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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 39
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
1
Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995
42
2
Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
43
3
Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
44
4
Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
45
5
Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
46
6
Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
47
7
Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent)
48
8
Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
49
9
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent)
50
10
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
51
11
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
52
12
Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
53
13
Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
54
14
Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995
55
15
Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995
56
16
Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
57
17
Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent)
58
18
Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
59
19
Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
60
20
Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
61
OCR for page 40
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
21
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)
62
22
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)
63
23
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
64
24
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
65
25
Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
66
26
Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
68
27
1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
69
28
Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
70
29
Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
71
30
Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
72
31
Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
73
32
Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
74
33
Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
75
34
Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
76
35
Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
77
36
Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
78
37
Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
79
38
Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
80
39
Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
81
OCR for page 41
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
40
Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
82
41
Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April 1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
83
OCR for page 42
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995
Field of Doctorate
Number
Percent
All Fields
542,500
100.0
Computer Sciences
6,600
1.2
Mathematical Sciences
25,200
4.6
Chemistry
61,400
11.3
Physics and Astronomy
38,700
7.1
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
16,500
3.0
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
22,400
4.1
Biological Sciences
109,900
20.3
Health Sciences
16,900
3.1
Social Sciences
75,800
14.0
Economics
22,500
4.1
Political Sciences
16,300
3.0
Sociology
23,000
4.2
Other Social Sciences
13,900
2.6
Psychology
82,200
15.1
Engineering
87,000
16.0
Aerospace/Aeronautical
3,800
0.7
Chemical
12,600
2.3
Civil
7,700
1.4
Electrical/Electronics
22,900
4.2
Industrial
2,400
0.4
Mechanical
10,600
1.9
Other Engineering
27,000
5.0
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 43
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 2 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Demographic Characteristics
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.)
542,500
6,600
25,200
61,400
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,900
16,900
75,800
82,200
87,000
Year of Doctorate
1942-49
0.6
0.0
0.8
2.0
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
1950-59
5.9
0.0
4.0
10.9
8.3
4.8
7.1
6.2
1.9
4.9
4.2
4.8
1960-69
15.0
0.0
20.6
20.2
19.8
16.6
16.0
14.5
6.6
13.5
10.9
15.7
1970-79
28.5
5.1
35.8
25.5
31.0
28.9
27.2
28.3
24.1
33.8
28.8
25.7
1980-89
30.9
43.7
24.0
26.2
24.4
29.4
32.3
31.3
37.8
31.2
36.4
30.5
1990-94
19.2
51.2
14.9
15.1
15.7
19.6
17.1
19.3
29.6
16.4
19.5
23.1
Gender
Male
78.5
84.3
88.2
86.2
94.3
87.8
87.5
73.2
49.2
73.8
57.7
94.9
Female
21.5
15.7
11.8
13.8
5.7
12.2
12.5
26.8
50.8
26.2
42.3
5.1
Race/Ethnic Group
White
83.9
67.0
82.0
83.5
83.2
91.2
86.3
86.8
84.9
86.4
91.6
70.8
Black
2.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
0.8
0.4
1.3
1.8
4.3
3.6
3.1
1.3
Asian
11.5
28.7
13.4
12.6
14.2
6.6
10.1
9.3
8.0
6.8
2.0
25.6
Native American
2.2
2.8
3.0
2.1
1.5
1.5
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.1
Hispanic
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.2
Age in 1995
34 or Younger
11.4
27.6
10.0
13.6
13.3
10.5
7.2
12.4
5.9
6.3
8.3
16.8
35-44
30.9
53.7
24.7
27.7
24.7
31.3
33.2
33.8
35.2
26.6
33.5
32.0
45-54
32.6
17.4
40.2
27.9
33.0
31.9
30.7
30.8
37.3
38.2
37.1
27.3
55-64
16.0
1.1
18.9
18.4
18.7
17.3
17.8
14.0
14.9
17.9
13.6
16.2
65-75
9.1
0.3
6.2
12.4
10.3
8.9
11.2
8.9
6.7
11.0
7.5
7.6
Citizenship
U.S. Citizen
92.1
71.7
89.2
93.4
90.4
93.5
93.0
93.9
94.9
93.3
98.2
84.5
Non-U.S. Citizen
7.9
28.3
10.8
6.6
9.6
6.5
7.0
6.1
5.1
6.7
1.8
15.5
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 3 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Years Since Doctorate
Demographic Characteristics
Total
5 Years or Less
6-15 Years
16-25 Years
More Than 25 Years
Total Population (No.)
