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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES

1

 

Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995

 

42

2

 

Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

43

3

 

Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

44

4

 

Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

45

5

 

Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

46

6

 

Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

47

7

 

Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent)

 

48

8

 

Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

49

9

 

Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

50

10

 

Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

51

11

 

Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

52

12

 

Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

53

13

 

Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

54

14

 

Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995

 

55

15

 

Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995

 

56

16

 

Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

57

17

 

Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent)

 

58

18

 

Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

59

19

 

Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

60

20

 

Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

61

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

21

 

Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)

 

62

22

 

Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)

 

63

23

 

Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

64

24

 

Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

65

25

 

Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

66

26

 

Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

68

27

 

1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

69

28

 

Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

70

29

 

Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

71

30

 

Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

72

31

 

Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

73

32

 

Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

74

33

 

Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

75

34

 

Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

76

35

 

Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

77

36

 

Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

78

37

 

Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

79

38

 

Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

80

39

 

Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

81

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

40

 

Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

82

41

 

Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April 1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

83

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995

Field of Doctorate

Number

Percent

All Fields

542,500

100.0

Computer Sciences

6,600

1.2

Mathematical Sciences

25,200

4.6

Chemistry

61,400

11.3

Physics and Astronomy

38,700

7.1

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

16,500

3.0

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

22,400

4.1

Biological Sciences

109,900

20.3

Health Sciences

16,900

3.1

Social Sciences

75,800

14.0

Economics

22,500

4.1

Political Sciences

16,300

3.0

Sociology

23,000

4.2

Other Social Sciences

13,900

2.6

Psychology

82,200

15.1

Engineering

87,000

16.0

Aerospace/Aeronautical

3,800

0.7

Chemical

12,600

2.3

Civil

7,700

1.4

Electrical/Electronics

22,900

4.2

Industrial

2,400

0.4

Mechanical

10,600

1.9

Other Engineering

27,000

5.0

 

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 2 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

 

Demographic Characteristics

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.)

542,500

6,600

25,200

61,400

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,900

16,900

75,800

82,200

87,000

Year of Doctorate

 

1942-49

0.6

0.0

0.8

2.0

0.8

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

1950-59

5.9

0.0

4.0

10.9

8.3

4.8

7.1

6.2

1.9

4.9

4.2

4.8

1960-69

15.0

0.0

20.6

20.2

19.8

16.6

16.0

14.5

6.6

13.5

10.9

15.7

1970-79

28.5

5.1

35.8

25.5

31.0

28.9

27.2

28.3

24.1

33.8

28.8

25.7

1980-89

30.9

43.7

24.0

26.2

24.4

29.4

32.3

31.3

37.8

31.2

36.4

30.5

1990-94

19.2

51.2

14.9

15.1

15.7

19.6

17.1

19.3

29.6

16.4

19.5

23.1

Gender

 

Male

78.5

84.3

88.2

86.2

94.3

87.8

87.5

73.2

49.2

73.8

57.7

94.9

Female

21.5

15.7

11.8

13.8

5.7

12.2

12.5

26.8

50.8

26.2

42.3

5.1

Race/Ethnic Group

 

White

83.9

67.0

82.0

83.5

83.2

91.2

86.3

86.8

84.9

86.4

91.6

70.8

Black

2.0

1.2

1.4

1.5

0.8

0.4

1.3

1.8

4.3

3.6

3.1

1.3

Asian

11.5

28.7

13.4

12.6

14.2

6.6

10.1

9.3

8.0

6.8

2.0

25.6

Native American

2.2

2.8

3.0

2.1

1.5

1.5

2.1

1.9

2.0

2.6

2.6

2.1

Hispanic

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.2

Age in 1995

 

34 or Younger

11.4

27.6

10.0

13.6

13.3

10.5

7.2

12.4

5.9

6.3

8.3

16.8

35-44

30.9

53.7

24.7

27.7

24.7

31.3

33.2

33.8

35.2

26.6

33.5

32.0

45-54

32.6

17.4

40.2

27.9

33.0

31.9

30.7

30.8

37.3

38.2

37.1

27.3

55-64

16.0

1.1

18.9

18.4

18.7

17.3

17.8

14.0

14.9

17.9

13.6

16.2

65-75

9.1

0.3

6.2

12.4

10.3

8.9

11.2

8.9

6.7

11.0

7.5

7.6

Citizenship

 

U.S. Citizen

92.1

71.7

89.2

93.4

90.4

93.5

93.0

93.9

94.9

93.3

98.2

84.5

Non-U.S. Citizen

7.9

28.3

10.8

6.6

9.6

6.5

7.0

6.1

5.1

6.7

1.8

15.5

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 3 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Years Since Doctorate

Demographic Characteristics

Total

5 Years or Less

6-15 Years

16-25 Years

More Than 25 Years

Total Population (No.)

