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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research CounciL whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved
by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by
the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on
scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. the National Academy of Engineering also spon-
sors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.
Ibe Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters per-
taining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are
chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation and the National
Aeronautics and Space Agency under Grant NO. ~1-8908723. Any opinions, findings, and conclu-
sions or recanmendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of the sponsoring agencies.
Available in limited supply from
Office of Japan Affairs
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20418
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
OFFICE OF JAPAN AFFAIRS
Since 1985 the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering have engaged in a series of high-level discussions on advanced tech-
nology and the international environment with a counterpart group of Japanese sci-
entists, engineers, and industrialists. One outcome of these discussions was a
deepened understanding of the importance of promoting a more balanced two-way
flow of people and information between the research and development systems in
the two countries. Another result was a broader recognition of the need to address
the science and technology policy issues increasingly central to a changing U.~.-
Japan relationship. In 1987 the National Research Council, the operating arm of
both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering,
authorized first-year funding for a new Office of Japan Affairs (OJA). This newest
program element of the Office of International Affairs was formally established in
the spring of 1988.
The primary objectives of OJA are to provide a resource to the Academy com-
plex and the broader U.S. science and engineering communities for intonation on
Japanese science and technology, to promote better working relationships between
the technical communities in the two countries by developing a process of deep-
ened dialogue on issues of mutual concern, and to address policy issues surround-
ing a changing U.S.-Japan science and technology relationship.
Staff
Martha Caldwell Harris, Director
Donna J. Audritsh, Research Associate
Karen McDowell, Program Assistant
· . .
111
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COMMITTEE ON JAPAN
The Committee on Japan was established to advise the Office of Japan Affairs
on its programs and to assist in defining He contribution Hat the Academies can
make in enhancing U.S. interests through science and technology exchange with
Japan.
HAROLD BROWN,
Chairman, Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Instate
DANIEL OKIMOTO,
Vice Chairman, Stanford University
JUSTIN BLOOM,
Technology Intemational, Inc.
LEWIS BRANSCOMB,
Harvard University
MAC DESTLER,
University of Maryland
ELLEN FROST,
United Technologies Corporation
LESTER KROGH,
3M Company
JAMES MERZ,
University of Califomia, Santa Barbara
YOSHIO NISHI,
Hewlett-Packard Company
TERUTUMO OZAWA,
Colorado State University
SUSAN PHARR,
U.S.-Japan Relations Program,
Reischauer Institute
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV,
U.S. Senate
RICHARD SAMUELS,
MIT-Japan Science and Technology Program
ROLAND SCHMITT,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
HUBERT J. P. SCHOEMAK1~,
Centecor, Inc.
ORA SMITH,
Conductus, Inc.
SUSUMU TONEGAWA,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ex Of Acid Members
GERAID DlNIlEEN, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering
WELIAM GORDON, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Sciences
1V
OCR for page R5
MANUFACTURING STUDIES BOARD
LAURENCE C. SEIFERT,
Chairman, Vice President,
Communications and Computer Products,
Sourcing and Manufacturing, AT&T
MATTHEW O. DIGGS, Jr.,
Vice Chainnan, Copcland Corporation
GEORGE C. EADS,
Vice President and Chief Economist,
General Motors Corporation
HEINZ K FRIDRICH,
vice President, Manufactunng,
IBM Corporation
MARGARET B. W. GRAHAM,
Associate Dean, School of Management,
Boston University
LEONARD A. HARVEY,
E'cecut~vc Vice President (retired),
Borg-Wamer Chemical Company
ROBERT S. KAPLAN,
A~urLowes Dickinson Pro£essorolAcoDunting,
Graduate Sch - 1 of Business Administration,
Harvard University
JAMES F. LARDNER,
vice President, Component Group,
Deere do Company
EDWARD E. LAWLER m,
Director, Center for Effective Organ~on,
University of Southem California
JOEL MOSES,
Head, Demons of Esprit and Cower
, . .
