ C £ ~5 C U 4J 0 U O · - P4 JJ Z ·,' 4J 4 · ~ V 0 4~ C ' O ~n ~ 0 ' ~ S U) U ~ S · - c m . s ~ C) C .- · - ~r 0 c a, 0 ~ ·,1 P~ ~ U ~ . 0 ~ ~r aQ C 0 U C) a ~ U, 0 -~ c~ 1 0 ~n ~ u~ D ~ O ·e ·e :Z; ~ ~ U S ta ~n u a 0 ·- ~Q ~ · ~ 0 a ~ z · ~ _ cn ~ ~ a C s ~ 0 ~ · - ~ 4J s ~ ~ v ~ a :r P 'G L V 0 m · ~ ~ ·- · - C · :> C 0 ~ ·. q~ U `4 :, 0 0 cn a ~
A-53 / 405 TABLE 2.8 Table 2.8 shows the number of never-married women exposed to an un- intended pregnancy and the percent who used any contraceptive method by age and race. For women using any method, the percentage distribu- tion of type of contraceptive method is presented by age and race for 1982. Among all never-married women aged 15 to 44 exposed to an uninten- ded pregnancy, 3 out of every 4 were using a method of birth control-- 77 percent of the white women and 73 percent of the black women. The pill was the most commonly used method by all exposed women. Among teenage women aged 15 to 19, 69 percent of the exposed white women and 64 percent of exposed black women used a method. Women aged 15 to 19 who were exposed to an unintended pregnancy and who were using contraception were more likely to use the pill then older women, 71 percent of black teens and 60 percent of white teens, compared to 55 and 48 percent of older women respectively.
A-54 / 406 TABLE 2.9 Number And Percentage Distribution Of Hispanic And Non-Hispanic Women Aged 15 To 19 (All Marital Statuses) Currently Exposed To The Risk Of Unintended Pregnancy By Current Contraceptive Status, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. Non-H ispan ic Total Hispanic Black White & Other No. currently exposed 3244290630 2, 324 ~ in 1, 000s) Total 10Q100100 100 Using contraception 716866 73 No contraception 293235 27 Users Only No. 2302197413 1692 Total 100100100 100 Pill 646370 63 IUD, sterilization 295 0 Condom 211513 23 Diaphragm 652 7 Othe r 8810 7 Source: A . Torres and S . S. ingh, H ispanic Adolescents and Contraception: An Analyses of Data f rom the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APHA, 1985.
A-5S / 407 TABLE 2.9 Table 2.9 presents the estimated number and percentage distribution of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 currently exposed to the risk of an unintended pregnancy by current contraceptive use status. These data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), and they are categorized by ethnicity, not by race. Thus, persons of Hispanic origin may be black or white, but black, white and other persons cannot be of Hispanic origin. The definition of exposure to the risk of an unintended pregnancy is the same as that provided for Table 1.7. Among Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 exposed to the risk of an un- intended pregnancy, 68 percent were using some form of contraception. This proportion is slightly higher than for non-hispanic blacks and slightly lower than for non-Hispanic whites and others, but differences are very small. Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 exposed to the risk of an unintended pregnancy and using contraception were as likely as non-Hispanic whites and others to use the pill and more likely than non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites and others to use the IUD or sterilization.
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A-57 / 409 TABLE 2.10 Table 2.10 presents the percent of never-married women aged 15 to 19 who correctly perceived the time of greatest risk of pregnancy within the menstrual cycle by age, race and sexual experience for 1971 and 1976. Data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW). Overall, a slightly higher proportion of never-married women aged 15 to 19 correctly perceived the time of greatest pregnancy risk with- in the menstrual cycle in 1976 compared to 1971, 40.6 compared to 37.6. In both years, sexually experienced young women were more likely than women not sexually experienced to perceive the time of greatest preg- nancy risk within the menstrual cycle. Among whites, younger teenagers were less likely than older teenagers to be aware of the time of greatest risk. White women at all ages were more likely than black women to perceive the time of greatest pregnancy risk.
A-58 / 410 TABLE 2.11 Standardized Contraceptive-Use Failure Rates By User Characteristics And Method Type: Single Women, January 1, 1979 - July 1, 1982 (NSFG) Method Type No Characterintic Pill IUD Rhythm Condom Diaphragm Spermacides Other Method Intent and Age Delay Less than 18 4.5 4.4 15.97.8 14.215.59.1 33.5 18-19 3.1 4.9 17.58.7 15.717.110.1 36.5 20-24 4.5 4.3 15.77.7 14.015.29.0 33.0 25-29 3.4 3.2 12.05.8 10.711.76.8 26.0 30-44 3.9 3.8 13.96.8 12.413.57.9 29.8 Prevent Less than 18 11.0 10.5 33.918.4 31.634.021.1 62.9 18-19 9.6 9.3 30.616.3 28.330.518.7 58.2 20-24 7.2 6.9 23.912.3 21.723.514.2 47.6 25-29 5.0 4.8 17.48.6 15.617.010.0 36.3 30-44 1.9 1.8 7.03.3 6.26.83.9 15.7 Race2 l Black 4.5 4.3 2.37.7 13.915.18.9 32.5 Other Races 4.7 4.5 20.68.1 14.515.89.3 33.7 Parity4 0 Live Births 3.9 3.8 14.16q8 12.313.47.9 29.5 1 + Live Births 6.6 6.3 22.411.2 20.021.613.0 44.3 Poverty Ratio Income Less than 100% 5.4 5.2 18.69.3 16.718.210.8 38.2 100-299% 4.7 4.5 16.28.0 14.515.79.3 33.8 300% or more 3.9 3.7 13.76.7 12.213.27.8 29.0 ~ tandardized by race, parity, and poverty ratio income. 2Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, poverty ratio income and parity. Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, race and parity. 4Standardized by age, contraceptive intention, race and poverty ratio income. Source: W.R. Grady, M.D. Hayward, J. Yagi, Unintended Pregnancy in the United States: The Impact of Contraceptive Method and User Characteristics, n Family Planning Perspectives (18) Sept./Oct.:200-209. Reprinted by permission.
A-59 / 411 TABLE 2.11 Table 2.11 presents standardized contraceptive-use failure rates by user characteristics and method type for characteristics and method type for single women. These data are for the period of January 1, 1979 to July 1, 1982 and are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth. Failure rates are the number of pregnancies occuring per 1,000 women using a given contraceptive method. These data indicate substantial differences in contraceptive-use failure rates by user characteristics. Women under age 30 seeking to delay a pregnancy have lower use-failure rates than those seeking to prevent a pregnancy. Black women have higher use failure rates than women of other races. Women who had more than 3 live births had higher use failure rates than women who had fewer births. Women who had less than 100 percent of a poverty level income had higher contraceptive-use failure rates than women with higher income. Finally, women under age 18 seeking to prevent a pregnancy had the highest contraceptive-use failure rates regardless of other characteristics of the women.
~ I I . PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on premarital and marital preg- nancy, and pregnancy resolution among adolescents. The number of adolescent pregnancies is estimated by combining data on births avail- able from the National Vital Statistics with data on abortions avail- able from the Center for Disease Control and the Alan Guttmacher Institute and with an estimated proportion of miscarriages. These data are presented in Table 3.1. Data on the number of pregnancies among sexually active women who do and do not use contraceptives by race, pregnancy intention, and other social characteristics are derived mainly from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS), the National Surveys of Young Women and Men (NSYW/M), and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Because all three of these surveys are known to underestimate the proportion of adolescent women having abortions, they also under- estimate the proportions of adolescent pregnancies. A-61 / 413
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A-65 / 417 TABLE 3.1 Table 3.1 is a summary table of reproductive behavior of U.S. women aged 15 to 19 from 1960 to 1984. The sources of these data are out- lined in detail at the end of the table. These are the most reliable national statistics available on pregnancies, births, abortions and miscarriages for adolescent women. The pregnancy rate for women aged 15 to 19 declined between 1960 and 1965 but then rose steadily from 87 pregnancies per 1,000 women to 112 per 1,000 women in 1982. Recent data indicate a decline in the pregnancy rate to 109 per 1,000 women in 1984. The pregnancy rate cal- culated just for sexually experienced women, however, declined through the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s from an estimated 458 pregnancies per 1, 000 sexually active women to 233 pregnancies per 1, 000 sexually ac- tive women. One result of this trend was a decrease in the number of births per 1, 000 women aged 15 to 19 through the 1960s f rom 88 births per 1, 000 women in 1960 to 51 births per 1, 000 women in 1984. How- ever, the decline in the birth rates for women aged 15 to 19 is also due to the increase in the abortion rate. The abortion rate for women aged 15 to 19 increased from an estimated 44 per 1,000 sexually active 15-to-19 year old women in 1960 to 93 per 1,000 sexually active women aged 15 to 19 in 1984.
A-66 / 418 TABLE 3.2 Pregnancies, Abortions, Miscarriages And Live Births By Marital Status To Women Aged 15 To 19, 1982 Category Number Pe rcent Total pregnant ies to teens 15-19 1, 077, 124 100. 0 Abort ions 418, 740 3 9. 6 Miscarriages 144, 626 13.4 Live births 513, 758 47.0 Conceived post-maritally 145, 907 13.4 Conce ived premar itally, born post-maritally 118, 678 10.9 Born prernaritally 249,173 22.8 Source: See Table 4.1 for Source of Pregnancy, Abortion, Miscarriage and Live Birth Figures; O'Connell and Rogers 1984, der ived f rom the 1982 Current Population Survey.
A-67 / 419 TABLE 3 . 2 Table 3.2 presents estimates of the total number of pregnancies, abortions, miscarriages, and live births by marital status to women aged 15 to 19 in 1982. Of more than a million pregnancies to women aged 15 to 19 in 1982, less than half, 47 percent, are estimated to have resulted in live births; 39.6 percent ended in abortion; and about 13.4 percent were miscarriages. Thus, for every 10 adolescent pregnancies there were approximately 4 abortions, 1 miscarriage, and S births. Of all pregnancies resulting in live births to women aged 15 to 19, 13.4 percent were conceived post-maritally, 10.9 percent were conceived premaritally and born post-maritally, and 22.8 percent were born premaritally.
A-68 / 420 TABLE 3 .3 Proportion Of Women E`rer-Pregnant Before Age 18 and Age 20, 1976 And 1981 Percentage Experiencing a First Pregnancy by Age Yea r and Race 18 20 1976 Total 23.7 41.1 19 81 Total 23.9 43.5 White 20.5 39.7 Black 40. 7 63.1 Source: Calculated by Jacqueline Darroch Forrest, 1986; see Table 3.1 f or sou rce of data .
A-69 / 421 TABLE 3.3 Table 3.3 presents the proportion of all women ever experiencing a first pregnancy by age 18 and by age 20. In 1976, 23.7 percent of all women had a first pregnancy by age 18, 41.1 percent by age 20. In 1981, the proportions were slightly higher, 23.9 percent of the women experienced a first pregnancy by age 18, 43.5 percent by age 20. In 1981 a higher proportion of black women than white women had a first pregnancy by age 18, 40.7 compared to 20.5 percent and by age 20, 63.1 percent compared to 39.7 percent, respectively.
A-70 / 422 TABLE 3.4 Percentage of Premaritally Sexually Active Women Aged 15-19 Who Ever Experienced A Premarital First Pregnancy, By Contraceptive-Use Status* And Race, 1979 And 1976, Metropolitan U.S. 1979 Contraceptive-Use Status Total White Black 1976 Total White Black Always used % (N) Used at 1st Intercourse but not Always % tN) 13.5 13.7 12.4 (307) (165) (142) 31.0 26.2 59.5 (119) (73) (46) 9.9 10.0 9.5 (203) (98) (105) 39.7 34.3 57.6 (66) (36) (30) Did not use at 1st Intercourse, but at Some Time % 29.2 25.0 45.2 21.7 22.2 19.7 tN) (241) (137) (104) (171) (95) (76) Never used % 62.2 58.8 70.3 49.5 41.5 65.2 (N) (270) (103) (167) (283) (120) (163) *From first intercourse to first pregnancy or marriage, an interview Source: M. Zelnik and J. F. Kantner, 1980, asexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Pregnancy Among Metropolitan-Area Teenagers: 1971-1979," Family Planning Perspectives 12~5), (September/October), 1980. Reprinted by permission.