542,500

104,200

167,400

154,600

116,300

Gender

Male

78.5

65.8

71.9

83.7

92.5

Female

21.5

34.2

28.1

16.3

7.5

Race/Ethnic Group

White

83.9

71.4

83.1

86.8

92.3

Black

2.0

2.9

2.4

2.0

0.8

Asian

11.5

21.6

11.8

8.9

5.5

Native American

2.2

3.6

2.4

1.9

1.0

Hispanic

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.3

Citizenship

U.S. Citizen

92.1

75.7

92.6

97.8

98.7

Non-U.S. Citizen

7.9

24.3

7.4

2.2

1.3

 

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 4 Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Employment Status

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.)

542,500

6,600

25,200

61,400

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,900

16,900

75,800

82,200

87,000

Full-Time Employed *

84.1

96.5

86.3

81.7

84.9

83.2

82.2

84.7

85.9

83.6

80.5

87.4

Part-Time Employed *

5.2

1.4

4.4

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.8

5.5

5.6

11.8

3.0

Not Employed **

10.6

2.1

9.3

14.4

11.1

12.9

13.9

11.4

8.6

10.8

7.7

9.6

Seeking Employment

1.4

0.9

1.6

1.9

1.4

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.0

0.6

1.6

Retired

7.5

0.0

6.5

10.8

8.2

9.3

11.1

7.2

5.6

8.0

4.9

7.0

Not Seeking Employment

1.8

1.3

1.3

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.3

2.7

1.6

1.8

2.3

0.9

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments.

**Percentages are not unemployment rates because they are based on the total population, which includes those retired and those not seeking employment; none of these is considered part of the labor force in this report. Unemployment rates are shown in Table 7.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 5 Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Reasons for Not Working

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Not Employed (No.)

57,800

*

2,300

8,800

4,300

2,100

3,100

12,600

1,500

8,200

6,300

8,400

Retired

72.3

*

73.0

78.8

76.5

73.2

80.7

65.1

65.6

75.3

64.3

75.9

On Layoff

5.9

*

8.0

6.6

6.1

8.0

4.9

6.2

8.4

3.0

1.8

9.4

Student

2.8

*

1.4

0.7

2.2

4.3

1.6

4.7

3.0

2.1

5.4

1.9

Family Responsibilities

6.6

*

6.6

4.8

2.8

7.8

3.6

9.7

8.2

4.8

13.7

2.5

Ill/Disabled

5.1

*

5.1

3.5

5.1

3.3

2.0

6.5

6.3

6.1

9.2

2.2

Suitable Job Not Available

10.3

*

13.1

9.0

12.0

12.3

6.6

10.0

10.9

9.8

10.0

11.1

No Need or Desire to Work

8.8

*

14.5

8.3

10.0

11.1

6.7

9.0

13.8

7.4

13.2

4.1

Other Reason

6.8

*

5.4

4.1

8.5

7.9

8.7

8.3

5.7

4.8

6.5

7.9

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 6 Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Reasons for Working Part-Time

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Employed Part-Time (No.)

27,700

*

*

2,400

1,500

*

*

4,000

*

4,200

9,500

2,500

Retired or Semi-Retired

32.8

*

*

50.3

51.6

*

*

40.7

*

31.3

19.0

41.3

Student

1.7

*

*

2.0

0.0

*

*

4.4

*

1.9

0.9

0.6

Family Responsibilities

25.1

*

*

6.9

8.2

*

*

23.8

*

21.6

40.3

9.3

Ill/Disabled

2.1

*

*

0.3

0.0

*

*

1.1

*

2.4

3.6

1.3

Suitable Job Not Available

22.3

*

*

28.5

34.6

*

*

21.5

*

26.3

15.5

31.5

No Need or Desire for Full-Time Work

35.7

*

*

31.1

28.4

*

*

30.3

*

27.9

42.6

33.5

Other Reason

13.3

*

*

12.2

9.3

*

*

12.6

*

17.8

12.4

10.2

NOTE: Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 7 Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Labor Force Status and Gender

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Ph.D. Labor Force (No.)

