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Appendix D
Data on Emissions from Light-Duty Motor Vehicles Using Fuels Selected from the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program and the California Ethanol Testing Program
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TABLE D-1 Exhaust Emissions from Fuels F, S, U, T, N2 and MM
Fuel Type
No.
90 MIRa (g O3/mi)
91 MIRb (g O3/mi)
97 MIRc (g O3/mi)
NOx (g/mi)
VOC (g/mi)
mean ± SDM
mean ± SDM
mean ± SDM
min
max
mean ± SDM
min
max
mean ± SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
19
0.480 ± 0.070
0.663 ±0.096
0.766 ± 0.117
0.34
2.30
0.530 ± 0.065
0.10
1.05
0.201 ± 0.028
0.10
0.57
S
9
0.496 ± 0.105
0.687 ± 0.146
0.820 ± 0.182
0.43
2.24
0.566 ± 0.083
0.13
0.94
0.218 ± 0.047
0.10
0.58
Ethanol Blend
U
11
0.476 ± 0.097
0.658 ± 0.133
0.765 ± 0.164
0.31
2.20
0.574 ± 0.087
0.13
1.06
0.205 ± 0.040
0.10
0.56
T
10
0.465 ± 0.096
0.644 ±0.133
0.757± 0.165
0.40
2.20
0.572 ± 0.095
0.14
1.11
0.203 ± 0.040
0.11
0.55
MTBE Blend
N2
9
0.497 ± 0.114
0.681 ± 0.156
0.803 ± 0.188
0.39
2.24
0.619 ± 0.095
0.11
1.05
0.206 ± 0.042
0.11
0.53
MM
12
0.439 ± 0.084
0.601 ± 0.115
0.703 ± 0.139
0.38
2.11
0.583 ± 0.073
0.14
0.85
0.183 ± 0.031
0.11
0.50
CO (g/mi)
97 MIR Specific Reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
mean ± SDM
min
max
mean ± SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
19
2.76 ± 0.50
0.95
7.92
2.96 ± 0.12
1.68
3.79
S
9
2.57 ± 0.57
1.08
5.68
3.02 ± 0.15
1.99
3.74
Ethanol Blend
U
11
2.79 ± 0.72
0.81
8.29
2.85 ± 0.13
1.87
3.66
T
10
2.52 ± 0.60
0.81
6.42
2.93 ± 0.15
1.85
3.62
MTBE Blend
N2
9
2.82 ± 0.73
0.95
6.86
3.00 ± 0.16
2.00
3.75
MM
12
2.28 ± 0.54
0.74
6.30
3.03 ± 0.16
1.98
4.00
a Uses the SAPRC1990 chemical mechanism.
b Uses the SAPRC1991 chemical mechanism.
c Uses the SAPRC1997 chemical mechanism.
Abbreviations: No., number of samples; SDM, standard deviation of the mean; rain, minimum; max, maximum.
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TABLE D-2 Diurnal Emissions for Fuels F, S, U, T, N2 and MM
Fuel Type
No.
97 MIRa (g O3/test)
VOC (g/test)
mean ± SDM
min
max
mean ± SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
26
0.782 ± 0.092
0.19
1.89
0.311 ± 0.035
0.12
0.88
S
9
0.556 ±0 116
0.19
1.41
0.199 ±0.034
0.07
0.37
Ethanol Blend
U
9
0.801±0.120
0.44
1.56
0.305 ± 0.040
0.20
0.55
T
9
0.699 ± 0.113
0.31
1.25
0.256 ± 0.040
0.15
0.51
MTBE Blend
N2
9
0.680 ± 0.196
0.19
1.75
0.221 ± 0.054
0.06
0.55
MM
9
0.737 ± 0.124
0.29
1.49
0.228 ± 0.035
0.10
0.40
97 MIR Specific Reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
mean ± SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
26
2.55 ± 0.14
1.40
4.05
S
9
2.76 ± 0.21
1.99
3.86
Ethanol Blend
U
9
2.60 ± 0.14
1.76
3.16
T
9
2.71 ±0.14
2.00
3.34
MTBE Blend
N2
9
3.06 ± 0.37
1.52
5.63
MM
9
3.23 ± 0.22
2.19
4.12
a Uses the SAPRC1997 chemical mechanism.
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TABLE D-3 Hot-Soak Emissions for Fuels F, S, U, T, N2 and MM
Fuel Type
No.