A-71 / 423 TABLE 3.4 Table 3.4 presents the percentage of premaritally sexually active women aged 15 to 19 who reported that they experienced a nonmarital first pregnancy, by contraceptive use status and race for 1979. The data are from the National Survey of Young Women (NSYW) for metro- politan areas only. As noted earlier, underreporting is a concern in surveys addressing sensitive topics such as nonmarital pregnancy. Among sexually active women aged 15 to 19 who reported that they always used some form of contraception, 13.5 percent ever had a pre- marital pregnancy in 1979. Of women who said they used a contracep- tive method at first intercourse but not consistently, 31 percent had a premarital pregnancy. Women who were premaritally sexually active and had never used contraception were the most likely to have ever experienced a premarital pregnancy, 62.2 percent in 1979. White women aged 15 to 19 were less likely than black women to have ever experienced a premarital pregnancy, except among those who always used contraception, where whites were slightly more likely than blacks to have ever had a premarital pregnancy.
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A-73 / 425 TABLE 3.5 The estimated cumulative percent of metropolitan-area females aged 15 to 19 with a premarital first pregnancy by duration since first intercourse, race and contraceptive use status in 1979 is presented in Table 3.5. Within 24 months after first intercourse, 36 percent, or more than 1 out of every 3 premaritally sexually active teenagers, became preg- nant. The difference between those who always used some method of con- traception and those who had never used contraception was substantial. Within the first 3 months after intercourse, 20 percent of the teen- agers who never used contraception became pregnant compared to only 4 percent of those who had always used contraception. By 24 months after first intercourse, half of the teenagers who had never used contracep- tion had become pregnant while 12 percent of the teenagers who reported that they had always used a contraceptive method had become pregnant.
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A-75 / 427 TABLE 3.6 Table 3.6 shows the distribution of women aged 15 to 19 by race, in 1979, 1976, and 1971 who ever experienced a nonmarital pregnancy and were unmarried when the pregnancy was resolved, by pregnancy in- tention, and, among those who did not intend the pregnancy, by contra- ceptive use at the time of conception. Data are from the National Surveys of Young Women (NSYW) for metropolitan areas only. Again it is important to remember that under-reporting of pregnancies occurs in all surveys, and this could affect conclusions drawn from the data. The data indicate that the percent of premarital pregnancies that were not intended in 1979 was slightly higher than in 1971--82 percent in 1979 compared to 76 percent in 1971. Black teenagers were slightly less likely than whites to describe their pregnancy as unwanted in 1971, 1976, and 1979. Among teenagers who had an unintended premarital pregnancy the per- cent were using contraceptives were more than three times higher in 1979 than in 1971, 32 compared to 9 percent. Even so, black females who had an unintended premarital pregnancy were less likely to have used contraception than white females, especially in 1976 and 1979. Moreover, the great majority of unwanted premarital pregnancies in all years and in both race groups occurred to teens who were not using contraception.
IV. INDUCED ABORTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on induced abortions among adolescent women in the United States. Data on abortions in the U.S. come from both federal and nonfederal sources. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) carry out abortion surveillance which includes reports of abortions from most State health agencies, some hospitals, or from State participants in the Cooperative Health Statistics Registry of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Through this system, tabulations of abortions by characteristics are provided to CDC and released as an annual surveillance report. This report provides infor- mation on the distribution of abortions by age, race, parity and other characteristics. The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) contacts abortion service pro- viders and thereby derives a more complete count of abortions, although no data are gathered regarding specific characteristics of the women. By combining information from both sources one can estimate the charac- teristics of women receiving abortions. For example, the CDC report of the percentage of abortions to teenagers can be applied to the total number of abortions reported through AGI. This is regularly done by AGI and CDC with some adjustments for differences in reporting systems, but it is not known how the characteristics of women differ in the two types of reporting. NCHS obtains some individual level data through reports of induced abortions submitted to state vital registration offices. These data provide cross-classification of abortions by several characteristics, such as age, race and parity, but are obtained for a very limited numb ber of states. For example, the report based on 1980 data covered only 295,932 abortions occurring in a twelve state area. A-77 / 429
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A-81 / 433 TABLE 4.1 . Table 4.1 presents the number and percentage distribution of legal abortions, the abortion rate and the percent of pregnancies terminated by abortion by the age of women. Data are tabulated by the Alan Gutt- macher Institute (AGI) on the basis of its annual survey of clinics and other abortion providers combined with data on patient character- istics reported by most states to the Centers for Disease Control. In 1982 there were 14,590 abortions to women under age 15, over 168,000 to women aged 15 to 17, and over 250,000 to women aged 18 to 19. Less than one percent of all abortions were obtained by women under age 15; 11 percent were to women aged 15 to 17; and 16 percent were to women aged 18 to 19. Nearly 30 percent of all abortions were to women less than 20 years of age. The total abortion rate in 1982 was 28.8 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44. For young women less than 15 years of age the abortion rate was 8.6 per 1,000 women, only slightly higher than the 1974 rate. The abortion rate for women aged 15 to 19, however, increased from 27 to 43 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 between 1974 and 1982. The abor- tion rate (excluding miscarriages and stillbirths) for women aged 18 to 19 has consistently been about twice as high as the rate for women aged 15 to 17. The proportion of pregnancies terminated by abortion for 15-to 19- year-old women increased by 40 percent from 1974 to 1981, from 29 to 40.6 percent. In 1981, 4 in 10 pregnancies among teens ended in in- duced abortion. The proportion of pregnancies to women younger than 20 terminated by abortion was higher than for any other age group with the exception of women over 40 years of age, (among whom 51 percent of pregnancies end in abortion). The number of abortions, the rate, the ratio, and the percent of pregnancies ending in abortion rose rapidly between 1973 and 1979. In 1982, however, the abortion rate and ratio, and the number of abortions obtained by teenagers declined slightly.
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A-83 / 435 TABLE 4.2 The percent change in abortion rates and in the number of preg- nancies terminated by abortion from 1974 to 1982 by age are shown in Table 4.2. As in Table 4.1, data are from the Alan Guttmacher Institute and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The abortion rate increased between 1974 and 1978 by 17 percent among women younger than age 15, 48 percent among women aged 15 to 19 and 55 percent among women aged 20 to 24. The increase in the propor- tion of pregnancies terminated by abortion was 36 percent for women aged IS to 19, and 44 percent for women aged 20 to 24. The changes in the abortion rate and in the percent of pregnancies terminated by abortion were much lower between 1979 and 1981. The abortion rate increased by 4 percent for women under age 15 from 1979 to 1981, by 2 percent for women aged 15 to 19, and 2 percent for women aged 20 to 24. The proportion of pregnancies terminated by abortion rose less than one percent between 1979 and 1981 for young women under age 15, not at all for women aged 15 to 19, and 3 percent for women aged 20 to 24. For all women under age 20, there were slight decreases in the abortion rates between 1981 and 1982. Data on the percent of preg- nancies terminated by abortion for 1982 were not available.
A-84 / 436 TABLE 4 .3 Abortion Rate* Per 1, 000 Women, By Age-group And Race, Accord ing To Mar ital Status, 1979-81 Character ist ics Marr fedUnmarr fed Age-G roup and Race All Races* * Less than 15*** --8. 4 15-19 17.731. 3 15-17 15.421.7 18-19 18.447. 0 20-24 14.150.3 25-29 9.441.6 30-34 6.025. 7 35-39 2.79.0 White 6.S33.3 Black 15.141.7 Note: Includes separated, divorced, widowed and never-married women *Rates are three-year averages of induced terminations of pregnancy per 1,000 population of residence. **Includes races other than Black and White. ***There is no accurate estimate of the number of married women under 15. Sources: Abortions by aged-group and marital status--data on 11 states (Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont and Virginia). K. Prager, "Induced Terminations of Pregnancy: Reporting States, 1981" NCHS, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 34, No. 4, July 1985
A-85 / 437 TABLE 4.3 , Table 4.3 shows the abortion rate per 1,000 women by age and mari- tal status and by race and marital status for 1979-1981. Data are provided by 11 states to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Abortion rates in general were higher among unmarried women than among married women. The highest abortion rates among unmarried women were between the ages of 18 and 29, while the highest abortion rates for married women were for those women under age 20. Black women were considerably more likely to have an abortion than white women, particularly black married women. The abortion rates for black women for the 1979-1981 period were 15.1 per 1,000 married women and 41.7 per 1,000 unmarried women. For white women, the abortion rates were 6.5 per 1,000 married women and 33.3 per 1,000 unmarried women.
A-86 / 438 TABLE 4 . 4 Estimated Abortion Rate Per 1, 000 Women Aged 12-19* By Race, United States, 1971-1978 Abort ion Rate 81ack and Ratio of Black Rate Year White Other** to White Rate 1972 11.7 17.4 1.5 1973 14.1 25.4 1. 8 1974 16.0 34.0 2.1 1975 18.0 42.0 2.3 1976 19.8 4 8.1 2.4 1977 22.2 50. 7 2.3 1978 24 .3 51.2 2.1 *Based on age at conception. **Including teenagers of all other racial minorities. Source: N.V. Ezzard, W. Cates, Jr., D.G. Kramer, and C. Tietze, ~Race- Specific Patterns of Abortion Use by American Teenagers," American Journal of Public Health, 72: 809, 1982. Reprinted by permission.
A-87 / 439 TABLE 4.4 Table 4.4 shows the estimated abortion rate per 1,000 females aged 12 to 19 by race from 1972 to 1978. These data are from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The rate of abortion per 1,000 women more than doubled between 1972 and 1978 for teenagers of both races. For every 1,000 white women there were 11 abortions in 1972 and 24 abortions in 1978. The abortion rate was 17 per one thousand black women in 1972 and 51 per 1,000 in 1978. By 1978 the abortion rate for black teenagers had increased to twice the rate for whites.
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A-89 / 441 TABLE 4.5 Table 4.5 shows the number of legal abortions per 1,000 births (Abortion Ratio) by age at conception by race from 1972 to 1978. The data on abortions are from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the data on births are from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). From 1972 to 1978, the ratio of abortions per 1,000 live births more than doubled for all women aged 12 to 19 at conception. There were 270 abortions for every 1,000 live births to white teenage women in 1972 and 615 per 1,000 in 1978. The ratio of abortions per 1,000 live births for nonwhite (black and other) teenage women was lower than for white in 1972. Between 1972 and 1978, the ratio rose more rapidly among nonwhite teenagers than among white teenagers, and in 1978 the nonwhite ratio exceeded the white ratio for teenagers under age 15 and ages 18 and 19.
A-90 / 442 TABLE 4.6 Ratios of Induced Terminations of Pregnancy By Race And Age Of Woman, 1980: 12-State Area (Ratios Per 1,000 Live Births. Induced Terminations of Pregnancy And Live Births Are Only Those Occurring In The Area Among Residents Of The Area) Ratio Age of WomanAll Racesa WhiteBlack All Ages388.2 1,337.7638.7 Under 14 years1,868.1 2,085.21,749.6 14 years1,380.6 1,632.01,200.2 15-19 years738.7 786.3644.5 15 years97S.4 1,177.1774.9 16 years894.0 1,042.8673.4 17 years765.4 841.8621.2 18 years794.1 847.5669.0 19 years603.1 613.0591.5 20-24 years411.6 '362.2638.6 25-29 years247.7 197.1580.1 30-34 years254.2 201.7598.3 35-39 years443.2 371.0836.5 40 years and over 837.8 784.5 1,120.3 Note: The 12-State area includes Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. aIncludes races other than white and black. Source: Burnham, 1983: Table A; see references at end of this volume.