492,100

6,500

23,200

53,700

35,000

14,600

19,700

99,000

15,700

68,300

76,300

80,100

Full-Time Employed *

92.8

97.7

93.5

93.3

94.1

93.6

93.8

94.1

92.6

92.8

86.7

95.0

Part-Time Employed *

5.8

1.4

4.8

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.5

4.3

5.9

6.2

12.7

3.2

Unemployed and Seeking

1.5

0.9

1.7

2.2

1.6

2.0

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.1

0.6

1.8

Male

385,200

5,500

20,500

46,200

33,000

12,800

17,100

72,500

7,700

50,100

44,000

75,800

Full-Time Employed *

94.5

98.1

94.7

93.5

94.3

94.1

94.4

95.3

94.0

94.0

92.7

95.4

Part-Time Employed *

4.1

1.0

3.5

4.3

4.2

3.8

4.0

3.2

4.2

5.0

6.6

3.0

Unemployed and Seeking

1.5

0.9

1.7

2.2

1.4

2.1

1.6

1.6

1.8

1.0

0.7

1.6

Female

106,900

**

2,700

7,500

2,000

1,800

2,600

26,500

8,100

18,200

32,300

4,200

Full-Time Employed *

86.6

**

84.5

92.0

89.4

90.1

89.9

90.8

91.2

89.3

78.5

87.8

Part-Time Employed *

11.8

**

14.1

5.8

6.9

8.6

7.7

7.3

7.5

9.3

20.9

7.5

Unemployed and Seeking

1.5

**

1.4

2.2

3.7

1.2

2.4

1.9

1.3

1.4

0.6

4.7

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments.

**Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 8 Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Employment Sector

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physcis and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Educational Institution

48.5

50.2

67.0

33.1

47.7

47.7

47.1

58.8

56.2

65.7

39.8

33.1

2-Year College

1.4

0.6

2.0

1.9

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.3

2.2

1.4

0.3

4-Year College/University

41.2

45.5

59.3

26.0

34.5

36.8

39.2

52.3

50.7

58.8

33.1

27.3

University-Affiliated Research Institute

4.7

3.6

5.0

4.4

11.2

8.9

6.0

4.2

3.1

4.0

1.5

5.3

Elementary or Secondary School

1.1

0.5

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.7

1.1

0.8

3.9

0.1

Private For-Profit Company

30.3

43.2

22.6

55.2

33.5

22.5

30.1

22.3

21.2

10.9

19.1

53.8

Self-Employed

5.9

1.3

2.1

2.7

2.8

3.8

4.4

3.1

3.6

4.6

20.0

3.1

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

4.9

2.0

3.3

2.9

5.6

4.8

2.3

4.9

7.4

5.0

9.1

2.9

State/Local Government

2.7

0.7

0.5

1.0

0.5

3.0

2.9

2.3

4.0

4.0

7.0

0.8

U.S. Government

7.1

2.2

4.2

4.7

9.7

17.9

12.9

8.4

7.0

7.4

4.8

6.1

Other Employer

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.6

2.4

0.3

0.2

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 9 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

Employment Sector

Occupation

Total

Educational Institution

Private For-Profit Company

Self-Employed

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

Government

Other Employer

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

234,900

146,700

28,600

23,800

48,000

2,700

Scientists

38.3

24.6

44.1

67.8

57.5

59.3

58.9

Computer Scientists

2.9

0.6

7.3

1.9

2.9

1.5

1.5

Math Scientists

1.2

0.6

1.6

0.8

2.8

2.7

1.8

Chemists

4.4

1.2

10.6

1.6

2.2

3.7

3.4

Physicists

2.5

2.2

2.3

1.0

4.1

4.7

0.7

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Scientists

2.1

1.4

2.2

1.5

2.7

5.8

0.6

Agricultural/Environmental Scientists

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.6

0.9

3.7

1.6

Biological Scientists

9.8

10.4

8.0

2.7

13.4

15.3

4.1

Health Scientists

2.6

2.0

2.4

6.1

5.0

3.1

5.4

Social Scientists

2.4

1.5

1.5

2.9

4.5

6.5

3.4

Psychologists

8.5

3.1

6.5

47.7

19.0

12.3

5.7

Engineers

8.8

2.4

20.5

6.1

5.9

8.1

6.0

Postsecondary Teachers of Science

24.8

51.0

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.0

Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering

3.2

6.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Other Teachers/Professors

2.3

4.6

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.0

Top/Mid-Level Managers

12.7

8.0

19.3

1.9

20.5

17.7

21.0

Management-Related Occupations

4.6

1.6

7.6

4.9

6.8

8.4

10.2

Technologists

1.2

0.4

2.6

1.4

0.9

1.3

1.4

Other Occupations

4.1

0.9

5.8

17.6

8.2

4.9

2.5

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 10 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Years Since Doctorate