542,500
104,200
167,400
154,600
116,300
Gender
Male
78.5
65.8
71.9
83.7
92.5
Female
21.5
34.2
28.1
16.3
7.5
Race/Ethnic Group
White
83.9
71.4
83.1
86.8
92.3
Black
2.0
2.9
2.4
2.0
0.8
Asian
11.5
21.6
11.8
8.9
5.5
Native American
2.2
3.6
2.4
1.9
1.0
Hispanic
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.3
Citizenship
U.S. Citizen
92.1
75.7
92.6
97.8
98.7
Non-U.S. Citizen
7.9
24.3
7.4
2.2
1.3
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 45
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 4 Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Employment Status
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.)
542,500
6,600
25,200
61,400
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,900
16,900
75,800
82,200
87,000
Full-Time Employed *
84.1
96.5
86.3
81.7
84.9
83.2
82.2
84.7
85.9
83.6
80.5
87.4
Part-Time Employed *
5.2
1.4
4.4
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
5.5
5.6
11.8
3.0
Not Employed **
10.6
2.1
9.3
14.4
11.1
12.9
13.9
11.4
8.6
10.8
7.7
9.6
Seeking Employment
1.4
0.9
1.6
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.6
1.6
Retired
7.5
0.0
6.5
10.8
8.2
9.3
11.1
7.2
5.6
8.0
4.9
7.0
Not Seeking Employment
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.3
2.7
1.6
1.8
2.3
0.9
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments.
**Percentages are not unemployment rates because they are based on the total population, which includes those retired and those not seeking employment; none of these is considered part of the labor force in this report. Unemployment rates are shown in Table 7.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 46
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 5 Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Reasons for Not Working
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Not Employed (No.)
57,800
*
2,300
8,800
4,300
2,100
3,100
12,600
1,500
8,200
6,300
8,400
Retired
72.3
*
73.0
78.8
76.5
73.2
80.7
65.1
65.6
75.3
64.3
75.9
On Layoff
5.9
*
8.0
6.6
6.1
8.0
4.9
6.2
8.4
3.0
1.8
9.4
Student
2.8
*
1.4
0.7
2.2
4.3
1.6
4.7
3.0
2.1
5.4
1.9
Family Responsibilities
6.6
*
6.6
4.8
2.8
7.8
3.6
9.7
8.2
4.8
13.7
2.5
Ill/Disabled
5.1
*
5.1
3.5
5.1
3.3
2.0
6.5
6.3
6.1
9.2
2.2
Suitable Job Not Available
10.3
*
13.1
9.0
12.0
12.3
6.6
10.0
10.9
9.8
10.0
11.1
No Need or Desire to Work
8.8
*
14.5
8.3
10.0
11.1
6.7
9.0
13.8
7.4
13.2
4.1
Other Reason
6.8
*
5.4
4.1
8.5
7.9
8.7
8.3
5.7
4.8
6.5
7.9
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.
*Too few cases to estimate.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 47
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 6 Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Reasons for Working Part-Time
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Employed Part-Time (No.)
27,700
*
*
2,400
1,500
*
*
4,000
*
4,200
9,500
2,500
Retired or Semi-Retired
32.8
*
*
50.3
51.6
*
*
40.7
*
31.3
19.0
41.3
Student
1.7
*
*
2.0
0.0
*
*
4.4
*
1.9
0.9
0.6
Family Responsibilities
25.1
*
*
6.9
8.2
*
*
23.8
*
21.6
40.3
9.3
Ill/Disabled
2.1
*
*
0.3
0.0
*
*
1.1
*
2.4
3.6
1.3
Suitable Job Not Available
22.3
*
*
28.5
34.6
*
*
21.5
*
26.3
15.5
31.5
No Need or Desire for Full-Time Work
35.7
*
*
31.1
28.4
*
*
30.3
*
27.9
42.6
33.5
Other Reason
13.3
*
*
12.2
9.3
*
*
12.6
*
17.8
12.4
10.2
NOTE: Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.