97 MIRa (g O3/test)
VOC (g/test)
mean ± SDM
min
max
mean ± SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
26
1.10 ± 0.21
0.16
4.37
0.306 ± 0.054
0.07
1.11
S
9
0.92 ± 0.29
0.20
3.12
0.257 ± 0.075
0.06
0.84
Ethanol Blend
U
9
1.36 ± 0.27
0.37
3.17
0.422 ± 0.082
0.14
0.96
T
9
1.26 ± 0.30
0.36
3.55
0.385 ± 0.091
0.12
1.08
MTBE Blend
N2
9
0.97 ± 0.31
0.18
3.30
0.282 ± 0.085
0.07
0.93
MM
9
1.27 ± 0.32
0.21
3.55
0.339 ± 0.084
0.07
0.91
97 MIR Specific Reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
mean±SDM
min
max
No Oxygenate
F
26
3.43 ± 0.09
2.48
4.40
S
9
3.49 ± 0.08
3.11
3.84
Ethanol Blend
U
9
3.17 ± 0.10
2.56
3.58
T
9
3.28 ± 0.10
2.76
3.86
MTBE Blend
N2
9
3.31 ± 0.12
2.73
3.93
MM
9
3.73 ± 0.12
3.01
4.18
a Uses the SAPRC1997 chemical mechanism.
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TABLE D-4 Exhaust Emissions for Current, Federal Tier 1, and Advanced Technology Vehicles Using Fuels C1 and C2
Fleet
Fuel C1 (no oxygenate)
Fuel C2 (MTBE)
Mean ±SDM
min
max
Mean ± SDM
min
max
Current
(No. = 9)
(No. = 17)
1991 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.808 ± 0.193
0.37
2.28
0.783 ± 0.137
0.32
2.32
1997 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.969 ± 0.225
0.45
2.68
0.964 ± 0.165
0.42
2.69
NOx (g/mi)
0.466 ± 0.080
0.13
0.84
0.494 ± 0.067
0.09
0.99
VOC (g/mi)
0.239 ± 0.050
0.10
0.61
0.241 ± 0.038
0.10
0.65
97 MIR specific reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
3.38 ±0.17
2.23
4.01
3.42 ± 0.13
2.31
4.09
CO (g/mi)
2.46 ± 0.65
0.77
6.38
2.21 ± 0.40
0.86
6.20
HCHO (mg/mi)
4.9 ± 1.2
1.7
14.1
4.9 ± 0.8
1.3
13.6
CH3CHO (mg/mi)
1.6 ± 0.4
0.7
4.6
1.6 ± 0.3
0.7
4.7
Butadiene (mg/mi)
1.02 ± 0.23
0.4
2.7
0.97 ± 0.18
0.4
2.9
Benzene (mg/mi)
6.6 ± 1.8
2.8
21.0
7.3±1.6
2.6
25.9
Federal Tier 1
(No. = 10)
(No. = 10)
1991 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.423 ± 0.025
0.34
0.49
0.416 ± 0.022
0.27
0.51
1997 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.518 ± 0.027
0.42
0.59
0.505 ± 0.026
0.38
0.69
NOx (g/mi)
0.284 ± 0.052
0.16
0.51
0.316 ± 0.049
0.13
0.55
VOC (g/mi)
0.121 ± 0.005
0.10
0.14
0.118 ± 0.006
0.09
0.16
97 MIR specific reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
3.51 ± 0.14
2.93
3.83
3.52 ± 0.11
2.97
4.04
CO (g/mi)
1.35 ± 0.12
0.99
1.94
1.34 ± 0.11
0.78
2.19
HCHO (mg/mi)
1.8 ± 0.2
0.9
2.3
2.1 ± 0.1
1.2
2.6
CH3CHO (mg/mi)
0.66 ± 0.08
0.3
0.9
0.63 ± 0.06
0.3
1.0
Butadlene (mg/mi)
0.59 ± 0.08
0.3
0.9
0.55 ± 0.06
0.3
0.8
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Fleet
Fuel C1 (no oxygenate)
Fuel C2 (MTBE)
Mean ±SDM
min
max
Mean ± SDM
min
max
Federal Tier 1
(No.= 10)
(No. = 10)
Benzene (mg/mi)
3.3 ± 0.2
2.5
3.8
3.4 ± 0.2
2.5
4.2
Advanced Technology
(No.= 12)
(No.= 12)
1991 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.298 ± 0.028
0.19
0.39
0.280 ± 0.022
0.14
0.40
1997 MIR (g O3/mi)
0.371 ± 0.025
0.28
0.45
0.349 ± 0.026
0.19
0.51
NOx (g/mi)
0.124 ± 0.029
0.04
0.25
0.122 ± 0.019
0.03
0.26
VOC (g/mi)
0.088 ± 0.005
0.07
0.11
0.083 ± 0.006
0.06
0.12
97 MIR Specific Reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
3.56 ± 0.19
2.79