Occupation

Total

5 Years or Less

6-15 Years

16-25 Years

More Than 25 Years

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

100,200

161,100

145,400

78,100

Scientists

38.3

51.7

41.5

29.7

33.2

Computer Scientists

2.9

4.0

3.1

2.8

1.4

Math Scientists

1.2

1.7

1.4

1.0

0.8

Chemists

4.4

5.7

4.6

3.3

4.2

Physicists

2.5

3.4

2.4

2.0

2.5

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Scientists

2.1

2.5

2.0

2.2

2.0

Agricultural/Environmental Scientists

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.3

1.8

Biological Scientists

9.8

16.6

10.5

6.7

5.6

Health Scientists

2.6

2.9

2.7

2.8

1.9

Social Scientists

2.4

2.9

2.7

2.0

1.8

Psychologists

8.5

10.0

10.1

7.4

5.0

Engineers

8.8

12.6

9.0

7.2

6.8

Postsecondary Teachers of Science

24.8

20.4

23.6

25.5

31.4

Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering

3.2

2.9

3.3

2.7

4.2

Other Teachers/Professors

2.3

1.8

2.4

2.5

2.0

Top/Mid-Level Managers

12.7

3.7

10.4

18.7

17.9

Management-Related Occupations

4.6

2.4

5.0

5.7

4.6

Technologists

1.2

1.5

1.4

1.2

0.8

Other Occupations

4.1

3.0

3.5

5.0

5.3

 

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 11 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Occupation

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Practitioners and Postsecondary

Teachers of Science & Engineering

Computer Scientists

3.9

72.4

13.3

1.7

5.5

1.5

0.8

0.8

0.3

1.6

1.1

6.5

Mathematical Scientists

3.9

1.1

61.2

0.2

1.8

0.7

1.0

1.0

0.3

1.6

0.6

1.4

Chemists

6.6

0.0

0.3

53.8

0.6

1.4

2.7

1.5

2.3

0.1

0.1

0.8

Physicists

4.0

0.0

0.5

1.7

47.5

1.7

0.1

0.3

0.6

0.0

0.0

1.5

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Scientists

3.2

0.0

0.1

1.5

5.9

67.1

3.9

0.7

0.4

1.1

0.0

1.1

Agricultural/Environmental Scientists

2.5

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.1

41.0

3.4

0.3

0.5

0.0

0.2

Biological Scientists

13.8

0.8

0.3

6.5

1.9

5.0

17.2

54.7

16.3

0.5

1.9

1.1

Health Scientists

5.6

0.8

0.5

2.1

1.3

0.3

2.9

13.9

46.8

2.2

2.6

1.0

Social Scientists

8.3

0.6

0.2

0.0

0.3

0.4

1.3

0.1

2.1

56.4

1.1

0.2

Psychologists

11.4

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.3

1.6

1.1

71.3

0.0

Engineers

12.1

2.8

3.9

4.2

12.0

3.8

2.1

0.7

0.8

0.2

0.6

62.0

Other Teachers/Professors

2.3

3.8

2.1

0.9

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.7

8.2

2.4

0.7

Top/Mid-Level Managers

12.7

8.9

9.1

15.4

11.1

9.8

13.0

11.9

17.2

13.3

9.7

15.9

Management-Related Occupations

4.6

2.7

3.2

5.0

4.1

3.4

4.7

4.5

5.9

5.7

4.3

4.5

Technologists

1.2

4.5

2.5

1.7

3.2

1.0

1.6

1.1

0.5

0.4

0.3

1.3

Other Occupations

4.1

1.3

2.6

4.8

3.7

2.8

6.8

4.2

2.8

7.1

3.9

2.0

Note: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 12 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Primary Work Activity

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Applied Research

20.2

17.8

11.6

27.4

20.5

29.0

36.5

19.6

23.4

18.0

9.2

24.8

Basic Research

13.7

11.4

12.4

13.0

20.4

19.0

8.6

31.0

5.8

7.6

5.6

4.9

Development and Design

7.2

6.9

4.2

11.6

11.2

2.9

6.1

3.1

4.1

2.3

1.6

19.9

Computer Applications

4.4

23.9

11.3

3.2

10.3

4.3

2.6

1.5

0.8

2.2

1.5

8.3

Managing and Supervising

11.8

7.4

8.1

13.7

11.3

10.8

12.4

10.5

15.2

11.8

10.1

14.9

Professional Services

12.3

0.3

2.3

4.7

2.4

4.2

5.3

9.5

15.6

6.0

48.2

2.6

Teaching

22.1

28.3

44.2

16.0

16.4

21.6

14.1

17.4

26.4

42.1

17.1

16.1

Other Activities

8.4

4.0

6.0

10.5

7.5

8.2

14.5

7.4

8.7

9.9

6.7

8.4

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 13 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Years Since Doctorate