*Too few cases to estimate.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 48
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 7 Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Labor Force Status and Gender
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Ph.D. Labor Force (No.)
492,100
6,500
23,200
53,700
35,000
14,600
19,700
99,000
15,700
68,300
76,300
80,100
Full-Time Employed *
92.8
97.7
93.5
93.3
94.1
93.6
93.8
94.1
92.6
92.8
86.7
95.0
Part-Time Employed *
5.8
1.4
4.8
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
5.9
6.2
12.7
3.2
Unemployed and Seeking
1.5
0.9
1.7
2.2
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.1
0.6
1.8
Male
385,200
5,500
20,500
46,200
33,000
12,800
17,100
72,500
7,700
50,100
44,000
75,800
Full-Time Employed *
94.5
98.1
94.7
93.5
94.3
94.1
94.4
95.3
94.0
94.0
92.7
95.4
Part-Time Employed *
4.1
1.0
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.8
4.0
3.2
4.2
5.0
6.6
3.0
Unemployed and Seeking
1.5
0.9
1.7
2.2
1.4
2.1
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.0
0.7
1.6
Female
106,900
**
2,700
7,500
2,000
1,800
2,600
26,500
8,100
18,200
32,300
4,200
Full-Time Employed *
86.6
**
84.5
92.0
89.4
90.1
89.9
90.8
91.2
89.3
78.5
87.8
Part-Time Employed *
11.8
**
14.1
5.8
6.9
8.6
7.7
7.3
7.5
9.3
20.9
7.5
Unemployed and Seeking
1.5
**
1.4
2.2
3.7
1.2
2.4
1.9
1.3
1.4
0.6
4.7
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments.
**Too few cases to estimate.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 49
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 8 Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Employment Sector
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physcis and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Employed Population (No.)
484,800
6,400
22,800
52,500
34,400
14,400
19,300
97,400
15,500
67,600
75,800
78,600
Educational Institution
48.5
50.2
67.0
33.1
47.7
47.7
47.1
58.8
56.2
65.7
39.8
33.1
2-Year College
1.4
0.6
2.0
1.9
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.3
2.2
1.4
0.3
4-Year College/University
41.2
45.5
59.3
26.0
34.5
36.8
39.2
52.3
50.7
58.8
33.1
27.3
University-Affiliated Research Institute
4.7
3.6
5.0
4.4
11.2
8.9
6.0
4.2
3.1
4.0
1.5
5.3
Elementary or Secondary School
1.1
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.1
0.8
3.9
0.1
Private For-Profit Company
30.3
43.2
22.6
55.2
33.5
22.5
30.1
22.3
21.2
10.9
19.1
53.8
Self-Employed
5.9
1.3
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.8
4.4
3.1
3.6
4.6
20.0
3.1
Private Not-for-Profit Organization
4.9
2.0
3.3
2.9
5.6
4.8
2.3
4.9
7.4
5.0
9.1
2.9
State/Local Government
2.7
0.7
0.5
1.0
0.5
3.0
2.9
2.3
4.0
4.0
7.0
0.8
U.S. Government
7.1
2.2
4.2
4.7
9.7
17.9
12.9
8.4
7.0
7.4
4.8
6.1
Other Employer
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.6
2.4
0.3
0.2
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 74
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 32 Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Relationship
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Holding Second Job (No.)
75,300
*
2,200
4,700
3,300
1,600
2,300
10,500
3,200
13,000
24,800
8,900
Closely Related
65.9
*
51.8
52.5
37.2
57.8
54.7
52.2
68.6
65.1
82.3
61.2
Somewhat Related
19.4
*
26.9
19.4
25.7
18.8
25.0
26.6
20.9
23.0
11.2
23.0
Not Related
14.8
*
21.3
28.1
37.0
23.4
20.3
21.2
10.5
12.0
6.6
15.8
*Too few cases to estimate.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 75
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 33 Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
1995 Status
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Employed in 1995 (No.)
