Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline

TABLE 1-1 Milestones in Ozone Pollution and Its Control in the United States

Year	Milestone	Notes
1840s	Ozone molecule discovered	Schoenbein 1840
1850s	Ozone presence in atmosphere documented	Schoenbein 1854
1874	Ozone shown to be toxic to animals	Andrews 1874
1940s	Photochemical smog found to be causing crop damage	Middleton 1950
1950s	Ozone found to be major oxidant in photochemical smog VOC's and NO_x shown to be ozone photochemical precursors	Haagen-Smit 1952
1961	Basic science of ozone pollution documented in monograph	Leighton 1961
1970	Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA-70) establishes national program for the mitigation of ozone pollution in the United States. Sets 1975 as deadline for attainment of NAAQS
1975	CAA-70 attainment deadline not met
1977	Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (CAAA-77) establishes 1982 and 1987 as new deadlines for attainment
1987	CAAA-77 attainment deadlines still not met
1990	Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 establishes new attainment deadlines extending into the 21st century and authorizes implementation of a reformulated gasoline program
1997	New 8-hr, 80-ppb NAAQS for ozone promulgated	EPA 1997a

on average by about 1% per year from 1986 to 1997 (EPA 1998). On the other hand, the problem remains far from solved. In 1997, about 48 million people lived in 77 counties where ozone concentrations exceeded the second daily maximum 0.12-ppm, 1-hr NAAQS for ozone (EPA 1998). Of the 29 urban areas required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to submit State Implementation Plans, 27 were unable to submit plans that showed attainment by the mandated date of 1998. Moreover, the promulgation of a new 8-hr, 80-ppb NAAQS for ozone in 1997 is expected to approximately triple the number of nonattainment counties

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R18

Executive Summary 1-10

1 Introduction 11-22

2 Ozone Photochemistry 23-32

3 The Concept of Ozone-Forming Potential and Its Quantification 33-72

4 Motor Vehicles as a Source of Ozone Precursors 73-100

5 Reformulation of Gasoline 101-130

6 The Effects of Reformulated Gasoline on Ozone and Its Precursors 131-174

7 Using Ozone-Forming Potential to Evaluate the Relative Impacts of RFGs: A Case Study 175-202

References 203-217

Appendix A Biographical Information on Committee Members 218-222

Appendix B Letter from Senator Lugar 223-225

Appendix C Equation Set for the Complex Model - Phase II RFG 226-238

Appendix D Data on Emissions from LDVs Using Fuels Selected from the AQIRP Study and the California Ethanol Testing Program 239-252