Primary Work Activity

Total

5 Years or Less

6-15 Years

16-25 Years

More Than 25 Years

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

100,200

161,100

145,400

78,100

Applied Research

20.2

25.8

22.3

16.4

15.5

Basic Research

13.7

19.9

14.4

9.5

11.9

Development and Design

7.2

8.1

7.3

7.4

5.5

Computer Applications

4.4

5.3

4.7

4.1

2.8

Management and Administration

11.8

4.0

10.3

16.9

15.6

Professional Services

12.3

12.5

13.9

12.2

9.1

Teaching

22.1

18.8

19.5

23.7

28.5

Other Activities

8.4

5.6

7.7

9.7

11.0

 

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 14 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995

 

Field of Doctorate

Gender

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total

$60,200

$65,000

$60,000

$68,000

$68,000

$60,000

$55,000

$57,400

$58,000

$55,000

$56,000

$70,000

Male

65,000

66,000

60,000

70,000

69,000

60,000

58,500

60,000

69,000

59,000

60,000

70,000

Female

50,000

*

51,000

58,800

57,000

46,100

45,000

48,000

52,000

48,100

50,000

58,200

NOTE: Median salaries were computed only for Ph.D.s employed full-time (including postdoctoral appointees).

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 15 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995

Employment Sector

Total

Male

Female

Total

$60,200

$65,000

$50,000

Educational Institution

52,000

55,000

44,000

2-Year College

45,000

47,000

40,000

4-Year College/University

52,000

55,000

44,000

University-Affiliated Research Institute

56,000

60,200

44,000

Elementary or Secondary School

46,000

48,000

45,000

Private For-Profit Company

75,000

75,000

64,500

Self-Employed

70,000

72,000

61,000

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

60,000

64,000

50,000

Government

61,000

63,000

54,900

NOTE: Median salaries were computed only for Ph.D.s employed full-time (including postdoctoral appointees).

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 16 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Government Support Status

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Received Government Support

28.3

31.1

24.0

21.7

47.2

38.9

27.7

37.3

24.1

17.5

16.3

34.0

No Government Support

71.7

68.9

76.0

78.3

52.8

61.1

72.3

62.7

75.9

82.5

83.7

66.0

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 17 Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent)

Total Receiving Support

137,000

National Institutes of Health

29.5

Department of Defense

21.8

National Science Foundation

20.1

Department of Energy

15.9

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

9.1

Department of Agriculture

7.8

Department of Health and Human Services

6.7

Environmental Protection Agency

4.6

Department of Education

2.8

Department of Interior

2.8

Department of Commerce

2.4

Department of Transportation

2.4

Agency for International Development

1.7

Other Agency

5.9

NOTE: Percentages do not total 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 18 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

Employment Sector

Government Support Status

Total

Educational Institution

Private For-Profit Company

Self-Employed

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

Government *

Other Employer

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

234,900

146,700

28,600

23,800

48,000

2,700

Received Government Support

28.3

39.5

18.2

8.8

44.3

8.1

19.8

No Government Support

71.7

60.5

81.8

91.2

55.7

91.9

80.2

*All federal government employees were counted in the "no government support" category. Those in the government category who were receiving support were employed by state or local governments.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 19 Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Relationship of Principal Job to Doctoral Degree

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Closely Related

68.2

80.6

66.5

56.1

51.2

71.1

70.7

70.0

79.1

72.2

80.9

62.0

Somewhat Related

24.1

16.5

24.4

33.1

34.0

22.1

22.8

23.0

16.8

20.2

15.0

29.6

Not Related

7.7

3.0

9.1

10.8

14.7

6.8

6.5

7.0

4.1

7.5

4.1

8.4

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 20 Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Most Important Reason

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Working Outside Degree Field (No.)

37,600

*

2,100

5,700

5,100

*

*

6,900

*

5,100

3,100

6,600

Pay/Promotion Opportunities

21.8

*

30.7

26.7

19.7

*

*

20.6

*

22.8

20.0

21.8

Working Conditions

3.2

*

1.8

1.6

1.7

*

*

3.7

*

4.1

3.0

4.4

Job Location

3.9

*

4.5

4.3

2.2

*

*

3.0

*

5.0

1.8

5.5

Change in Career or Professional Interest

28.9

*

24.1

33.2

25.6

*

*

36.0

*

21.8

29.5

30.2

Family-Related Reasons

5.2

*

6.7

3.5

3.8

*

*

6.3

*

4.7

9.8

3.6

Job in Doctoral Field Not Available

26.9

*

23.7

21.2

37.0

*

*

22.3

*

32.4

22.2

24.0

Other Reason

10.1

*

8.5

9.5

10.0

*

*

8.1

*

9.2

13.7

10.5

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 21 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Academic Rank

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Employed in Academe (No.)