A-91 / 443 TABLE ~ . 6 Table 4 .6 presents the number of induced terminations of pregnancy or abortions per 1, 000 live births (abortion ratio) by race and age of women for the 12 state reporting area in 1980. The data, collected from 12 states, are provided by National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). For women of all ages and races, there were 388 abortions per 1, 000 live births. The abortion ratio was highest among women under age 20. For women under age 14 there were 1, 868 abortions per 1,000 live births, and for women aged 14 there were 1, 380 abortions per 1, 000 live births. For all ages under age 20, the abortion ratio was higher for white women than for black women. Among women aged 20 and over, however, the number of abortions per 1, 000 live births was higher for black women than for wh ite women.
A-92 / 444 TABLE 4.7 Percent of Induced Terminations of Pregnancy To Women With No Previous Induced Termination, By Age And Race Of Women: 12-State Area, 1980 (Data Include Only Induced Terminations Of Pregnancy Occurring In The Reporting Area) Ratio Alla Age of Woman Races White Black All Ages 65.7 68, 9 57.8 Under 15 years 94.7 96.0 93. 5 15-17 years 87.6 89.1 83.9 18-19 years 77.6 79.6 70.8 20-24 years 62.2 65.1 54.5 25-19 years 54.8 57.9 47.1 30-34 years 56.4 60. 0 47.0 35-39 years 60.1 65.8 48.0 40 years and over 67.2 72.2 54.5 Note : The 12-State area includes Colorado, Ransas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. aIncludes races other than white and black. Source: Burnham, 1983: Table E.; see references at the end of th is volume .
A-93 / 445 TABLE 4 . 7 Table 4.7 shows the proportion of abortions obtained by women with no previous induced termination, by age and race of women for the 12 state reporting area in 1980. The data are from the National Center for Health Stat istics (NCHS) . The large ma jor ity of women, regardless of race, under age 20 having an abortion in 1980 were having their f irst abortion. Among young women under age 15, 94.7 percent had not had a previous abor- tion--96. 0 percent of white women and 93.5 percent of black women. Among women aged 15 to 17 having an abortion, 87.6 percent had not had previous abortion--89. 1 percent of white women and 83.9 percent of black women. Finally, among women aged 18 to 19 having an abortion in 1980, 77. 6 percent had not had a prexrious abortion--79. 6 percent of white women and 70. 8 percent of black women.
V. MARRIAGE AMONG PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on marriage among pregnant adolescents and adolescents who have a f irst birth in the United States. The focus is on the marital status of the adolescent female at conception, at birth and after birth. The data presented in the following tables are from the Current Population Surveys (CPS), the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth and the National Surveys of Young Women and Men (NSYW/M). They show that consistent with the decline in marriage among all teenagers, there has been an increase in the proportion of teenage women who remain unmarried after the birth of their child. These data permit comparisons by race but not by ethnic group. A-95 / 447
A-96 / 448 TABLE 5.1 Percent Of Males And Females Aged 15 to 19 Never- Married, By Race And Ethnicityl, 1960-1985 Males Females Year Category 15-17 18-19 15-19 15-17 18-19 15-19 1960 Total 99.1 91.1 96.3 93.2 67.8 83.9 White 99.1 91.0 96.2 93.3 67.6 83.9 Nonwhite 99.2 91.9 96.6 92.3 69.3 83.8 1970 Total 98.6 91.3 95.9 95.3 76.6 88.1 White 98.7 91.3 95.9 95.4 76.4 88.0 Black 98.0 91.0 95.5 95.0 77.7 88.6 H. ispanic 97.7 87.4 94.0 93.1 70.6 84.7 1973 Total 99.2* 90.4 96.5* 96.2 75.8 89.6* White 99.1* 89.5 96.2* 96.2 74.4 89.1* Non-white 99.5* 95.6 98.4* 96.1 83.9 92.2* Hispanic n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1976 Total 99.4* 91.9 97.0* 97.0* 78.3 90.8* White 99.3* 91.2 96.7* 96.8* 77.2 90.2* Black 99.6* 95.9 98.5* 98.1* 85.0 93.8* H. ispanic 99.5* 92.7 97.7* 94.6* 74.9 87.1* 1980 Total 99.4 94.2 97.3 97.0 82.8 91.1 White 99.4 93.6 97.0 96.7 81.5 90.4 Black 99.4 97.7 98.8 98.3 90.9 95.4 H ispanic 98.5 92.2 95.8 94.6 79.2 88.2 1981 Total 99.2 95.7 97.8 97.2 84.7 92.0 White 99.2 95.4 97.7 96.9 83.4 91.3 Black 99.6 97.0 98.6 98.8 92.7 96.4 Hispanic 99.2 91.8 96.3 95.3 74.0 86.7 1984 Total 99.7 96.8 98.5 98.0 87.1 93.4 White 99.6 96.5 98.3 97.7 85.2 92.4 Black 100.0 98.2 99.3 99.3 97.2 98.4 Hispanic 99.0 93.5 96.8 95.7 79.1 88.8 1985 Total 99.7 97.1 98.7 98.0 86.7 93.4 Hispanic persons may be of any race and Black and White totals may include Hispanics. n.a. = not available *Includes males and females 14 years of age. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Marital Status and Living Arrangements", CPR, Series P-20, 1960, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1985; Statistical Abstract of the U.S.: 1985, Washington, D.C., 1986.
A-97 / 449 TABLE 5.1 Table S.1 presents the proportion of males and females never- married by race from 1960 to 1985 (breakdowns by race were not avail- able for 1985~. There was a gradual increase in the proportion of men who remained single until at least age 20 and a rather striking delay in marriage among young women. The percent of unmarried females aged 15 to 19 rose by about 11 percent and the percent of unmarried males aged 15 to 19 rose about 2 percent between 1960 and 1985. Most of this increase was for 18 and 19 year old women. The proportion of females who were single rose by 28 percent for 18 and 19 year old women. The increasing tendency to remain single was more dramatic for black females aged 18 and 19 than for white and Hispanic females aged 18 and 19. While the proportions of black and white 18 to 19 year-old females who were unmarried were similar in 1970, by 1984 the propor- tion unmarried was 12 percentage points higher among blacks. The pro- portion of Hispanic females 18 to 19 years old who were unmarried was consistently lower than for either whites or blacks, even though 8.5 percentage points higher in 1984 than 1970. The percent increase in the proportion of black females aged 18 to 19 was 25 percent compared to 12 percent for both white and Hispanic females.
A-98 / 450 TABLE 5.2 Percentage Of First-Born Babies Born to Mothers Aged 15-19, Conceived Either Maritally or Extra-Maritally, By Race, Age, and Marital Status at First Birth According To Birth Cohort Of Baby (numbers, in 1,OOOs, shown in parentheses) Birth Cohort of Baby 1950 1954 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1981 All Women Aged 15-19 (1,388) (1,739) (1,957) (2,112) (2,435) (2,061) (622 Conceived/born in wedlock 69.9 60.6 54.0 45.6 33.6 32.5 28.4 Conceived/born out-of-wedlock 16.1 18.3 22.4 24.2 35.2 44.5 48.5 Conceived out-of wedlock/born in wedlock 14.0 21.0 23.6 30.4 31.2 23.0 23.1 White Women Aged 15-19 (1,120) (1,400) (1,574) (1,633) (1,746) (1,469) (500 Conceived/born in wedlock 77.4 68.6 61.7 52.3 42.7 41.9 35.6 Conceived/born out-of-wedlock 9.4 10.6 13.7 14.5 20.2 30.3 36.8 Conceived out-of wedlock/born in wedlock 13.2 20.8 24.7 33.3 37.1 27.8 27.6 Black Women Aged 15-19 (251) (316) (343) (429) (641) (542) (141 Conceived/born in wedlock 35.1 24.7 18.9 18.9 8.9 6.6 3.5 Conceived/born out-of-wedlock 46.6 52.8 62.1 61.3 75.7 83.2 87.9 Conceived out-of wedlock/born in wedlock 18.3 22.5 19.0 19.8 15.4 10.1 8.5 *Data are incomplete for this cohort and may underestimate out of wedlock births. Source: M. O'Connell and C.C. Rogers, Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 16, No. 4, July/August 1984; Data are derived from June 1980 and June 1982 CPS.
A-99 / 451 TABLE 5.2 . The percentage of first babies born to mothers aged 15 to 19, by race and marital status at conception, and at first birth by the birth cohort of the baby, is presented in Table 5.2. Data are from the Current Population Surveys (CPS). Overall, the percent of first-born babies conceived out of wedlock from 1980 to 1981 was more than twice the percent conceived out of wed- lock from 1950 to 1954 (72 and 30 percent respectively). Of the babies conceived out of wedlock from 1950 to 54, about one-half were born out of wedlock. In contrast, seven out of every ten babies conceived out of wedlock and born between 1980 and 1981, were born out-of-wedlock. This represents a tripling in the proportion of babies born to single teenagers (16 percent between 1950 and 1954 compared to 49 per- cent between 1980 and 1981~. Black teenagers were much more likely to both conceive and give birth out-of-wedlock than white teenagers. Almost two-thirds (65 percent) of all first births to black women aged 15 to 19 from 1950 to 1954 and over 96 percent from 1980 to 1982 were babies conceived out of wedlock. Out of those conce ived out of wedlock, seven out of every ten babies born between 1950 and 1954 and nine out of every ten babies born between 1980 and 1981 were born to single mothers. The increase in the percent of all first born babies conceived and born out of wed- lock to black women was almost 90 percent from 1950-54 to 1980-81 (47 and 88 percent respectively). In comparison, less than 25 percent of all first births to white women, between 1950 to 1954, but about two-thirds born from 1980 to 1981 were conceived out-of-wedlock. From 1950 to 1954 approximately 1 out of every 5 babies conceived out-of-wedlock was born out-of-wedlock; from 1980 to 1981, 3 out of every five premaritally pregnant white teens were still single at the birth of their first child. The propor- tion of all f irst born babies conceived and born out-of-wedlock to white women nearly quadrupled from 9 percent between 1950 and 1954 to 37 percent between 1980 and 1981.
VI . BI RTHS TO ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on the number of births to U.S. adolescents by the mother's age, race, ethnicity, and marital status, and by the father's age and race. Data on first births occurring to adolescent females as well as birth rates are presented. Also in- cluded are data on prenatal care among adolescent mothers and infant mortality rates for babies born to adolescent mothers. In the following tables, the data on births to adolescents are from the National Vital Statistics and the 1980 National Natality Survey. The data on births by mother's age and race are considered to be very reliable. However, the data on birth to fathers are less reliable be- cause there is a substantial under-reporting of the age of the father by adolescent females. Despite these limitations data are presented in order to provide a rough indication of the age of fathers of babies born to adolescent mothers. Data on births to adolescent males and females from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) are also presented and the same caution on under-reporting of fatherhood by males is relevant. Data on births to adolescent mothers of Hispanic origin are pre- sented separately to show variations among mothers of Hispanic origin and because comparable time series of data are not available for His- panic origin mothers. A-101 / 453
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A-103 / 455 TABLE 6.1 Table 6.1 shows the number of births by age of mother for females under 20, by race from 1955 to 1984. In general, the number of births to females under age 20 gradually increased from 1955 through the early 1970s and then began to steadily decline primarily due to changes in the number of women in these age groups. See table 6.2 for data con- cerning the changes in births relative to the population of young women.