484,800
6,400
22,800
52,500
34,400
14,400
19,300
97,400
15,500
67,600
75,800
78,600
Not Employed in 1993
4.8
7.4
3.0
4.1
4.1
4.7
5.2
5.4
5.1
4.9
3.9
5.7
No Change Since 1993
73.5
60.3
77.9
72.6
74.0
74.1
74.9
72.1
71.6
77.1
75.1
70.7
Change in Employer and Job
10.1
18.7
7.4
10.5
9.9
10.3
7.2
11.2
12.2
8.5
9.6
10.7
Change in Employer Only
4.5
5.4
5.6
3.5
4.6
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
3.9
5.8
4.2
Change in Job Only
7.1
8.1
6.0
9.2
7.4
6.9
8.4
6.8
6.4
5.6
5.6
8.7
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 76
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 34 Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Reasons for Changing *
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Changing (No.)
105,300
2,100
4,300
12,200
7,500
3,100
3,900
22,000
3,600
12,200
15,900
18,600
Pay/Promotion Opportunities
52.4
59.9
46.1
52.6
42.1
53.7
59.2
53.1
59.7
55.7
51.9
51.6
Working Conditions
28.4
21.8
27.9
23.1
18.1
25.2
24.8
28.9
37.1
30.7
39.3
24.8
Job Location
21.3
30.1
15.9
17.5
14.7
24.1
19.3
21.9
25.3
24.6
25.2
19.6
Family-Related Reasons
10.9
8.7
8.3
7.3
8.9
10.5
10.3
10.5
15.5
13.4
16.8
8.3
School-Related Reasons
13.8
17.1
17.1
13.0
12.2
9.8
9.8
17.2
12.8
10.9
15.8
11.7
Laid Off/Job Terminated
19.0
15.1
20.6
18.5
33.4
25.2
19.3
18.6
16.5
15.7
16.1
18.2
Retired
3.8
0.8
4.5
4.2
5.8
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.5
3.5
4.0
2.4
Other Reason
11.2
9.0
12.2
11.6
11.5
16.7
8.4
9.5
6.8
13.7
13.0
10.4
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 77
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 35 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
Total Number of Articles
Total Number of Papers
Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector
Total Number Employed
None
1-2
3-5
6-10
More Than 10
Mean No. of Articles
None
1-2
3-5
6-10
More Than 10
Mean No. of Papers
Total
484,800
37.1
19.7
18.0
12.8
12.4
4.7
26.7
16.8
21.7
17.6
17.1
6.4
Field of Doctorate
Computer Sciences
6,400
32.6
25.3
22.6
10.5
8.9
3.6
13.9
20.2
21.7
18.7
25.5
8.4
Mathematical Sciences
22,800
37.9
22.3
17.1
13.3
9.4
4.0
32.8
18.9
23.9
14.2
10.2
4.4
Chemistry
52,500
41.6
18.9
17.2
10.8
11.6
4.6
33.8
19.5
21.9
13.3
11.4
4.9
Physics and Astronomy
34,400
33.3
16.9
15.8
14.6
19.5
6.7
25.2
14.2
21.0
18.9
20.7
7.8
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
14,400
23.3
20.9
21.7
18.9
15.2
5.6
14.7
12.2
24.1
23.9
25.2
8.6
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
19,300
33.9
18.6
17.7
15.1
14.7
4.9
23.5
15.3
19.3
20.8
21.1
7.5
Biological Sciences
97,400
22.4
17.5
21.5
18.0
20.7
7.0
19.2
15.3
23.8
19.9
21.7
7.7
Health Sciences
15,500
26.6
23.9
20.5
14.1
14.8
5.4
18.0
15.5
21.4
21.8
23.2
8.3
Social Sciences
67,600
40.9
22.1
19.6
11.0
6.4
3.1
23.7
16.7
25.2
20.8
13.6
5.5
Psychology
75,800
56.1
17.2
11.9
7.7
7.0
2.8
42.1
16.9
16.1
12.4
12.5
4.7
Engineering
78,600
37.9
22.3
18.4
11.8
9.7
4.1
23.8
18.5
21.1
17.6
18.9
7.1
Employment Sector *
Educational Institution
234,900
22.3
19.0
21.6
18.2
18.9
6.7
15.1
14.6
23.2
22.4
24.8
8.8
Private For-Profit Company
146,700
52.1
21.6
14.7
7.2
4.4
2.4
38.1
20.8
