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Leaming the R&D System:
National Laboratories and Other
Non-Acaclemic, Non-Inclustrial
Organizations in Japan and the
United States
Prepared by the
Office of Japan Affairs
Office of International Affairs
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1989
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Goveming Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special canpetencies and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved
by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences of the United States is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of
the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise
the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering of the United States was established in 1964, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It
is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National
Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal govemment. The National Academy
of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages
education and research, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White
is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
We Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters
pertaining lo the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Flier is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 lo
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Research Council has become the principal operating agency of both
the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to
the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Research Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert
M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Available from:
Office of Japan Affairs
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue N.W.
Washington, DC 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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OFFICE OF JAPAN AFFAIRS
Since 1985, the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineenng have engaged in a series of high-level discussions on advanced
technology and the international environment with a counterpart group of Japa-
nese scientists, engineers, and industrialists. One outcome of these discussions
was a deepened understanding of the importance of promoting a more balanced
two-way flow of people and information between the research and development
systems in the two countries. Another result was a broader recognition of the
need to address the science and technology policy issues increasingly central to a
changing U.S.-Japan relationship. In 1987, the National Research Council, the
operating arm of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Acad-
emy of Engineering, authorized first-year funding for a new Office of Japan
Affairs (OJA). This newest program element of the Office of International
Affairs was formally established in the spring of 1988.
The primary objectives of OJA are to provide a resource to the Academy
complex and the broader U.S. science and engineering communities for informa-
tion on Japanese science and technology; to promote better working relationships
between the technical communities in the two countries by developing a process
of deepened dialog on issues of mutual concern; and to address policy issues
surrounding a changing U.S.-Iapan science and technology relationship.
Staff
Martha Caldwell Harris, Director
Donna J. Audritsh, Research Associate
Karen S. McDowell, Program Assistant
. . .
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COMMITTEE ON JAPAN
The Committee on Japan has been established to advise the Office of Japan
Affairs on its programs, and to assist in defining the contribunon that the Acade-
mies can make in enhancing U.S. interests through science and technology ex-
change with Japan.
Harold Brown, Chairman
Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute
Dariiel Okimoto, Vice-Chturman
Stanford University
Justin Bloom
Technology International, Inc.
Lewis Branscomb
Harvard University
Mac Destler
University of Maryland
Ellen Frost
United Technologies Corporation
Lester Krogh
3M Company
James Merz
University of California, Santa Barbara
Yoshio Nishi
Hewlett-Packard Company
Terutumo Ozawa
Colorado State University
Ex Officio Members:
Susan Pharr
U.S.-Japan Relations Program,
Reischauer Institute
John D. Rockefeller IV
U.S. Senate
Richard Samuels
lT-Japan Science and
Technology Program
Roland Schmitt
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Hubert J. P. Schoemaker
Ceneecor, Inc.
Ora Smith
Conductus, Inc.
Susumu Tonegawa
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Gerald Dinneen, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineenng
William Gordon, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences
1V
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U.S.-JAPAN DIALOG ON THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
FOR RESEARCH IN NATIONAL LABS
AND "BRIDGING" ORGANIZATIONS
Beckman Center
June 5-6, 1989
U.S. PARTICIPANTS
Roland Schmitt
(Cochairman)
Rensselaer Polytechnic ldsutute
Lewis Branscomb
Harvard University
William Brinkman
AT&T Bell Labs
Dale Corson
Comell University
Gerald Dinneen
National Academy of Engineering
Martin Goland
Southwest Research Institute
Marshall Lih
National Science Foundation
Robert Schwerzel
Battelle
George Sinnott
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Donald Stevens
Department of Energy
Karl Willenbrock
National Science Foundation
Alexander Zucker
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
JAPANESE PARTICIPANTS
Sogo Okamura
(Cochairman)
Tokyo Denki University
Yoichi Aoki
Mitsubishi Research Institute
Masao Doyama
Nagoya University
Kazuhiro Fuchi
Institute of New Generation Computer
Technology
Chikara Hayashi
ULVAC Japan Ltd.
Izuo Hayashi
Optoelectronics Technology Research
Laboratory
Yukio Hori
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Masahiro Kawasaki
National Institute for Science and
Technology Policy
Tsuneo Nakahara
Sumitomo Electric Industries
Toshio Sata
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
Koichiro Tamura
Electrotechnical Lab
Iwao Toda
NTT R&D Headquarters
Justin Bloom of Technology International assisted with preparations for the meeting and
contributed to the discussion.
v
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Preface
The Office of Japan Affairs of the National Research Council is organizing a
series of workshops on the differences and similarities in the working environ-
ment for research in Japan and the United States with the support of a grant from
the U.S.-Japan Foundation. Understanding these differences is essential to
American scientists and engineers to improve access to Japan's research system,
and to expand mutually beneficial collaboration between the two countries.
The bilateral dialog on "Coexistence in a Technological World: Cooperation
and Competition in R&D" consists of three workshops, focusing in turn on
universities, bridging organizations, and corporations as research settings. Each
workshop brings together senior scientists, engineers, and others involved in and
concerned about research and development in the two countries. The second
workshop on national labs and other non-academic, non-industrial organizations
was held June 5-6, 1989, at the Beckman Center, the West Coast facility of the
National Academies of Sciences and Engineering. The discussions focused on
"bridges" between national labs and other sectors in electronics and new materials
research, on professional associations and consulting organizations, and on the
prospects for international collaboration. This report, prepared by the Office of
Japan Affairs, highlights the major insights garnered from that tweedy meeting.
It is not a proceedings of the workshop, nor does it represent the consensus of the
. . .
participating members.
. .
V11
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