4.18
3.53 ± 0.11
2.70
4.04
CO (g/mi)
0.90 ± 0.12
0.58
1.39
0.84 ± 0.07
0.48
1.26
HCHO (mg/mi)
1.4 ± 0.4
0.5
3.5
1.6 ± 0.2
0.7
3.4
CH3CHO (mg/mi)
0.44 ± 0.12
0.2
1.0
0.48 ± 0.09
0.1
1.2
Butadiene (mg/mi)
0.44 ± 0.07
0.3
0.8
0.42 ± 0.06
0.2
0.9
Benzene (mg/mi)
2.8 ± 0.2
2.2
3.8
2.7 ± 0.1
2.0
3.3
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TABLE D-5 Hot-Soak Emissions for Current Vehicles, Federal Tier 1 Vehicles, and Advanced-Technology Vehicles Using Fuels C1 and C2
Fleet
Fuel C1 (no oxygenate)
Fuel C2 (MTBE)
Mean ±SDM
min
max
Mean± SDM
min
max
Current
(No. = 8)
(No. = 17)
1991 MIR (g O3/test)
0.360 ± 0.049
0.21
0.56
0.417 ± 0.091
0.03
1.80
1997 MIR (g O3/test)
0.520 ± 0.085
0.14
0.94
0.575 ± 0.102
0.07
2.11
VOC (g/test)
0.13 ± 0.02
0.05
0.24
0.16 ± 0.03
0.02
0.52
97 MIR specific reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
3.90 ± 0.20
2.62
4.70
3.60 ± 0.15
1.67
4.44
Benzene (mg/test)
3.7 ± 0.6
1.7
6.8
4.0 ± 0.9
0.3
17.6
Federal Tier 1
(No. = 6)
(No. = 11)
1991 MIR (g O3/test)
0.566 ± 0.172
0.28
1.49
0.659 ± 0.150
0.15
1.68
1997 MIR (g O3/test)
0.748 ± 0.241
0.37
2.05
0.805 ± 0.198
0.19
2.13
VOC (g/test)
0.18 ± 0.06
0.08
0.50
0.21 ± 0.05
0.06
0.57
97 MIR specific reactivity (g O3/g VOC)
4.07 ± 0.15
3.54
4.49
3.79 ± 0.11
3.23
4.41
Benzene (mg/test)
5.9 ± 2.3
2.0
18.1
6.1 ± 1.6
1.1
18.5
Advanced Technology
(No. = 1)
(No. = 3)
1991 MIR (g O3/test)
2.20
2.11 ± 0.41
1.47
3.11
1997 MIR (g O3/test)
2.96
2.62 ± 0.46
2.04
3.75
VOC (g/test)
0.94
0.62 ± 0.11
0.48
0.89
g O3/g VOC
3.16
4.27 ± 0.12
4.24
4.29
Benzene (mg/test)
17.8
11.6 ± 1.8
7.5
15.1
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TABLE D-6 CARB Emission Testing Results of the FTP Teste
Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
2
1033
3.84
1507
3.85
3.18
0.59
1198
3.78
1812
3.51
3.26
0.55
1160
3.81
2
Mean
1130
3.81
3.05
0.58
1660
3.68
3.22
0.57
3
249
3.66
329
3.56
215
3.45
360
3.32
3
Mean
232
3.55
2.37
0.55
344
3.44
2.54
0.54
4
644
3.46
906
3.30
629
3.56
590
3.55
722
3.41
4
Mean
637
3.51
2.80
0.55
739
3.42
2.87
0.53
5
895
3.16
816
3.20
870
3.33
1487
3.20
1225
2.95
5
Mean
882
3.25
2.95
0.51
1176
3.12
3.07
0.49
6
744
3.29
547
3.31
572
3.54
663
3.24
610
3.78
518
3.56
6
Mean
642
3.54
2.81
0.55
576
3.37
2.76
0.53
7
274
3.38
250
3.44
314
3.28
281
3.32
7
Mean
294
3.33
2.47
0.52
265
3.38
2.42
0.53
8
1199
3.37
1088
3.50
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Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
1056
3.48
1044
3.48
8
Mean
1128
3.42
3.05
0.53
1066
3.49
3.03
0.54
9
664
3.21
449
3.44
492
3.42
476
3.37
9
Mean
578
3.31
2.76
0.52
462
3.41
2.67
0.53
10
584
3.56
647
3.69
577
3.41
624
3.84
569
3.76
10
Mean
577
3.58
2.76
0.55
635
3.76
2.80
0.58
11
552
3.81
491
3.69
469
3.80
612
3.46
11
Mean
511
3.80
2.71
0.58
552
3.58
2.74
0.55
13
521
3.43
615
3.71
544
3.55
592
3.73
595
3.64
13
Mean
553
3.54
2.74
0.55
604
3.72
2.78
0.57
14
941
3.42
516
3.56
706
4.32
465
3.65
549
3.56
14
Mean
732
3.76
2.86
0.58
490
3.61
2.69
0.56
Mean
658
3.53
2.78
0.548
714
3.50
2.80
0.543
sd
280
0.189
0.205
0.0232
399
0.181
0.224
0.0228
sd mean
81.7
0.0544
0.0591