21.2
12.1
7.8
3.9
Self-Employed
28,600
71.7
15.3
8.4
2.5
2.0
1.1
58.8
16.8
13.5
6.5
4.5
2.4
Private Not-for-Profit Organization
23,800
42.3
20.5
16.1
9.9
11.1
4.4
31.4
15.3
22.3
16.4
14.7
6.3
Government
48,000
39.6
18.7
17.1
11.9
12.6
4.4
27.6
16.0
20.3
18.7
17.5
3.9
*Those reporting "other" types of employers are not included.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 78
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 36 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
Total Number of Articles
Total Number of Papers
Academic Position and Tenure Status
Total Number Employed in Academe
None
1-2
3-5
6-10
More Than 10
Mean No. of Articles
None
1-2
3-5
6-10
More Than 10
Mean No. of Papers
Total
229,500
21.0
19.1
22.0
18.6
19.3
6.9
13.9
14.4
23.5
22.9
25.3
8.9
Academic Position *
Postdoc Appointee
17,700
6.2
19.2
38.4
24.3
11.9
5.4
4.9
16.5
36.8
27.6
14.2
6.3
Full Professor
80,200
22.8
16.5
17.3
17.4
26.0
9.2
14.8
13.7
21.0
21.8
28.8
10.4
Associate Professor
50,700
19.4
18.4
21.8
18.9
21.6
7.2
12.8
13.1
20.9
23.6
29.5
10.2
Assistant Professor
42,100
13.6
21.6
26.4
23.3
15.0
5.9
7.6
13.3
25.2
26.7
27.2
9.0
Instructor/Lecturer
6,300
39.2
23.9
20.6
11.6
4.7
3.0
26.8
20.3
27.5
16.3
9.0
4.2
Adjunct Faculty
4,700
41.8
24.2
16.2
11.1
6.6
3.2
31.9
19.0
22.4
15.0
11.8
4.9
Not Applicable
24,700
32.1
22.1
20.3
13.4
12.1
4.9
23.1
17.3
22.8
19.1
17.8
6.6
Tenure Status
Postdoc Appointee
17,700
6.2
19.2
38.4
24.3
11.9
5.4
4.9
16.5
36.8
27.6
14.2
6.3
Tenured
118,600
22.3
17.5
19.0
17.7
23.5
8.2
14.5
14.0
21.0
22.4
28.1
10.1
On Tenure Track
37,400
11.5
20.2
26.5
24.1
17.7
6.5
6.3
11.9
23.8
27.5
30.5
9.8
Not Tenured
18,500
22.6
22.1
21.1
18.8
15.3
5.7
15.4
15.1
28.1
21.0
20.3
7.3
Not Applicable
37,200
32.4
21.5
19.6
13.2
13.3
5.1
23.0
16.7
22.6
18.6
19.1
7.0
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Those reporting "other" academic ranks were not included in this table.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 79
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 37 Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctoarte
Patent Activities
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Employed (No.)
484,800
6,400
22,800
52,500
34,400
14,400
19,300
97,400
15,500
67,600
75,800
78,600
Named as Inventor
12.4
14.3
3.8
30.9
17.4
4.7
8.2
13.0
5.6
0.4
0.9
24.6
Not Named as Inventor
87.6
85.7
96.2
69.1
82.6
95.3
91.8
87.0
94.4
99.6
99.1
75.4
Total Named on Patent Applications
60,100
*
*
16,300
6,000
*
1,600
12,600
*
*
*
19,300
Number of Applications
1-2
59.4
*
*
47.6
57.1
*
78.5
71.0
*
*
*
59.0
3-10
35.6
*
*
44.3
38.3
*
21.5
26.1
*
*
*
36.8
More Than 10
5.0
*
*
8.1
4.6
*
0.0
2.8
*
*
*
4.2
Number of Patents Granted
None
30.0
*
*
20.9
22.4
*
37.1
43.8
*
*
*
28.2
1-2
45.9
*
*
42.4
51.0
*
48.1
44.5
*
*
*
48.1
3-10
20.6
*
*
29.9
23.3
*
14.8
11.1
*
*
*
20.5
More Than 10
3.5
*
*
6.9
3.4
*
0.0
0.5
*
*
*
3.1
Total with Patents Granted
42,100
*
*
12,900
4,600
*
*
7,100
*
*
*
13,900
Number of Products/Licenses
None
48.3
*
*
46.0
51.9
*
*
55.8
*
*
*
47.9
1-2
39.2
*
*
37.1
39.3
*
*
36.4
*
*
*
40.1
More Than 2
12.5
*
*
16.9
8.9
*
*
7.9
*
*
*
12.0