. :Ylg~g,
Mass~usem l~gtitute of Thy
Stay
KERST1N B. POLLACK, Deputy Door
ROGER N. NAGEL,
Harvey Wagner Professor of Manufacturing
Systems Engineering,
Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
Department,
Lehigh University
DAN L. SHUNK,
Director, C1M Systems Research Center,
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Arizona State University
WICKHAM SIDNNER,
James E. Robison Professor of Business
Administration (emeritus),
Harvard University
JEROME A. SMITH,
Director, Anii-Armor Weapon Systems,
Martin Marietta Corporation
JOHN M. STEWART,
Director, McKinsey and Company, Inc.
WILLIAM J. USERY, JR.,
President, Bill Usery Associates, Inc.
HERBERT B. VOELCKER,
Charles Lake Professor of Engineenng,
Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering,
Cornell University
STEVEN C. WHEELWRIGHT,
Professor of Business Administration,
Graduate School of Business Administration,
Harvard University
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BILATERAL EXCHANGE ON APPROACHES TO ROBOTICS
IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN
Tokyo, Japan
September 27-29, 1989
U.S. Participants
JOHN McTAGUE,
(Co-chairman) Ford Motor Company
BRIAN CARLISLE,
Adept Technology, Inc.
JOSEPH ENGELBERGER,
Transitions Research Corporation
MARGARET B.W. GRAHAM,
Boston University
RAMCHANDRAN JAIKUMAR,
Harvard Business School
ROGER HA GEL,
Lehigh University
DAVID N17ZAN,
SRI International
RAN REDDY,
Carnegie-Mellon University
HARLEY SHAIKEN,
University of California San Diego
RUSSEI1 TAYLOR,
IBM Watson Research Center
DONALD VINCENT,
Robotics Industry Association
WILl]AM WHI7TAKER,
Carnegie-Mellon University
V1
Japanese Participants
RYOICHI NAKAGAWA,
(Co-chairman) Nissan Motor Company
JUNICHI BABA,
Mitsubishi Electric Company
YUKIO HASEGAWA,
Waseda University
OSAMU HAYAMA,
Nomura Research Institute
HAJIMU INABA,
GM Fanuc-Robotics Corporation
ICHIRO NATO,
Waseda University
SHUN KINOSHITA,
Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
TSUNEO NAKAHARA,
Sumitomo Electric Industries
EIn OGAWA,
Nagoya University
SUSUMU TACHI,
Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
SEIICHI TAK~ANAGI,
Toshiba Corporation
KENJI USHITANI,
Toyota Motor Coporation
TSUNEJI YADA,
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
KANJI YONEMOTO,
Japan Industrial Robot Association
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Preface
The Bilateral Exchange on Approaches to Robotics in the United States and
Japan was a direct outgrowth of earlier high-level discussions between the
National Academies of Science and Engineering in the United States and the Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science. Those discussions, on "Advanced
Technology and the International Environment," led to a recognition of differ-
ences, or asymmetries, in the organization of R&D systems in the United States
and Japan structural differences that must be overcome if both countries are to
benefit from scientific and technological exchange. Robotics was selected as a
topic for more focused discussion by experts from the two countries.
The Office of Japan Affairs and the Manufacturing Studies Board of the
National Research Council cooperated in this effort. A committee of U.S. experts
from business and academe, chaired by John McTague of Ford Motor Company,
was selected. Months of preparation by and consultation between the two coun-
tries laid the foundation for the meeting held in Tokyo, September 27-29, 1989.
Two days of formal discussion between U.S. and Japanese experts culminated in
an open forum in which the results of the meeting were summarized and views
exchanged with members of the newly established Engineering Academy of Japan.
On the third day of the meeting the Japanese committee hosted the U.S. committee
on site visits to corporate R&D facilities engaged in robotics work.
This report highlights major themes from the discussion. It is not a conference
proceedings or a consensus document. Its purpose is to convey a sense of the dis-
cussion around a major topic of the U.S.-Japan meeting-cooperation, where and
when it makes sense, between the United States and Japan in robotics R&D.
. .
V11
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