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A-107 / 459 TABLE 6.2 - Table 6.2 shows the birth rates by age of mother and race of child from 1950 to 1984. Data are from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and U.S. Bureau of Census. In general, there was a decline in the rate of births per 1, 000 women between 1950 and 1984 for women aged 15 to 49. The decline was most steep among older women. The birth rate for women aged 15 to 19 declined by 25 percent between 1970 to 1984, f rom 68.3 to 50. 9 births per 1, 000 women. Between 1970 and 1984 the birth rate for teenagers aged 15 to 17 declined by about 20 percent ~ from 38. 8 to 31. 1 per 1, 000) compared to a decline of 32 percent for women aged 18 to 19 (from 114.7 to 78.3 per 1, 000) . The birth rates for black teenage women have consistently been at least two times higher than the rates for white women even though there was a decline in the birth rates for both races. For white women in 1984 there ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ births per 1, 000 women 18 to 19. These rates had decreased by 26. were 42.5 births per 1, 000 women aged 15 to 19, 24 aced 15 to 17 and 68 births per 1, 000 women a-ted 18 and 33 Percent ~ ~ _ , ~ _ =~ respec tively f ram 1970 to 1984. For black women there were about 96 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19, 70 per 1,000 for women aged 15 to 17 and 132 per 1,000 for women aged 18 to 19 in 1984. The rates for black women decreased by 35, 31 and 36 percent respectively from 1970 to 1982. The birth rates for teens aged 10 to 14 are low and remained fairly stable throughout this period. However, for black teenagers this age, the birth rate has been at least seven times higher than the rate for white teenagers in all years.
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A-109 / 461 TABLE 6.3 Table 6.3 shows the total estimated number of out-of-wedlock births for mothers under age 20 from 1955 to 1984. Data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). In general, there was a rise in the number of out of wedlock births to women under age 20 from 1955 to 1984. Among white women, the number of out of wedlock births to women under age 15 rose in 1975 to 3,600 and then declined to 3,225 births in 1981. Out-of-wedlock births to women 15 to 17 and 18 to 19 rose in number throughout this period. There were over five times as many births to single white women in 1984 as in 1955, (10,600 compared to 57,848 for women aged 15 to 17 and 13,100 compared to 72,829 for women aged 18 to 19~. The number of out-of-wedlock births to nonwhite women under age 20 was generally higher than the number to whites; however the magnitude of the difference has declined over time. In 1955, white women less than 15 years of age had 70 percent fewer out of wedlock births than nonwhite women, 900 compared to 3,000 births. By 1984, white women under age 15 had about 46 percent fewer out of wedlock births than non white women, 3,193 versus 5,882 births. The decline in the difference between the number of births to nonwhite and white single women aged 15 to 17 and 18 to 19 was even more dramatic. There were 56 percent fewer births to single white women aged 15 to 17 compared to non-white women in 1955 and only 1 percent fewer in 1984. For women aged 18 to 19 there were 40 percent fewer out-of-wedlock births to whites than nonwhites in 1955, but 7 percent more out-of-wedlock births to whites than nonwhites in 1984. Among black women, the number of out-of-wedlock births started to decline during the 1970's. The number of births to unmarried black women under age 15 declined 27 percent between the peak in 1974 and 1984, (7,700 compared to 5,634) births. The number of out-of-wedlock births to black women aged 15 to 17 declined by 19 percent from the 1973 peak to 1984, (67,000 to 54,062 births). The number of births to single black women aged 18 to 19 declined by about 2 percent from the peak in 1979 to 1984, (67,100 to 65,680 births).
A-110 / 462 TABLE 6.4 Birth Rates For Unmarried Women by Age of Mother and Race of Child: United States, 1970-84 (rates are live births to unmarried women per 1,000 unmarried women in specified group, estimated as of July 1) Age of Mother 15-19 Years Years and 15-17 18-19 Race of Child Total Years Years All Races 1984 30.2 21.9 43.0 1983 29.7 22.1 41.0 1982 28.9 21.5 40.2 1981 28.2 20.9 39.9 1980 27.6 20.6 39.0 1979 26.4 19.9 37.2 1978 24.9 19.1 35.1 1977 25.1 19.8 34.6 1976 23.7 19.0 32.1 1975 23.9 19.3 32.5 1974 23.0 18.8 31.2 1973 22.7 18.7 30.4 1972 22.8 18.5 30.9 1971 22.3 17.5 31.7 1070 22.4 17.1 32.9 White 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 19.0 18.5 17.7 17.1 16.2 14.6 13.6 13.4 12.3 12.0 11.0 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.9 13.5 13.5 12.9 12.4 11.8 10.8 10.3 10.5 9.7 9.6 8.8 8.4 8.0 7.4 7.5 27.6 26.1 25.1 24.6 23.6 21.0 19.3 18.7 16.9 16.5 15.3 14.9 15.1 15.8 17.6
A-111 / 463 TABLE 6 . 4 ~ cont ineud) Age of Mother 15-19 Years Years and 15-17 18-19 Race of Child Total Years Years All Other , 1984 78.3 59.3 106.1 1983 78.3 60.2 104.6 1982 79.2 60.7 107.0 1981 79.2 60.3 109.0 1980 81.7 63.1 111.6 1979 83.9 64.8 115.3 1978 81.2 63.2 111.6 1977 84.0 67.2 112.1 1976 82.5 67.5 108.9 975 86.3 70.7 114 .3 1974 87. 3 73.2 113.4 1973 88.5 75.6 112.8 1972 91. 8 77. 6 119.3 1971 92.0 75.4 125.4 1970 90. 8 73.3 126. 5 Black 1984 87.1 66. 8 116. ~ 1983 86.4 67.1 114.C 1982 87.0 67.6 115.8 1981 86.8 66.9 117. 6 1980 89.2 69.6 120.2 1979 91.0 71.0 123 .3 1978 87.9 68.8 119.6 1977 90.9 73.0 121.7 1976 89. 7 73.5 117.9 1975 93.5 76.8 123.8 1974 93.8 78.6 122.2 1973 94.9 81.2 120. 5 1972 98.2 82.8 128.2 1971 98.6 80.7 135.2 1970 96.9 77.9 136.4 Source: NCHS Advanced Reported of Natality Statistics 1984, Monthly Vital Stat ist ics Report, Vol 35, No. 4, July 1986 .
A-112 / 464 TABLE 6.4 Table 6.4 presents birth rates for unmarried women by age and race for 1970 to 1984. For all women age 15 to 19, out-of-wedlock birth rates rose from 22.4 births in 1970 to 30.2 births per 1,000 women in 1984, a 34.8 percent increase. The increase in out-of-wedlock birth rates was slightly larger for women age 15 to 17 than for women age 18 to 19, a 28.1 and 30.7 percent increase respectively. Throughout this period, however, out-of-wedlock birth rates for women age 18 to 19 were almost double the rates for women age 15 to 17. In 1984, the out-of- wedlock birth rate was 21.9 births per 1,000 unmarried 15 to 17 year old women compared to 43.0 births per 1,000 unmarried 18 to 19 year old women. The overall increase in out-of-wedlock birth rates for women age 15 to 19 was due to increased rates of out-of-wedlock child-bearing among white adolescents. The birth rate for unmarried white women aged 15 to 19 rose from 10.9 to 19.0 births her 1.000 unmarried women from 1970 to 1984, a 74 percent increase. ~ women, the birth rates fell from 90.8 ner ~ .000 unmarried women, decreases of married births =_ _, respectively. ,, _ , For nonwhite and black un- to 78.3 and 96.9 to 87.1 _ 14 and 11 percent Despite this trend, there were consistently more out-of-wedlock births per 1,000 unmarried nonwhite teenage women than per 1,000 white women. In 1984, there were 13.5 out-of-wedlock births to white women age 15 to 17 compared to 59.3 per 1,000 nonwhite women. For women age 18 to 19 there were 27.6 births per 1,000 white women compared to 106.1 per 1,000 nonwhite women.
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A-115 / 467 TABLE 6 . 5 Table 6. 5 presents data on the number of live births by the age of father, age of mother and the race of the child for 1984. Caution should be used when interpreting this table because the distribution of the age of father by the age of the mother among those not reporting is not known. About 70 percent of mothers under age 15 and 36 percent of mothers age 15 to 19 did not report the age of the father. Among white teenagers 58 percent of those under age 15 and about 26 percent of those aged 15 to 19 did not report the age of the father of their child. Among black teenagers, 78 percent of those under age 15 and 62 percent of those aged 15 to 19 did not report the age of the father of their child. These data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). This table shows that the majority of women under age 20 giving birth and reporting the age of the father have partners older than themselves. Nearly all women under age 15, 97 percent, had partners aged 15 or over and 28 percent had partners over age 19. Among mothers aged 15 to 19, 71 percent had partners over age 19 and 15 percent had partners over age 24. White teenage mothers are more likely to report having older partners than black mothers. Among white mothers under age 15, 37 percent reported having partners over age 19. In compar ison, among black mothers under age 15, 15 percent reported having partners over age 19. Among both black and white women aged 15 to 19 report ing the father' s age, 72 percent of the white mothers aged 15 to 19 had part- ners over age 24 compared to 64 percent of the black mothers aged 15 to 19.
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A-117 / 469 TABLE 6.6 The percent of all first births and total births in which the mother's age was under 20, under 18 or under 15, by race, is shown in Table 6.6. Data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) . There are four important points to make about these data. First, the proportion of first births to women under age 20 is consistently higher than the percent of all births to women under age 20. Second, both proportions are due not only to the rate of childbearing among teens, but the birth rates of older women and to the size of population groups below and above age 20. Third, there was an increase in the proportion of first births and all births to women under age 20 from 1950 to the early 1970s. By 1984 the percent of first births to women under age 20 had declined; but the percent of all births to women under age 20 remained higher than in 1950. Fourth, black teens under age 20 con- sistently made up a larger proportion of both the first births and all births to black women than white teens under age 20 did among whites. Just under half of all black first-born children has a mother not yet 20 years of age.
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A-119 / 471 TABLE 6.7 . Table 6.7 presents the number and percent of all live births to women under age 20 by Hispanic origin of mother for 1984. Data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). These data indicate that of all births to adolescent mothers of Hispanic origin most are to mothers of Mexican origin. There were 39,712 births to mothers of Mexican origin aged 15 to 19 compared to 7,112 births to Puerto Rican mothers aged 15 to 19, 2,930 births to- Central and South American mothers aged 15 to 19 and 766 to Cuban mothers aged 15 to 19. Births to women under age 20 constituted 17 percent of births to all Hispanic origin mothers compared to 13.2 percent of births to non- Hispanic mothers in these states. Among mothers of Hispanic origin, births to Puerto Rican women aged 15 to 19 made up 21.3 percent of all births to Puerto Rican mothers and births to women under age 20 made up 18.0 percent of all births to Mexican mothers.
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A-121 / 473 TABLE 6.8 . Table 6.8 presents the number and percent of all out-of-wedlock births to women under age 20 by Hispanic origin of mother for 1984. Data are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). These data indicate that the largest number of out-of-wedlock births to adolescent women of Hispanic origin was to Mexican women. There were 28,577 out-of-wedlock births to Hispanic mothers aged 15 to 19 in 1984; 17,103 of those births were to Mexican women aged 15 to 19. Out-of-wedlock births made up 10 percent of all births to Hispanic women aged 15 to 19. In addition, Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 accounted for 18 percent of all nonmar ital births in this age group. Overall, out-of-wedlock births to non-Hispanic women aged 15 to 19 accounted for a slightly larger proportion of all out-of-wedlock births among non-Hispanics than among Hispanics, 33 . 7 percent compared to 29.1 percent respectively.
A-122 / 474 TABLE 6.9 Percentage Of Mothers Receiving Inadequate Prenatal Care (third trimester only or no care), By Age Group According To Race And Ethnicity, Residence And Marital Status, National Natality Survey 1980 Age Group < 20 20-24 25 Total9.84.9 2.9 Race/Ethnicity Black (non-Hispanic)12.86.4 3.6 White (non-Hispanic)8.33.9 2.5 Hispanic11.911.4 6.4 Residence Metropolitan10.34.8 2.7 Non-metropolitan8.95.3 3.4 Marital Status Married5.03.4 2.5 Unmarried14.811.4 7.0 Source: S. Singh, A. Torres and J.D. Forrest, "The Need for Prenatal Care in the United States: Evidence from the 1980 National Natality Survey", Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1985.