211,700

3,100

14,700

15,000

13,800

6,200

8,300

48,400

8,100

43,400

26,100

24,600

Professor

37.9

9.6

46.2

43.3

39.7

37.2

42.1

36.3

25.9

39.9

34.6

37.8

Associate Professor

24.0

44.1

28.1

17.4

16.5

19.9

24.6

21.5

32.4

26.8

23.4

25.5

Assistant Professor

19.9

38.2

16.4

16.7

12.5

15.6

17.0

22.4

30.0

20.4

19.6

19.2

Instructor/Lecturer

3.0

1.6

3.3

3.1

2.2

2.9

1.8

3.7

2.2

3.0

3.9

1.6

Adjunct Faculty Member

2.2

0.9

1.2

1.8

2.6

2.6

2.3

2.0

1.6

2.6

2.8

2.1

Other

1.5

0.5

1.2

2.7

1.9

1.5

0.7

1.8

0.8

1.0

1.4

1.7

Not Applicable at Institution

2.2

0.7

0.9

4.0

7.7

4.4

1.2

1.2

0.9

0.9

2.2

3.1

Not Applicable for Position

9.5

4.5

2.6

11.1

17.0

15.9

10.4

11.3

6.2

5.4

12.2

9.1

NOTE: Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 22 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)

 

Years Since Doctorate

Academic Rank and Gender

Total

5 Years or Less

6-15 Years

16-25 Year

More Than 25 Years

Total Employed in Academe (No.)

211,700

35,900

69,600

64,600

41,600

Professor

37.9

1.7

13.6

59.4

76.1

Associate Professor

24.0

7.9

41.1

23.0

10.7

Assistant Professor

19.9

60.6

25.5

3.5

1.0

Instructor/Lecturer

3.0

7.0

3.2

2.0

0.6

Adjunct Faculty Member

2.2

3.1

2.3

1.6

2.1

Other

1.5

2.3

1.2

0.8

2.2

Not Applicable at Institution

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.4

2.0

Not Applicable for Position

9.5

15.4

11.1

7.3

5.1

Male

163,500

22,400

49,400

53,500

38,200

Professor

43.5

1.3

15.7

62.1

78.0

Associate Professor

23.8

8.0

43.5

22.4

9.5

Assistant Professor

16.7

63.2

23.1

2.8

0.8

Instructor/Lecturer

2.1

5.5

2.5

1.5

0.6

Adjunct Faculty Member

1.7

2.4

1.7

1.4

2.0

Other

1.5

2.3

1.2

0.8

2.3

Not Applicable at Institution

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.5

2.1

Not Applicable for Position

8.4

15.0

10.3

6.7

4.6

Female

48,300

13,500

20,200

11,100

3,400

Professor

18.9

2.4

8.7

46.5

55.0

Associate Professor

24.5

7.7

35.2

25.8

23.9

Assistant Professor

30.7

56.2

31.3

7.1

3.0

Instructor/Lecturer

5.9

9.6

4.8

4.6

1.5

Adjunct Faculty Member

3.7

4.1

3.8

3.0

4.0

Other

1.4

2.3

1.1

0.9

1.0

Not Applicable at Institution

1.8

1.7

1.8

2.3

0.9

Not Applicable for Position

13.1

16.1

13.2

9.8

10.7

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 23 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Tenure Status

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Employed in Academe (No.)

211,700

3,100

14,700

15,000

13,800

6,200

8,300

48,400

8,100

43,400

26,100

24,600

Tenured

56.0

42.1

72.2

56.6

50.8

54.3

62.6

50.2

46.6

62.9

51.3

56.6

On Tenure Track

17.7

44.5

14.7

15.2

10.1

14.2

13.9

18.5

29.7

18.3

15.9

19.1

Not on Tenure Track

8.7

5.3

4.8

8.2

9.6

6.9

6.1

11.8

9.8

7.4

10.3

7.0

No Tenure System at Institution

4.5

1.1

2.6

5.2

9.6

6.4

3.0

4.6

3.9

2.6

5.6

5.2

No Tenure for My Position

13.1

7.0

5.7

14.8

20.0

18.2

14.5

14.9

9.9

8.9

16.9

12.1

NOTE: Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 24 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

Years Since Doctorate

Tenure Status and Gender

Total

5 Years or Less

6-15 Years

16-25 Years

More Than 25 Years

Total Employed in Academe (No.)