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 80
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 38 Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Membership
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.) *
542,100
6,600
25,100
61,300
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,700
16,900
75,700
82,100
86,900
None
15.6
19.6
18.1
15.8
20.8
9.4
13.4
16.0
7.1
17.7
12.5
16.2
One
21.1
22.4
23.5
28.3
27.4
17.4
18.7
16.6
13.7
14.6
22.9
25.0
Two
23.7
31.2
27.2
26.9
24.3
21.9
25.0
20.5
22.4
21.4
23.8
25.6
Three
17.4
14.6
15.9
15.6
15.4
20.2
19.2
18.4
20.6
19.5
17.1
15.7
Four or More
22.3
12.3
15.3
13.4
12.2
31.1
23.7
28.6
36.3
26.8
23.7
17.6
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 81
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 39 Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Scien- Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.) *
542,100
6,600
25,100
61,300
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,700
16,900
75,700
82,100
86,900
Conducted Foreign Work/Research
38.4
34.1
39.4
38.2
44.6
59.2
49.5
35.1
29.1
52.0
19.6
40.6
Did Not Conduct Foreign Work/Research
61.6
65.9
60.6
61.8
55.4
40.8
50.5
64.9
70.9
48.0
80.4
59.4
Total Conducting Foreign Work/Research
Outside the U.S.
207,900
2,200
9,900
23,400
17,300
9,700
11,100
38,500
4,900
39,400
16,100
35,300
Length of Last Trip
Less Than One Week
21.6
21.1
21.0
27.7
19.8
15.0
18.6
19.7
31.5
13.2
24.8
30.2
7 to 30 days
43.1
45.8
38.4
38.9
42.4
54.0
55.0
40.4
42.2
44.7
42.0
42.5
1 to 6 months
18.6
18.9
22.3
14.0
18.9
20.4
12.0
20.3
14.8
26.0
17.0
13.0
More than 6 months
16.7
14.1
18.3
19.3
19.0
10.7
14.4
19.6
11.4
16.1
16.2
14.4
Total Not Conducting Foreign Work/Research
Outside the U.S.
334,100
4,300
15,200
37,900
21,400
6,700
11,300
71,300
12,000
36,300
66,000
51,600
Reasons for Not Conducting
Work/Research **
Not Relevant to Career
38.7
27.4
36.0
41.9
41.0
34.9
28.7
32.9
30.2
42.3
44.7
39.4
No Interest
20.7
21.3
28.1
21.5
20.0
16.7
18.4
19.0
18.7
15.1
25.2
20.3
No Time
35.6
46.8
34.3
28.2
31.6
32.5
33.5
37.9
37.8
37.5
40.7
31.5
Unable to Identify Host Institution
17.3
24.0
20.4
15.3
16.9
18.6
18.4
13.8
21.2
16.7
17.1
21.8
Concerns About Losing Place in Job Market
16.1
17.1
11.9
16.7
19.2
10.1
15.0
17.5
13.6
11.2
17.6
16.5
Unaware of Funding Sources
31.3
39.2
31.0
24.3
28.2
33.8
34.2
29.5
37.8
30.6
35.3
32.2
Lack of Foreign Language Skills
15.5
14.8
13.8
12.8
11.8
12.0
20.4
13.7
17.3
17.3
20.5
13.7
Family-Related Reasons
36.5
41.9
39.8
30.6
34.3
29.7
36.7
41.4
41.5
36.7
39.3
29.7
Other Reasons
10.8
7.6
9.8
12.4
11.4
12.8
15.8
10.1
10.5
12.2
7.5
13.1
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
OCR for page 82
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 40 Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.) *
542,100
6,600
25,100
61,300
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,700
16,900
75,700
82,100
86,900
Taken Work-Related Training
52.1
53.8
43.4
49.4
39.2
47.4
58.5
46.6
69.2
48.1
71.8
50.1
No Work-Related Training
47.9
46.2
56.6
50.6
60.8
52.6
41.5
53.4
30.8
51.9
28.2
49.9
Total with Training (No.)