A-123 / 475 TABLE 6.9 Table 6.9 shows the percentage of mothers receiving inadequate prenatal care (third trimester only or no care), by age group ac- cording to race and ethnicity, residence, and marital status. The data are from the 1980 National Natality Survey {NNS). These data indicate that in 1980, 9~8 percent of all mothers under age 20 received inadequate prenatal care, compared to 4.9 percent of mothers aged 20 to 24 and 2.9 percent of mothers aged 25 and over. Black mothers under age 20 were the most likely to receive inadequate prenatal care, 12.8 percent compared to 11.9 percent of Hispanic and 8.3 percent of white mothers, even though Hispanic mothers of other ages were more likely than black or white women to receive inadequate care. Also, unmarried mothers of all ages were more likely than married mothers to have had inadequate prenatal care.
A-124 / 47 6 TABLE 6.10 Number and Percent Of Live Births With Low Birth Weight and Live Births by Birth Weight, by Age of Mother and Race of Child: united States, 1983; Based On 100 Percent Of Births In Selected States and On A 50-percent Sample Of B irths In All Other States Low B irtb We ight Age of Mother and Race of Ch ild Number Percent Total ^ 11 Races All ages246,1056.73,669,141 under 15 years1,35013.69,965 15-19 years43,8179.3469,682 15 years2,74411.424,142 16 years5,78910.953,178 17 years8,7199.889,424 18 years12,0879.3130,159 19 years14,4788.4172,779 20-24 years78,4446.91,141,578 25-29 years68,2245.91,165,711 30-34 years38,7625.9658,496 35-39 years13,1806.7195,755 40-44 years2,2208.326,846 45-49 years1089.81,108 Wh ite ^11 ages163,1175.62,923,502 Anger 15 years42810.83,959 15-19 years24,5037.6320,953 15 years1,1879.212,869 16 years2,9819.232,529 17 years4,7948.159,618 18 years6;9687.790,470 19 years8,5736,8125,467 20-24 years51,1225.7898,919 25-29 years48,1385.0969,061 30-34 years28,0135.1549,595 35-39 years9,3025.9159,246 40-44 years~540`4200974 45-49 years719.0795 811 Other All ages82,98811.1745,639 Under 15 years92215.46,006 15-19 Years19,31413.0148,729 15 years1,55713.811,273 16 years2,80813.620,649 17 years3,92513.229,806 18 years5,11912.939,689 19 years5,90512.547,312 20-24 years27,32211.3242,659 25-29 years20,08610.2196,650 30-34 years10,7499.9108,901 35-39 years3,87810.636,509 40-44 years68011.65,872 45-49 years3711.9313 Black All ages73,17812.4592,745 Under 15 years89115.65,720 15-19 Years18,14713.5134,392 15 years1,50114.110,637 16 Years2,67814.019,158 17 years3,70313.727,112 18 years4,78213.435,656 19 years5,48313.141,829 20-24 years24,69912.2203,562 25-29 years17,23111.7147,111 30-34 years8,64011.773,858 35-39 years3,01812.624,028 40-44 years53013.63,906 45-49 years2213.1168 1Less than 2,500 grams. Sources: NCHS, "Advanced Final Natality by Statistics, 1983", Monthlv Vital Statistics Report, Vo1. 35, No. 4, July 1986.
A-125 / 477 TABLE 6.10 Table 6.10 shows the number and percent of babies with low birth weight by age and race of mother in 1984. Data are from the National Center for Health Statistics. In general, mothers less than age 20 and aged 40 to 49 were more likely than women aged 20 to 39 to have babies with low birth weights. Over 13 percent of the babies born to women under age 15 had low birth rates, more than 9 percent of those born to women aged IS to 19, 8.3 percent of those born to women aged 40 to 44, and almost 10 percent born to women aged 45 to 49. Black babies born to mothers of all ages were more likely to have low birth weights than white babies. About 6 percent of all white babies had low birth weights compared to over 11 percent of all black babies. Over 10 percent of the white babies born to teens less than age 15 and 7.6 percent of the white babies born to teens aged 15 to 19 had low birth weights compared to 15.4 percent of black babies born to teens under age 15 and 13.0 percent of those born to teens aged 15 to 19.
A-126 / 478 TABLE 6.11 Estimated Cumulative Percent of Women Aged 15 to 19 Ever Experiencing A First Birth By Single Year of Age, Race And Ethnicity*, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Agel Cumulative Percent Having a First Birth Total Sample 15 16 17 18 19 N 1888 Whites 15 16 17 18 19 N Blacks 15 16 17 18 19 N 581 Hispanics 15 16 17 18 19 N 159 0.2 3.2 5.5 12.0 17.1 2.2 3.3 10.7 13.2 1.2 7.8 15.5 20.3 39.8 S.1 29.6 47.0 --Cell sizes were less than 20. *H ispanic persons may be of any race, and whites and blacks may include H ispanic per sons. IS ingle years of age refer to the midpoints in the age intervals, e.g., 15 means 15.5 years. Source: Special tabulations f rom the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-127 / 479 TABLE 6.11 Table 6.11 presents the estimated cumulative percent of women aged 15 to 19 ever experiencing a first birth by age, race and ethnicity. The data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). These data indicate that among all women, 17.1 percent had a first birth before age 20. The estimated proportion of women having a first birth before age 20 was the highest for Hispanic women, 47.0 percent, compared to 39.8 percent for black women and 13.2 percent for white women. Most of these births occur at ages 18 and 19. At age 17, blacks are 3 times more likely than Hispanic women to have had a birth.
A-128 / 480 TABLE 6.12 Cumulative Percent Having A First Birth By Single Year Of Age, Race And Ethnicityl, And By Mother's Education, Education in 1979; 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth . Total Sample Males Respondent ' s Mothe r' s Educat ion Females Age* IS =HS~ HS<HS=HSIS Total Sample 15.1 .10.7.3.1 16.4 .2.13.4.9.2 171.2 .6.19.12.91.6 183.1 1.4.516.56.02.5 196.5 3.21.024.310.25.2 2011.7 5.82.734.616.07.5 N1808 187879019751791756 Whites 150 00.5.20 16.2 002.1.70 17.4 .206.42.11.1 182.0 .6.313.14.41.7 194.5 2.1.619.88.34.3 209.1 4.82.130.913.96.3 N814 13595928331288577 ~ HS ~ HSIS ~ HS Blacks 15.6 .71.6 .9 161.0 1.57.5 2.7 174.0 3.517.9 9.2 187.0 5.827.3 17.0 1911. 9 10.438. 2 22.3 2018.4 13.147.1 28.5 N541 525595 499 H. ispanics 15__ _-.4 -- 16.4 --3.2 .7 17.6 .48.2 .7 182.8 2.816.3 3.7 197.6 4.623.9 11.7 2014.2 6.133.1 18.9 N453 192496 183 *Percentages refer to birthday for specified ages, e.g., 15 means by 15th birthday or by end of age 14. 1Hispanic Persons may be of any race. Note: Sandpile is limited to respondents age 20 and over at 1983 survey date. Source: Special Tabulations from the 1983 National Longitidunal Survey of Youth, Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University.
A-129 / 481 TABLE 6.12 Table 6.12 displays the cumulative percent reporting a first birth by mother's education. Data are from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS). Males were less likely than females to report having a child by age 20, despite the higher percent of males than females who were sexually active by age 20. Also, blacks were more likely than whites or Hispanics to report a first birth by age 20 regardless of their mother's education. In general, however, adolescent males whose mothers had less than high school educations were more likely to have child by age 20 than those whose mother's education was high school or more. Of all males, the proportion with a child was about 12 percent among those whose mother's education was less than high school, less than 6 percent among those whose mothers had completed high school, and less than 3 percent among males whose mothers had gone beyond high school education. Among the females, the proportion reporting a birth by age 20 was about 35 percent among those whose mother's education was less than high school, 16 percent of those whose mothers had a high school edu- cation and 8 percent among those whose mothers had more than a high school education. Blacks were more likely to report having a birth, regardless of the mother's education.
A-130 / 482 TABLE 6.13 Infant Mortality Rates (deaths at less one year of age per 1,000 live births) By Age Of Mother, U.S. 1960 Study Of Infant Mortality From Linked Records And 1980 National Natality Survey/National Death Index (NNS/NDI) 1960 Study of of Linked Records 1980 NNS/NDT . Standard Percent Age of Mother Rate Rate Error Decline Under 20 years 33.1 17.4 2.4 47.4 2 0-24 24 .2 12 . 5 1. 3 48 . 3 25-29 22.4 9.8 1.3 56.3 30-34 23.7 14.7 2.5 38.0 35+ years 26.7 18.4* 7.7 31.1 *Infant mortality rates based on less than 30 sample cases do not meet standards of reliability or precision. Source: K.G. Keppel, P.J. Placek, G.A. Simpson and S.S. Ressel n Infant Mortality Rates from the 1980 National Natality Survey and Twenty Year Trend Comparisons" NCHS, Unpublished paper, 1985.
A-131 / 483 TABLE 6. 13 Table 6.13 presents infant mortality rates by age of mother for 1960 and 1980. The 1960 data are f rom the Study of Infant Mortality From Linked Records and the 1980 data are from the National Natality Survey/National Death Index. These data indicate that in 1960 mothers under age 20 had the highest infant mortality rate, 33.1 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. In 1980, the infant mortality rate for mothers under age 20 was 17.4 deaths per 1,000 births, a 47.4 percent decline. The infant mortality rates in 1980 for mothers under age 20 were still higher than for mothers aged 20 to 34 , despite the overall decline in U. S . infant mortality rates. The rate for mothers over age 35 is based on too few cases to be a reliable est. imate .
HI I . ADOPTION OF CHILDREN BORN TO ADOLESCENTS This section presents information on adolescent placement for adoption of premarital births, by age and race of the mother. There is no national system for the collection of data on adoptions or the characteristics of mothers who relinquish children for adoption. The data presented here are from the National Survey of Family Growth, National Survey of Young Women (NSYW), and the State of California. Problems with these data include under-reporting and incomplete infor- mation on characteristics of the mothers relinquishing children for adoption. These data, however, do demonstrate the declining tendency of adolescents to give up a child born out of wedlock. A-133 / 485
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A-135 / 487 TABLE 7 . 1 Table 7.1 shows the percentage distribution of premarital live births resulting from first pregnancies to women aged 15 to 19 by the living arrangements of baby and the race of the mother for 1982, 1976, and 1971. It should be noted that under-reporting is presumed on sur- vey questions concerning relinquishment for adoption; however, the extent of under-reporting cannot be estimated in the absence of data from any other reporting system. The data for 1976 and 1971 are f rom the National Surreys of Young Women. The 1982 data are from the 1982 Nat tonal Survey of Family Growth. (NSFG) Among women of all races the proportion of women aged 15 to 19 reporting that the child resulting from their first premarital preg- nancy was adopted was lower in 1982 than in 1971, 4. 6 percent in 1982 compared to 7.6 percent in 1971. Among white and other women (nonblack women) aged 15 to 19, the proportion declined from 18.4 percent in 1971 to 7.4 percent in 1982. Among black women aged 15 to 19 the proportion declined f rom 2 percent in 1971 to less than 1 percent in 1982.
A-136 / 488 TABLE 7.2 Percentage Of Babies Born Premaritally To Women 15-44 Years Of Age At Interview Who Were Placed For Adoption By Age Of Mother At Birth Of Child And Race, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth . . . Percentage Placed for Adoption All Races White Black All B i rths 6 .2 12 .2 0 .4 (N=8, 455) (N=3, 886) (N=4, 426) Age of Mother at Birth 17 or younger 8.1 17.2 1.0 18-19 4.6 10.1 0. 0 20-44 5.9 10.9 0.2 Year of Birth Before 1973 8.5 19.5 0.7 1973 or later 4.6 8.0 0.1 Source: C.A. Bachrach, "Adoptive Plans, Adopted Children, and Adopted Mothers", Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48 (May 1986~: 243-253. Reprinted by permission.