0.00668
115
0.0523
0.0647
0.000658
t test
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
ρ value
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.40
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TABLE D-7 CARB Emission-Testing Results of the Rep05 Cell
Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
2
180.44
3.83
2.26
0.58
151.31
3.88
2.18
0.59
130.64
3.76
2.12
0.57
102.47
3.73
2.01
0.57
Mean
155.54
3.79
2.19
0.58
126.89
3.81
2.10
0.58
3
166.99
4.17
101.98
4.17
118.38
4.01
105.49
4.10
Mean
142.68
4.09
2.15
0.61
103.74
4.13
2.02
0.62
4
340.06
3.88
380.06
3.93
366.25
4.00
320.68
3.89
354.32
3.91
Mean
353.16
3.94
2.55
0.60
351.68
3.91
2.55
0.59
5
908.54
3.30
756.94
3.09
845.40
3.24
926.93
2.89
1048.35
3.07
Mean
934.10
3.20
2.97
0.51
841.93
2.99
2.93
0.48
6
158.42
4.08
143.91
4.18
128.46
4.06
125.13
4.02
144.61
4.12
99.74
3.83
Mean
143.83
4.09
2.16
0.61
122.93
4.01
2.09
0.60
7
116.42
3.47
73.04
3.47
124.17
1.99
121.12
3.48
Mean
120.29
2.73
2.08
0.44
97.08
3.48
1.99
0.54
8
273.45
3.61
292.15
3.57
298.20
3.52
407.08
3.73
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Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Mean
285.83
3.57
2.46
0.55
349.61
3.65
2.54
0.56
9
85.89
2.77
105.84
3.02
80.83
2.93
73.51
3.10
Mean
83.36
2.85
1.92
0.45
89.67
3.06
1.95
0.49
10
214.00
3.13
103.53
2.81
211.34
3.00
148.80
3.20
139.07
2.76
Mean
188.13
2.96
2.27
0.47
126.17
3.01
2.10
0.48
11
265.93
3.97
245.14
3.96
269.96
3.95
285.10
4.11
Mean
267.94
3.96
2.43
0.60
265.12
4.04
2.42
0.61
13
27.52
3.05
43.75
3.37
24.70
3.08
19.26
2.73
39.54
3.44
Mean
30.59
3.19
1.49
0.50
31.50
3.05
1.50
0.48
14
176.44
3.33
230.01
3.44
194.07
3.45
187.81
3.38
106.58
2.96
Mean
159.03
3.25
2.20
0.51
208.91
3.41
2.32
0.53
Mean
239
3.47
2.23
0.539
226
3.26
2.21
0.48
sd
236
0.498
0.346
0.0615
220
0.932
0.37
0.22
sdm
68.3
0.144
0.100
0.0178
63.4
0.269
0.106
0.065
ttest
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
ρvalue
0.34
0.51
0.26
0.43
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TABLE D-8 CARB Emission-Testing Results of the 1-Hour Hot Soak (SHED)
Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
7
687.39
2.87
793.28
2.91
774.40
2.89
1091.27
2.65
7
Mean
730.89
2.88
2.86
0.46
942.28
2.78
2.97
0.44
8
112.78
2.08
127.00
2.17
103.09
2.57
241.20
2.25
8
Mean
107.94
2.32
2.03
0.37
184.10
2.21
2.27
0.34
9
204.81
2.65
546.12
2.23
220.84
2.65
496.77
2.39
9
Mean
212.83
2.65
2.33
0.42
521.44
2.31
2.72
0.36
10
873.68
2.90
1762.09
2.75
988.00
2.82
1679.19
2.61
964.17
2.86
10
Mean
941.95
2.86
2.97
0.46
1720.64
2.68
3.24
0.43
11
138.64
2.66
165.89
2.16
111.06
2.32
223.55
2.24
11
Mean
124.85
2.49
2.10
0.40
194.72
2.20
2.29
0.34
13
220.96
2.87
384.84
2.26
133.76
2.58
404.01
2.22
142.61
2.56
13
Mean
165.78
2.67
2.22
0.43
394.43
2.24
2.60
0.35
Mean
381
2.65
2.42
0.421
660
2.40
2.68
0.379
sd
361
0.213
0.402
0.0356
589
0.259
0.382
0.0454
sdm
147
0.087
0.164
0.0145
241
0.106
0.156
0.0186
ttest
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
ρ value
0,048
0.0063
0.0020
0.0075
Note: SHED = sealed-housing-for-evaporative-determination facility.