282,600
3,500
10,900
30,300
15,200
7,800
13,100
51,100
11,700
36,400
58,900
43,500
Types of Work-Related Training **
Management/Supervisor Training
27.7
21.3
17.9
37.7
29.2
24.3
34.8
28.9
31.7
25.5
17.3
35.1
Training in Occupational Field
77.7
79.9
79.1
71.1
69.5
73.1
75.4
76.1
85.8
69.9
91.5
73.7
General Professional Training
19.8
14.8
15.4
23.3
18.9
18.0
24.6
18.6
19.3
23.4
15.5
22.3
Other Work-Related Training
16.5
18.3
16.8
17.0
19.1
21.7
17.1
17.1
16.2
22.5
11.2
15.2
Reasons for Taking Training **
Change Occupational Field
11.1
10.1
14.8
12.3
11.7
11.5
11.0
10.7
12.4
9.4
9.6
13.1
Further Skills in Occupational Field
91.8
88.9
92.8
89.3
86.7
86.0
92.4
91.7
95.9
89.6
96.6
90.7
Licensure/Certification
18.2
3.6
4.2
6.7
5.3
7.6
17.6
15.5
38.5
8.9
45.3
6.0
Increase Opportunities
29.6
33.8
32.3
33.8
28.6
28.5
34.0
29.1
32.3
28.1
22.4
35.8
Learn Skills for New Position
26.6
34.5
24.7
32.8
29.6
27.3
24.4
27.5
29.2
21.3
19.4
33.6
Required or Expected by Employer
33.0
34.0
32.0
42.1
40.7
34.4
36.1
33.0
32.2
32.5
23.0
37.4
Other Reasons
7.1
7.8
7.9
6.6
7.3
9.2
6.0
6.6
6.0
10.5
6.5
5.8
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.
**Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 41 Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April 1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
All Fields
Computer Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences
Biological Sciences
Health Sciences
Social Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total Population (No.)
542,500
6,600
25,200
61,400
38,700
16,500
22,400
109,900
16,900
75,800
82,200
87,000
Courses Taken
Took Courses
5.9
5.2
5.1
5.2
4.8
6.3
5.8
5.9
8.5
5.4
6.9
5.9
Did Not Take Courses
94.1
94.8
94.9
94.8
95.2
93.7
94.2
94.1
91.5
94.6
93.1
94.1
Total Taking Courses
32,000
**
**
3,200
1,900
**
**
6,500
**
4,100
5,700
5,200
Reasons for Taking Courses *
Further Education Before Career
25.3
**
**
22.9
32.5
**
**
33.2
**
20.6
17.6
25.0
Prepare for Graduate School
2.1
**
**
0.1
5.5
**
**
1.9
**
1.4
0.8
4.1
Change Field
26.3
**
**
24.0
40.9
**
**
32.2
**
27.4
20.4
24.1
Gain Further Skills
62.5
**
**
52.6
58.3
**
**
62.6
**
61.9
67.8
61.0
Licensure/Certification
18.9
**
**
17.6
7.5
**
**
25.5
**
15.0
30.2
7.1
Increase Opportunities
37.8
**
**
42.3
34.4
**
**
41.6
**
33.2
28.4
46.4
Required by Employer
9.6
**
**
14.5
10.2
**
**
10.9
**
9.4
7.2
7.7
Leisure/Personal Interest
52.0
**
**
51.7
56.5
**
**
47.9
**
57.1
52.9
52.6
Other Reason
4.7
**
**
2.7
0.0
**
**
4.7
**
5.6
6.6
3.4
School-Related Costs
Employer Paid Costs
45.0
**
**
51.5
51.7
**
**
40.7
**
48.4
34.0
55.2
Employer Did Not Pay Cost
55.0
**
**
48.5
48.3
**
**
59.3
**
51.6
66.0
44.8
Degree/Certificate Status
Completed Degree/Certificate
15.8
**
**
17.0
11.7
**
**
20.3
**
12.7
11.7
17.5
Did Not Complete Degree/Certificate
84.2
**
**
83.0
88.3
**
**
79.7
**
87.3
88.3
82.5
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.
*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.
**Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
employed science