A-137 / 489 TABLE 7.2 Table 7.2 shows the proportion of babies born to unmarried women (aged 15 to 44 at the date of the interview) who were placed for adop- tion by the age of the mother at the birth of the child according to race. (Again, it should be noted that under-reporting of adoption is likely.) Data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). A higher proportion of white women had placed a child born pre- maritally for adoption than black women, 12.2 percent compared to less than 1 percent. Among white women who were age 17 or younger at the birth of the child, 17.2 percent placed the child for adoption com- pared to 1 percent of black women who were age 17 or younger at the birth of the child. Of women who had a premarital birth before 1973, 19.5 percent of the white women and .7 percent of black women placed the child for adoption. Of women who had a premarital birth during 1973 or later, 8 percent of the white women and .1 percent of the black women placed the child for adoption.
A-138 / 490 TABLE 7.3 Adoptions by Type* and Age of Mother, State of California Selected Years, 1967 to 1983 Number of% of Total Number of % of Total Ace ofRelinquishmentsRelinquishment Independent2 Independent Year MotherAdoptionsAdoptions Adoptions Adoptions FY' 1982-83 All Ages1, 831100.0 1, 534 100.0 10-14472.6 32 2.1 15-161659.0 159 11.0 17-1828815.7 307 20.0 ~ 1950027.3 498 33.1 FY ' 1981-82 All Ages1, 991100.0 1, 534 100. 0 10-14361.8 32 2.1 15-1620410.2 169 11.0 17-1830815.5 307 20.0 <1954827.5 508 33.1 FY'1980-81 All Ages1,937100.0 n.a. n.a. 10-14341.8 15-1620810.7 17-1832416.7 <1956629.2 1979 (Jan-Dee) All Ages 2,170 100.0 n. a. n. a. 10-14 50 2 .3 15-19 857 39.5 <20 907 41.8 1976 (Jan-Dee) All Ages 2,251 100.0 n. a. n. a. 10-14 68 3.0 15-19 924 41.1 <20 992 44.1 1975 (Jan-Dee) All Ages 2, 638 100.0 n. a. n. a. 10-14 62 2 .4 15-19 1, 133 42.8 <20 1,195 45.3 1969 (Jan-Dee) All Ages 8,151 100.0 n. a. n. a. 10-14 87 1.1 15-19 3, 476 42.6 <20 3, 563 43.7 19~;7 (Jan-Dee) All Ages -- -- 8,195 100. 0 10-14 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15-19 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. <20 n. a. n. a. 3, 419 41. 7 Pelinc~uishment is def ined to include cases in which the child is turned over to a public or pr ivate adopt ion agency for placement. 2Independent adoptions are those in which the mother of the child arranges the adoption independent of or through an adoption agency. The data for independent adoptions are collected in survey form and the exact response rate is not known. n. a. - not available. *Foreign born adoptions are not included under either relinquishment or independent adoptions. Adoptions by relatives of the child are included in both totals and represent approximately 15 percent of the total number of adoptions for both categories although they are not tabulated separately f rom nonrelative adoptions. Source: Program Information Series Reports; Department of Social Services, California, 1985.
A-139 / 491 TABLE 7.3 Table 7.3 shows the number and percentage distribution regarding relinquishment and independent adoptions by the age of the mother, for the State of California. Data on adoptions are collected by the De- partment of Social Services in California. The important features of these data are the trends in the de- creasing number of total adoptions and the declining proportion of adopted babies whose birth mothers were less than age 19 or 20. In 1969 there were 8,151 relinquishment adoptions and 3,563, or 44 per- cent, of those babies were born to mothers under age 20. In FY'1982- 83, there were only 1,831 total relinquishment adoptions and only 500, or 27 percent of those babies were born to mothers less than age 19. Although data are available for fewer years regarding independent adoptions, the same trend is evident. In 1967 there were 8,195 adop- tions and 3, 419, or 42 percent, of those babies were born to mothers less than age 20, while in PY' 1982-83 there were only 1,534 indepen- dent adoptions and 498, or 33 percent, of those babies born to mothers under age 19.
VI I I . ADOLESCENT PARENTS This section presents information on characteristics of adolescent parents. Data on educational attainment, subsequent pregnancies, and social and economic status of the parents are shown. These data are from the 1983 National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) and 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The major controls used in these tables are race and age and no tests of statistical significance are presented. These data are included to provide a description of the characteristics of adolescent parents. Caution should be used in drawing conclusions from these tables on consequences of adolescent parenthood. A-141 / 493
A-142 / 494 TABLE 8.1 Percent of Women Aged 20-29 Completing High School By Age At Birth Of First Child, Race And Ethnicity*, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Percent of Women 20-29 Completing Less Than 12 Years of Schooling Age at First Birth Number Percent of Women Total Mothers 25(1739) Under 1568(42) 15-1751(424) 18-1934(467) 20-2119(358) 22-2410(312) 25-295(133) Women with no births 7 (1252) White Total Mothers 26 Under 15 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 25-29 Women with no births __ 55 39 21 10 6 (764) (2) (116) (170) (181) (204) (90) (820) Black Total Mothers 26(942) Under 15 62(40) 15-17 43(304) 18-19 23(286) 20-21 11(172) 22-24 8(101) 25-29 0(37) Women with no births 9 (404) Hispanic Total Mothers 58 (113) Under 15 -- (0) 15-17 76 (23) 18-19 69 (21) 20-21 55 (38) 22-24 39 (24) 25-29 -- (7) Women with no births 17 (51) -- Cell sizes were less than 20. *Hispanic Persons may be of any race, and whites and blacks may Hispanic persons. include Source: Special tabulations from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle IIT, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-143 / 495 TABLE 8.1 - Table 8.1 shows the percent of women aged 20 to 29 completing less than 12 years of schooling by age at f irst birth, race and ethnicity. The data are f rom the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) . In general, women who had a f irst birth before age 20 were con- siderably more likely to complete less than 12 years of schooling than women who gave birth at age 20 or later. The percent of women cow plating less than 12 years of schooling was 68 percent for those under aged 15, 51 percent for those aged 15 to 17, and 34 percent for women aged 18 to 19 at f irst birth, compared to 19 percent of women aged 20 to 21, 10 pe rcent of women aged 2 2 to 2 4 and 5 pe rcent of women aged 25 to 29 at f irst bi rth. Additionally, white and Hispanic women with age at f irst birth less than 20 were more likely to complete less than 12 years of schooling than black women. For instance, 55 percent of the white women and 76 percent of the Hispanic women aged 15 to 17 at f irst birth completed less than 12 years of schooling compared to 43 percent of the black women aged 15 to 17 at f irst birth.
A-144 / 496 TABLE 8.2 Percent of Mothers Aged 20-29 Having A Subsequent Birth Within 24 Months Of The First, By Their Age at First Birth, Race And Ethnicity*, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth % of Women 20-24 w/2nd Birth Within 24 Months of 1st (n) 96 of Women 25-29 w/2nd Birth Within 24 Months of 1st (N) Be of Women 20-29 w/2nd Birth Within 24 Months of 1st (a) Age at First Number Number Number Birth Percent of Women Percent of Women Percent of Women TotalAll Mothers 17(653)18(1086) 18(1739) Under 15 18(24)__(18) 16(42) 15-17 18(187)20(237) 19(424) 18-19 25(203)24(264) 25(467) 20-21 14(167)17(191) 15(358) 22-24 7(71)18(241) 16(312) 25-29 n.a.n.a.11(133) 11(133) WhiteTotal 18(262)17(502) 18(764) Under 15 --(2)--(0) --(2) 15-17 16(51)17(65) 16(116) 18-19 27(78)24(92) 26(170) 20-21 15(87)18(94) 16(181) 22-24 8(44)18(160) 15(204) 25-29 n.a.n.a.10(90) 10(90) BlackTotal 17(380)21(562) 19(942) Under 15 20(22)--(18) 16(40) 15-17 25(134)28(170) 27(304) 18-19 17(120)24(166) 20(286) 20-21 9(77)13(95) 11(172) 22-24 4(26)19(75) 15(101) 25-29 n.a.n.a.10(37) 10(37) HispanicTotal 11(34)20(79) 16(113) Under 15 --(0)--(0) --(0) 15-17 --(9)--(14) 14(23) 18-19 --(6)__(15) 34(21) 20-21 --(15)9(23) 13(38) 22-24 --(4)14(20) 11(24) 25-29 n.a.n.a.--(7) --(7) _ --Cell sizes were les than 20. *Hispanic persons may be of any race, and whites and blacks may include Hispanic persons. n.a. - not applicable. Source: Special tabulations from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-145 / 497 TABLE 8.2 Table 8.2 shows the percent of women aged 20 to 29 having a subse- quent birth within 24 months by their age at first birth. The data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth {NSFG). Among women aged 20 to 29, 19 percent of the blacks, 18 percent of the whites and 16 percent of the Hispanics had a second birth within 24 months of the first. The highest percent having a second birth among white and Hispanic women aged 20 to 29 were women who first gave birth at age 18 or 19, 25 and 34 percent respectively. Among black women however, women who first gave birth at ages 15 to 17 were the most likely to have a second birth within 24 months. In general, women who first gave birth before age 20 were at least as likely, and in some cases more likely, than women aged 20 to 29 at first birth to have a second birth within 24 months of the first.
A-146 / 498 TABLE 8.3 Cumulative Percentage Of Metropolitan-Area Women Aged 15-19 Who Had A Premarital Second Pregnancy, By Number Of Months Following Outcome Of The Premarital First Pregnancy, According To Race, Outcome And Age At Conclusion Of First Pregnancy, 1971, 1976 And 1979 Months Race Outcome Age After 1st Outcome by Year Total White Black Birth Abortion I 16 17-19 1971(N=214) (N=36) (N=178)(N=173) (N=41)(N=110) (N=104) 67.8 0.0 12.48.2 6.67.8 7.9 1212.4 2.2 18.013.2 9.614.4 9.4 1823.0 10.5 29.023.1 23.321.5 30.1 2433.1 31.7 33.923.8 60.633.3 30.1 1976(N=175) (N=50) (N=125)(N=126) (N=49)(N=100) (N=75 67.5 8.4 6.36.7 8.44.2 10.7 1219.9 17.1 21.923.4 13.020.7 17.5 1827.2 17.1 34.433.4 15.026.2 28.5 2436.0 26.2 42.836.0 39.331.7 44.4 1979(N=290) (N=110) (N=180)(N=169) (N=121)(N=181) (N=109) 66.4 6.3 6.63.7 9.06.0 6.6 1217.5 18.2 16.117.1 18.015.2 22.9 1823.8 24.7 22.325.5 22.821.2 30.7 2430.7 29.8 32.737.8 25.129.3 30.7 Source: M.A. Koenig and M. Zelnik. "Repeat Pregnancies Among Metropolitan Area Teenagers: 1971-1979," Family Planning Perspectives 14 (6) (November/December), Table 2, 1982. Reprinted by permission.