OCR for page 251
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TABLE D-9 CARB Emission-Testing Results of the O- to 24-Hour Diurnal (SHED)
Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
7
21223.40
2.15
21871.28
2.00
18659.70
2.13
24969.49
2.10
7
Mean
19941.55
2.14
4.30
0.33
23420.38
2.05
4.37
0.31
8
4282.02
1.41
11250.40
1.18
4893.90
1.33
8844.45
1.30
8
Mean
4587.96
1.37
3.66
0.14
10047.42
1.24
4.00
0.09
9
2650.33
1.47
4531.86
1.83
2643.23
1.52
3869.91
2.07
9
Mean
2646.78
1.50
3.42
0.18
4200.89
1.95
3.62
0.29
10
13680.52
2.15
33992.48
1.90
14127.95
2.11
28313.19
1.71
19181.15
1.74
10
Mean
15663.20
2.00
4.19
0.30
31152.83
1.81
4.49
0.26
11
2182.50
1.84
2921.51
1.92
2003.68
2.01
3071.85
2.03
11
Mean
2093.09
1.93
3.32
0.28
2996.68
1.97
3.48
0.30
13
2622.41
1.15
2872.04
1.50
1583.05
1.29
3334.12
1.40
1873.49
1.25
13
Mean
2026.32
1.23
3.31
0.09
3103.08
1.45
3.49
0.16
Mean
7830
1.69
3.70
0.219
12490
1.74
3.91
0.235
sd
7900
0.377
0.443
0.0992
12000
0.327
0.448
0.0880
sdm
3230
0.154
0.181
0.0405
4900
0.134
0.183
0.0359
t test
F-64-F-63
F.64-F.63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
ρ value
0.10
0.63
0.0035
0.59
OCR for page 252
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TABLE D-10 CARB Emission Testing Results of the 24- to 48-Hour Diurnal (SHED)
Vehicle No.
Fuel 63
Fuel 64
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
Total Reactivity O3 (mg/mi)
Specific Reactivity
Log Total Reactivity
Log Specific Reactivity
7
19074.88
1.72
27754.89
1.61
19707.16
1.74
24402.44
1.63
7
Mean
19391.02
1.73
4.29
0.24
26078.66
1.62
4.42
0.21
8
14637.40
1.36
25633.44
1.37
13567.74
1.33
27628.16
1.40
8
Mean
14102.57
1.34
4.15
0.13
26630.80
1.38
4.43
0.14
9
3061.17
1.28
6595.22
1.45
3392.42
1.36
6974.17
1.37
9
Mean
3226.80
1.32
3.51
0.12
6784.69
1.41
3.83
0.15
10
11190.77
1.69
33313.56
1.65
14347.75
1.78
29459.05
1.74
16287.71
1.45
10
Mean
13942.08
1.64
4.14
0.22
31386.30
1.69
4.50
0.23
11
3217.83
1.38
7084.59
1.28
2879.87
1.54
9709.03
1.26
11
Mean
3048.85
1.46
3.48
0.16
8396.81
1.27
3.92
0.10
13
4745.35
1.13
4335.13
1.25
2299.48
1.21
4959.99
1.18
2662.13
1.17
13
Mean
3235.65
1.17
3.51
0.07
4647.56
1.21
3.67
0.08
Mean
9490
1.44
3.85
0.156
17300
1.43
4.13
0.152
sd
7200
0.212
0.383
0.0638
11900
0.191
0.360
0.0572
sdm
2940
0.0867
0.156
0.0261
4870
0.0778
0.147
0.0233
t test
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
F-64-F-63
ρ value
0.024
0.77
0.0022
0.81
Representative terms from entire chapter:
vehicles using