211,700

35,900

69,600

64,600

41,600

Tenured

56.0

6.1

47.2

76.7

81.8

On Tenure Track

17.7

51.6

23.2

3.4

1.1

Not on Tenure Track

8.7

18.3

9.6

5.6

3.9

No Tenure System at Institution

4.5

4.3

5.1

4.9

3.3

No Tenure for My Position

13.1

19.7

14.9

9.4

10.0

Male

163,500

22,400

49,400

53,500

38,200

Tenured

61.4

5.0

51.0

79.2

82.8

On Tenure Track

15.4

54.2

22.5

2.9

0.9

Not on Tenure Track

7.2

18.6

7.7

4.6

3.3

No Tenure System at Institution

4.6

4.4

5.2

5.0

3.3

No Tenure for My Position

11.5

17.8

13.5

8.3

9.7

Female

48,300

13,500

20,200

11,100

3,400

Tenured

38.0

8.0

37.8

64.7

70.5

On Tenure Track

25.3

47.4

25.1

5.8

3.3

Not on Tenure Track

14.1

17.9

14.1

10.6

10.0

No Tenure System at Institution

4.4

4.0

4.8

4.3

3.3

No Tenure for My Position

18.2

22.8

18.1

14.6

12.8

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. Academically employed includes 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, medical schools, and university-affiliated research institutes. Those on postdoctoral appointments are not included in this table.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 25 Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Years Since Doctorate and Number of Postdocs

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.)