A-147 / 499 TABLE 8.3 Table 8.3 presents the cumulative percentage of metropolitan-area women aged 15 to 19 who reported a second premarital pregnancy, by the number of months following the outcome of the first premarital preg- nancy, by race, outcome, and age at conclusion of first pregnancy. Data are from the 1971, 1976 and 1979 National Surveys of Young Women (NSFG) in which we recognize abortions are under-reported. A higher cumulative percent of black teens reported a second pre- marital pregnancy within 24 months after the outcome of the first pre- mar ital pregnancy than white teens in 1971, 1976 and 1979. Among white teens 32 percent in 1971, 26 percent in 1976 and 30 percent in 1979 re- ported second pregnancies within 24 months while among the black teens 34 percent in 1971, 43 percent in 1976 and 33 percent in 1979 had second pregnancies within 24 months. Among black teens, 34 percent in 1971, 43 percent in 1976 and 33 percent in 1979 had a second premarital pregnancies within two years of the outcome of the first premarital pregnancy. Among women who reported a first premarital birth the cumulative percent having a second pregnancy within 24 months was 24 percent in 1971, 36 percent in 1976 and 38 percent in 1979. The cumulative per- cent of those reporting a f irst premar ital abortion who became pregnant a second time within 24 months after the abortion was 25 percent in 1979, 39 percent in 1976 and 61 percent in 1971. By 24 months after the resolution of a first premarital pregnancy, more women under age 16 than women aged 17 to 19 had a second preg- nancy in 1971, 33 compared to 30 percent. In contrast, in 1976 and 1979 more women aged 17 to 19 than age 16 or under had a second pregnancy: 44 and 32 percent in 1976, and 31 and 29 pe rcent in 1919.
A-148 / 500 TABLE 8.4 Receipt Of APDC Among Women Aged 20-29 By The Women's Age At First Birth, Race, And Ethnicity*, 1982 National Survey Of Family Growth Percent of Women 20-29 Receiving Any AFDC Income Age at First Birth Number Percent of Women Total All Mothers Under 15 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 25-29 Women with no births White All Mothers Under 15 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 25-29 Women with no births Black All Mothers Under 15 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 25-29 Women with no births Hispanic women with no All Mothers Under 15 15-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 25-29 births 13 45 20 21 14 3 2 9 __ 12 17 10 33 53 39 31 36 15 9 25 18 1 __ 3 (1739) (42) (424) (467) (358) (312) (133) (1252) (764) (2) (116) (170) (181) (204) (90) (820) (942) (40) (304) (286) (172) (101) (37) (404) (113) (O) (23) (21) (38) (24) (7) (51) --Cell sizes were less than 20. *Hispanic persons may be of any race and whites and blacks may include Hispanic persons. n.a. - not applicable. Source: Special tabulations f rom the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-149 / 501 TABLE 8.4 Table 8.4 shows the percentage distribution of mothers aged 20 to 29 receiving Aid for Dependent Children (AFDC) by age at first birth, race and ethnicity. Data are from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Overall, 13 percent of all mothers aged 20 to 29 received AFDC; 9 percent of the white mothers, 12 percent of Hispanic mothers and 33 percent of black mothers. Mothers who were under age 20 at first birth were more likely to be receiving AFDC than those over age 20 at first birth. Forty-five percent of the mothers who were under age 15, 20 percent who were aged 15 to 17, and 21 percent who were aged 18 to 19 at the birth of their first child, compared to 14 percent who were aged 20 to 21, 3 percent who were age 22 to 24 and 2 percent who were age 25 to 29 at the birth of their first child were receiving AFDC in 1982.
502 TABLE 8.5 Poverty* Status Of Women Aged 20-29, By Their Age At First Birth, Race, and Ethnicity**, 1982 National Survey of Family Growth Percent of Women 20-29 Receiving Any AFDC Income Age at First Number Birth Percent of Women Total Total Mothers 36(1739) Under 15 78(42) 15-17 50(424) 18-19 51(467) 20-21 37(358) 22-24 20(312) 25-29 9(133) Women with no births 23 (1252) White Total Mothers 32 (764) Under 15 -- (2) 15-17 45 (116) 18-19 47 (170) 20-21 34 (181) 22-24 19 (204) 25-29 7 (90) Women with no births 21 (820) Black Total Mothers 57 (942) Under 15 76 (40) 15-17 63 (304) 18-19 62 (286) 20-21 56 (172) 22-24 30 (101) 25-29 16 (37) Women with no births 34 (404) Hispanic Total Mothers 48 (113) Under 15 -- (0) 15-17 60 (23) 18-19 58 (21) - 20-21 42 (38) 22-24 42 (24) 25-29 -~ (7) Women with no births 27 (51) --Cell sizes were less than 20. *The definition of poverty is the woman's family income divided by the Census Bureau's poverty threshold, specific for family size. **Hispanic Persons may be of any race and whites and blacks may include Hispanic Persons. n.a. - not applicable. Source: Special tabulations from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, DHHS.
A-151 / 503 TABLE 8.5 . Table 8.5 shows the percent of mothers aged 20 to 29 whose incomes were 150 percent less than the poverty level by age at birth of first child, race and ethnicity. These data are from the 1982 National Sur- vey of Family Growth. Of all mothers aged 20 to 29, 36 percent had incomes below 150 percent of the poverty level; 32 percent of the white mothers, 48 percent of the Hispanic mothers and 57 percent of the black mothers. Of the women under age 15, aged 15 to 17 and aged 18 to 19 at first birth, 78, 50 and 51 percent respectively had incomes below 150 percent -of the poverty level compared to 37, 20 and 9 percent of women aged 20 to 21, 22 to 24 and 25 to 29 at f irst birth. Additionally, 23 percent of the women who had no births had incomes below 150 percent of the poverty level; 34 percent of black women, 27 percent of the Hispanic women and 21 percent of the white women.
ADI3E:NDUM COMMONLY USED DATA SOU ROE: S This addendum contains descriptions of commonly used sources. These are listed below along with their acronyms. NSFG NLS CPS AGI NCHS CDC 1. National Survey of Family Growth 2. National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Exper fence of Youth Young Women, Young Men, Mature Women and Mature Men 3. National Vital Statistics 4 . Cu r rent Popu let ion Surveys; and Fert il ity Supplements 5. National Survey of Young Women ~ and Young Men); Kantner-Zelnick Data . 6. Alan Guttmacher Institute 7. National Center for Health Statistics--collects the vital statistics on births 8. Center for Disease Control A-153 / 505 1 ;
A-154 / 506 T ITLE PURPOSE The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) The National Survey of Family Growth is a primary source of data on U.S. fertility patterns, infertility, reproductive health, contraception, and fertility in- tentions. In addition, the Survey obtains information relevant to child development on such topics as unwanted childbearing, adoption, adolescent pregnancy and unwed motherhood, prenatal care, post-natal care, and infant health. These topics may be examined in relation to in- formation obtained on a variety of social, economic, and family characteristics. In addition, because the NSFG represents the continuation of a line of fertility sur- veys extending back to 1955, it is possible to use the data to continue a set of time-series statistics on family building, contraceptive use, and reproductive health that has covered a period of dramatic change in U.S. family patterns. Data from these surveys have also been used for several studies of changes in family composition. Data are used by health care providers and researchers, demographers and other social scien- tists, and by policy makers at both the federal and local level. SPONSORSHIP The survey is sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Family Growth Survey Branch. Funding has been provided by the Office of Family Planning Services in the (then) Bureau of Community Health Services, the Center for Population Research, NICHD, the Off ice of Adolescent Programs, as well as NCHS. DESI GN Women aged 15 to 44 of all marital statuses are inter- viewed in the nationally representative NSFG. The area probability sample of approximately 8,000 women in 1982 included an over-sample of 1,900 teenagers. Parental consent is obtained for all minors who are interviewed. Separate questionnaires are designed for women under age 25 and 25 and older. The 1982 interview--Cycle III of the NSFG--was the first to include all women in the childbearing years regardless of their marital status. Blacks were over-sampled to enable separate analyses of blacks. A change in fieldwork is planned for the 1986 Survey. To reduce costs, the sample will be selected on the
A-155 / 507 basis of screening questions included in the large and nationally representative Health Interview Survey. PERIODICITY The NSFG provides data that continue a statistical time- series on American fertility patterns that was initiated during the early years of the "baby boom". The Growth of American Families surveys took place in 1955 and 1960 and were continued by the National Fertility Studies of 1965 and 1970. Cycles I, II, and III of the NSFG were fielded in 1973, 1976, and 1982 respectively. Cycle IV is scheduled for 1987. CONTENT Detailed data are collected on fertility events, on in fertility and contraceptive use, on childbearing plans, adoption, and sex education, on reproductive and infant health, pre-natal and post-natal care, and family com position. Considerable background information is also collected on the women and their families. LIMITATIONS Since the focus of the Survey is on fertility the range of information on females under 15 and males 15-19 is limited. Under-reporting of abortion occurs in this, as in other household surveys. Since this is a survey of women, children living only with fathers are not represented. Surveys prior to 1982 do not include teens who were not married or their mothers. This restricts trend analyses that can be done. AVAILABILITY Public use data tapes are available for the entire series of national surveys from the National Technical Information Service. Contact: Dr. William Pratt, Chief, Survey of Family Growth Branch National Center for Health Statistics 3700 East-West Highway Hyattsville, MD 20782 301-436-8731
A-156 / 508 TITLE PURPOSE National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth In 1977, it was decided to both continue the existing panels of the National Longitudinal Survey and to expand data collection by initiating a new National Longitu- dinal Survey of Youth. Data from the new survey would replicate much of the information obtained on young people in the earlier cohorts and would thus support studies of changes in the labor market experience of youth. In addition, the new data on youth would permit evaluation of the expanded employment and training pro- grams for youth established by the 1977 amendments to the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA). The supplementary sample of 1,300 persons serving in the Armed Forces permit a study of the recruitment and service experiences of youth in the military. The rich- ness of the data has also attracted researchers studying fertility issues, educational progress, marriage and divorce, income family structure. SPONSORSHIP The Department of Labor initiated the National Longitu- dinal Surveys and has provided much of the funding over the years. However, other agencies including the National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop- ment, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, and the Depart- ment of Defense have sponsored portions of the survey. Data are collected by the National Opinion Research Center. DESIGN The Youth sample is comprised of a nationally-represen- tative probability sample of 5,700 young women and an equal number of young men 14-21, as of January 1, 1979, augmented by a sample of 1,300 young persons serving in the Armed Forces. Blacks, Hispanics, and disadvantaged whites were all over-sampled to facilitate analysis of youth in these population groups. Individuals were con- sidered to be in the population if they resided within the 50 states and were not institutionalized, or if they were on active military duty outside the United States. Non-military respondents were selected using a multi- stage, stratified area probability sample of dwelling units and group quarter units. A screening interview was administered at approximately 75,000 dwellings and group quarters in 202 primary sampling unites. Military
A-1S7 / 509 respondents were sampled from rosters provided by the Department of Defense. A total of 12,686 persons were interviewed. As of the completion of the fifth (1984) interview wave, 96 percent of those interviewed in 1979 were still being interviewed. PERIODICITY Interviews have been conducted annually since 1979. Interviews are currently planned to continue at least through 1985. CONTENT The National Longitudinal Surveys were designed pri marily to analyze sources of variation in the labor market behavior and experience of Americans. Conse quently, the content of the surveys is weighted toward labor force training and experience. However a great deal of information is also collected regarding formal education, marriage and fertility events, income and assets, family background, attitudes, aspirations, and expectations. Questions on drug and alcohol use are included, as well, along with information on family planning, child care, and maternal and child health care. LIMITATIONS There is under reporting of abortion, pregnancies and births. AVAILABILITY Public use tapes and tape documentation as well as a list of publications are available from the Center for Human Resource Research, 5701 North High Street, Worthington, Ohio 43085. Contact: Frank Mott with questions regarding data on fertility and maternal and child health (612) 422-7337. Information is also available from Pat Rhoton or Dennis Grey or Ken Wolpin, Principal Investigator for the NLS, (614) 422-7337
A-158 / 510 TITLE PURPOSE National Longitudinal Surveys of the Labor Market Experience of: Young Women, Young Men, Mature Women, and Mature Men This series of longitudinal surveys was initiated to ex- plore the labor market experiences over tome of several unique cohorts facing employment problems of particular concern to policy makers. The school-to-work transi- tion, initial occupational choice, adaptation to the work of work, the work-family interface and attainment of stable employment are issues of concern for the cohorts of young men, aged 14-24 in 1966 and young women, aged 14-24 in 1968. For middle aged men, aged 45-59 in 1966, issues of declining health, unemployment, the obsolescence of skills, and age discr imitation are of concern. Among women 30-44 in 1967, the key issue initially was labor force re-entry for women as their children became older. Subsequently, issues associated with women's retirement became important. Following these cohorts over time enables analysts both to de- scribe the situations of different population groups and to understand the factors that are antecedents and consequences of situations ranging from education and employment, to marriage and family, to economic status. SPONSORSHIP These four longitudinal surveys were initiated by the Office of Manpower Policy Evaluation, and Research of the Department of Labor. The Center for Human Research of Ohio State University has developed the question- naires and makes computer tapes and a wide range of documentation available. Field work is conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. DESIGN Each of the four age-sex cohorts is represented by a multi-stage probability sample. To provide samples of blacks that would produce statistically reliable sta- tistics, households in enumeration districts that were primarily black were sampled at a rate between three and four times that of other households. From over 35,000 inhabited housing units, a sample of 5050 men 45-59 was interviewed. A sample of 5225 males 14-24, excluding males on active military service was inter- viewed. Five thousand eight-three women, 30-44, and 5,159 young women 14-24 were also interviewed. The total number of households represented in the four NLS samples is 13,582; thus the sample includes a number of
A-159 / 511 families that have contributed more than one respondent. Initially, most interviews were conducted in person; however the majority of the interviews conducted in person; however the majority of the interviews conducted during the 197Os were done on the telephone. Data have been weighted to adjust for over-sam- pling and for sample attrition; when weighted, the data are nationally representative. As of the 15-year interview points, approximately 56 percent of the males originally 45-59, 65 percent of the younger men, and about 70 percent of the two women's cohorts interviewed initially were still being interviewed. PERIODICITY Young women were interviewed annually between 1968 and 1973, in 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983 and 1985. Further interviews are planned for 1987 and 1988. Women were interviewed annually between 1967-69. 1971-1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1984. Interviews are tentatively planned for 1986 and 1987. . in Young men were interviewed annually between 1966 and 1971, in 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, and 1983. Further interviews have been cancelled. Men were interviewed annually between 1966 and 196 9, in 1971, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, and 1983 . Further interviews have been cancelled. CONTENT In keeping with the primary orientation of the surveys toward labor force issues, numerous questions focus on employment experience, unemployment, income, and training. However, quite a bit of information was collected about the family background and the social and economic status of the family as well. None of the respondents were still children at ter the mid-1970s; however, a majority of the young women and young men had become parents by the 1980s, and some limited formation is available about their children. Consicter- able information, shown below, was collected on the family situation of the young men and young women respondents when they were growing up. ~n _
A-160 / 512 AVAILABILITY Data tapes and complete documentation as well as a publications list are available f rom the Center for Human Resource Research, 5701 North H igh Street, Worthington, Ohio 43085. Contact: Pat Rhoton or the respective cohort coord inator s: Mature men - G ilbert Nestel Mature women - Lois Shaw Young men - Stephen Hills Young women - Frank Mott, or Pr incipal Investigator for the NLS - Ken Wolpin ~ 514 888-8238 or (614) 422-7337
A-161 / 513 TITLE PURPOSE Vital Statistics of the United States--Natality The purpose of the nasality reporting system is to col- lect and tabulate at the federal level data on births from the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Demo- graphic and health information can be analyzed by researchers and policymakers interested in assessing the health of infants and pinpointing health problems, making population projections and estimates, and mea- suring progress made by national health programs. In addition, the birth certificate provides legal proof of the birth. SPONSORSHIP The National Center for Health Statistics, vital Statistics Division, collects and publishes nasality data. DESIGN Data are collected at the local level and forwarded to the state level. States report the data to the Division of Vital Statistics. A certificate for all live births and for stillbirths is completed by the attending physician or other health personnel. One hundred per- cent of the births are reported to NCHS in 42 states and 50 percent are reported in the remaining areas. PERIODICITY Data collection is continuous. Monthly and annual reports are issued. CONTENT The certificate of live birth, which is the source of vital registration data, contains a limited number of items. The mother's marital status is reported for only 41 states and D.C.; as of 1980 it is inferred for 9 states by comparing parent and child surnames. Parent educations is reported for 47 states and D.C. LIMITATIONS Not all states obtain all information and the range of data is limited (see above).
A-162 / 514 AVAILABILITY Data tapes may be purchased f rom the National Technical Information Service (703) 487-4780. Contact: Stephanie Ventura, Selma Taf f el or Bob Heuser, Chief (301) 436-8954, fatality Branch, Division of Vital Statistics, Nat tonal Center for Health Stat ist ics, 3 7 0 0 East-West H ighway, Hyattsville, Maryland 20792
A-163 / 515 TITLE PURPOSE Current Population Survey The primary purpose of The Current Population Survey is to provide monthly measures of the character istics of the labor force, labor force participation, employment, and unemployment in the United States as well as ind i- vidual states and reg ions. In addition the survey ser- ves as a vehicle for a ser ies of supplements, conducted with vary ing deg rees of regular ity . Recent supplements have inc luded job tenure and occupational mobility (January ), demog raphic and income supplement (March), alimony and child support (April), multiple job holding (May), fertility (June), immunization (September), school enrollment (October) , and voting and registra- t ion (November ~ . These supplements are not necessar fly conducted each year. For example, the voting and regis- tration supplements are conducted only in elections year s . SPONSORSHIP The core survey is funded by the U . S . Department of Labor, which is responsible for its content. The Supplements are f unded by a var. iety of sponsors, such as the Nat tonal Inst itute of Ch lid Health and Human Development ~ some of the fertility and childcare sup plements) and the National Center for Education Sta tistics ~ the education supplements) . The data are collected by the U . S . Bureau of the Censu s. DESIGN The survey is designed to be representative of all per- sons age 14 or over living in households in the IJnited States. More specif ically it covers the civilian non- institutional population plus armed forces personnel living off-base or living on base with their families. A multi-stage probability sampling method is used in- volving f irst the selection of geographically def ined primary sampling units (629 in 1982), next (through sub-stages) the selection of households within sampling units (63, 000 households in 1982), and f inally the iden- tif ication of all persons 14 and over in sample house- holds. In 1983, interviews, conducted in person, were obtained in 60, 000 of the 63, 000 households selected. The sample is designed to cover each of the 50 states and the D istr ict of Columbia. The sample is slowly changed through the use of rotation groups. Any given rotation group is in the sample for
A-164 / 516 4 months, leaves the sample for 8 months, and returns for a final 4 months. In any given month the sample is composed of households from 8 different rotation groups. PERIODICITY The survey was begun in 1940 and has been conducted monthly since then. For the purpose of measuring em- ployment, that week which contains the 12th of the month is used as a reference week. CONTENT In addition to data on employment, unemployment, per sonal income, and work-related activities, the core survey collects data on family income, housing tenure, household composition, age, sex, education, race/ origin, and marital status. AVAILABILITY A rich array of published tabulations are available in The Current Population Reports, especially Series P-20 (population characteristics), Series P-23 {special studies), Series P-25 (population estimates and projec- tions) and P-60 {consumer income). Machine-readable micro data files are available from the Bureau of the Census for most months (for infor- mation about the availability of data for a particular month, inquiry may be made at Customer Services). Each file contains the data for a particular month. The first year for which files are available is 1968. Files for March are typically available 3-4 months after the survey date. The delay for other months may be longer. Contact: Greg Weiland 301/763-2773 Data Users Services Division: Customer Services 301/763-4100
A-165 / 517 TITLE PURPOSE Current Population Survey-Fertility Supplements The fertility supplements are designed to provide national estimates of women's fertility and expecta- tions for future births. In addition some supple- ments (1977, 1982) have provided information about the child care arrangements used by working mothers for their youngest child under age 5. SPONSORSHIP The fertility and birth expectations portions of the supplement are entirely a project of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The child care portions of the 1977 supple- ment was sponsored by the Department of Health and Human Services and an expanded fertility supplement in 1980 was jointly sponsored by the Bureau and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. DESIGN A description of the basic design of the Current Popu- lation Survey was provided in the write-up of the core survey. The supplemental questions have been asked of all persons in sampled households meeting certain eli- gibility requirements. Most recently these criteria are being an never-married female age 15-59 or a never married female age 18-59. Birth expectation questions are asked of women 18-44. However, these age criteria have varied from as low as age 14 to as high as age 75 In the expanded fertility supplement marital history data were gathered on men age 15-75 as well as women. PERIODICITY The supplement has been conducted each June since 1971. A supplement is planned for 1984. CONTENT Each supplement collects data on fertility and birth expectations. In addition the 1971, 1975, and 1980 supplements provide data on marriages and child spacing; and the 1977 and 1982 supplements, on child care. The 1980 supplement for the first time collected data on the marriage histories of men as well as of women, and included questions about men's children under 18 from previous marriages and whether any of these children live elsewhere.
A-166 / S18 LIMITATIONS The usual supplement is quite brief, only providing data on total number of births, the birthrate of the youngest (sometimes also the oldest) child, and the number of additional children expected. The child care sections in 1977 and 1982 cover only child care arrange meets of working mothers with children under 5, and for only the youngest of these children. Data are gathered on the kind of payment (cash or non-cash) but not the amount. The exclusion of unmarried women under 18 from any of the supplements means that no data on out-of- wedlock births to younger teenagers are available from this source. Analyses of data from the marriage histories have shown that such retrospective histories are subject to con- siderable error, especially with regard to events several years in the past. The survey's practice of obtaining information from proxy respondents undoubtedly compounds this effect. Since most respondents are women, the data for men are most seriously affected. Comparisons with other sources of data also show that the reports of men's children from previous marriages living elsewhere are too low. AVAILABILITY Refer to the description of the core survey. Machine- readable micro,data files are available for June from 1973. The latest tape currently available containing data from the June supplement is for 1982.
A-167 / 519 TITLE PURPOSE The National Surveys of Young Women and Men (Kantner- Zelnik data) The Kantner-Zelnik studies have been a primary source of data on sexual experience of U.S. females between the ages of 15 and 19 dur ing the 1970's and males age 17 to 21 in 1979. In addition, the three surveys (1971, 1976, and 1979) collected information on contraceptive use, pregnancies, pregnancy intention, and sex educa- tion experience. SPONSORSHIP John I. Kantner and Melvin zelnik have been the prin- cipal investigators of these surveys. Funding has been provided by the Center for Population Research, NICHD, the Ford Foundation, and General Services Foundation. DESI ON The designs have differed slightly for the three inter- views. The 1971 survey interviewed 15-19 year old women living in households in the continental United States, H=4 611, and by means of a separate sample, young women living in college dormitories, total N=4611, and by means of a separate sample, young women living in college dormitories, total N=219. The 1976 survey sam- pled 2500 women born between March 1956 and February 1961 ~ age 15-19) living in households in the continental United States. The 1979 su.rvev included both young women and young men living "in households in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the continen- tal United States. Eligible female respondents were born between March 1959 and February 1964 (ages 15-19), total N=1, 717, and eligible men between March 1957 and February 1962, total N=917. PERIODICITY Interviews have been conducted in three different years: 1971, 1976 and 1979. There have been different respondents in each cohort. CONTENT Detailed data are collected on sexual activity, contra- ceptive use, pregnancy, pregnancy intention, and sex education exper fence. Some background information was also collected. LIMITATIONS Under-reporting of abortions, pregnancies and births.
A-168 / 520 TITLE Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI ~ PURPOSE The Alan Guttmacher Institute is a primary source of data on U.S. abortion services. The AGI has surveyed all identif fed abort ion providers in each state each year since 1973. SPONSORSHIP The Alan Guttmacher Institute, which receives support from a variety of private foundations. DESIGN All identified abortion providers in each state are surveyed. PERIODICITY The survey has covered each year from 1973-1982. CONTENT Data on age, race, marital status, education, number of children, gestation at abortion, number of previous abortions, and method of abortion are obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and combined with AGI data on the totals number of abortions to generate national estimates.