542,500

6,600

25,200

61,400

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,900

16,900

75,800

82,200

87,000

None

66.4

89.7

81.1

52.1

49.3

65.6

73.3

38.3

79.5

88.2

74.7

82.6

1

25.0

9.7

13.8

35.5

36.1

28.9

20.4

41.7

17.2

9.1

21.1

15.6

2

6.7

0.6

3.7

9.7

11.8

4.4

5.0

15.5

2.3

1.9

3.2

1.4

3 or More

1.9

0.0

1.4

2.7

2.7

1.1

1.4

4.5

0.9

0.7

1.0

0.4

5 Years or Less

104,200

3,400

3,800

9,200

6,100

3,200

3,800

21,200

5,000

12,400

16,000

20,100

None

59.6

87.9

69.7

39.0

28.4

49.9

55.9

29.1

78.8

90.1

71.4

73.4

1

32.0

11.0

19.0

50.6

50.2

41.2

34.6

51.8

19.4

8.8

25.0

23.9

2

7.2

1.1

7.7

9.6

19.1

6.5

7.5

17.0

1.4

1.0

2.4

2.4

3 or More

1.2

0.0

3.6

0.9

2.3

2.4

2.0

2.1

0.3

0.1

1.1

0.3

6-10 Years

88,800

2,000

3,000

8,700

5,000

2,500

3,500

17,400

3,500

11,400

14,500

17,200

None

63.4

92.1

81.0

44.1

38.9

54.1

64.7

27.5

81.7

91.2

73.1

81.1

1

26.8

7.8

14.3

42.1

40.9

34.9

28.5

46.6

16.0

6.4

23.0

16.5

2

7.7

0.1

4.7

11.9

15.6

9.1

6.3

19.8

1.2

1.9

2.8

2.0

3 or More

2.1

0.0

0.0

2.0

4.6

1.9

0.4

6.1

1.1

0.5

1.0

0.4

11-15 Years

78,600

*

3,000

7,400

4,500

2,300

3,800

17,000

2,900

12,200

15,400

9,400

None

65.0

*

81.4

54.0

48.6

60.4

73.2

32.0

77.0

85.9

74.1

85.7

1

25.8

*

12.8

35.8

37.2

34.8

17.2

43.8

20.1

12.3

22.1

12.5

2

7.3

*

3.3

8.3

12.1

3.3

7.9

18.9

2.6

1.7

3.6

0.9

3 or More

1.8

*

2.5

1.9

2.1

1.4

1.7

5.3

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.9

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

16-20 years

76,700

*

3,800

6,800

5,500

2,500

2,900

16,100

2,100

13,300

13,700

9,700

None

66.5

*

83.8

53.4

46.5

66.5

78.7

35.2

80.3

87.4

75.2

84.2

1

24.7

*

11.7

34.0

42.8

29.6

17.2

43.1

15.0

9.9

19.4

14.0

2

6.8

*

4.1

10.1

7.8

3.9

3.7

16.6

3.0

1.8

4.5

1.6

3 or More

1.9

*

0.4

2.5

2.9

0.1

0.4

5.1

1.7

0.8

0.9

0.3

21-25 Years

78,000

*

5,200

8,800

6,500

2,300

3,200

15,000

2,000

12,300

10,000

12,600

None

70.4

*

89.1

44.8

55.4

73.4

82.5

47.7

83.6

88.9

80.7

83.7

1

21.6

*

9.1

38.2

31.2

24.9

13.9

35.4

11.8

7.6

15.5

15.5

2

5.8

*

1.5

11.3

11.1

1.4

2.1

12.8

2.4

2.5

2.2

0.8

3 or More

2.2

*

0.3

5.6

2.4

0.3

1.5

4.1

2.3

1.1

1.6

0.1

More Than 25 Years

116,300

*

6,400

20,400

11,200

3,600

5,300

23,200

1,500

14,100

12,600

18,100

None

72.9

*

79.5

63.6

63.5

85.2

83.1

55.4

75.0

86.4

76.0

90.8

1

19.5

*

16.1

25.0

25.6

12.1

12.5

30.4

17.4

9.5

19.3

8.2

2

5.4

*

2.7

8.6

8.5

2.1

2.7

9.5

6.6

2.3

3.6

0.6

3 or More

2.3

*

1.6

2.8

2.4

0.6

1.7

4.7

1.1

1.7

1.1

0.4

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 26 Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

 

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Ever Holding Postdoc

182,300

*

4,800

29,400

19,600

5,700

5,900

67,900

3,500

8,900

20,800

15,200

Reason for First Postdoc

 

Additional Training in Field

46.7

*

39.8

43.4

49.0

31.8

42.1

50.0

49.6

33.7

61.8

32.5

Training Out of Field

14.8

*

9.2

17.7

9.8

5.7

9.8

18.6

16.0

18.1

10.7

9.6

Work With Specific Person or Place

21.3

*

32.2

19.2

22.5

38.9

14.9

20.7

18.2

23.2

15.0

26.1

No Other Employment Available

11.1

*

10.6

14.1

13.6

17.6

26.4

6.2

9.9

10.3

5.0

24.6

Other Reason

6.1

*

8.2

5.5

5.1

5.9

6.7

4.6

6.3

14.7

7.5

7.2

Total with Only One Postdoc

135,900

*

3,500

21,800

14,000

4,800

4,600

45,900

2,900

6,900

17,400

13,600

Reason for First Postdoc

 

Additional Training in Field

45.8

*

36.1

42.2

47.0

31.3

39.6

49.5

50.4

34.8

63.0

31.8

Training Out of Field

14.7

*

10.1

17.9

10.6

5.5

10.1

18.9

16.8

18.5

9.5

9.7

Work With Specific Person or Place

21.8

*

35.2

20.5

22.7

38.2

15.6

21.4

16.8

22.6

14.9

25.9

No Other Employment Available

11.7

*

10.8

14.5

15.2

18.3

28.0

6.2

10.1

10.2

4.5

25.1

Other Reason

6.0

*

7.8

4.8

4.5

6.6

6.7

4.1

5.9

14.0

8.1

7.5

Total With More Than One Postdoc

46,400

*

*

7,600

5,600

*

*

22,000

*

2,000

3,400

1,600

Reason for First Postdoc

 

Additional Training in Field

49.3

*

*

46.9

54.0

*

*

51.1

*

30.1

55.9

38.7

Training Out of Field

15.3

*

*

17.0

8.0

*

*

18.1

*

16.7

16.7

8.6

Work With Specific Person or Place

19.7

*

*

15.4

21.9

*

*

19.2

*

25.3

15.6

27.7

No Other Employment Available

9.3

*

*

13.1

9.6

*

*

6.2

*

10.6

7.5

20.3

Other Reason

6.5

*

*

7.6

6.5

*

*

5.5

*

17.2

4.4

4.7

Reason for Second Postdoc

 

Additional Training in Field

34.8

*

*

28.0

34.9

*

*

36.6

*

26.2

51.1

26.3

Training Out of Field

17.6

*

*

18.9

8.9

*

*

19.8

*

23.6

16.1

15.9

Work With Specific Person or Place

24.9

*

*

21.6

28.5

*

*

24.8

*

27.5

16.5

34.1

No Other Employment Available

14.3

*

*

17.5

20.2

*

*

11.5

*

7.6

11.9

21.2

Other Reason

8.4

*

*

14.0

7.5

*

*

7.3

*

15.2

4.3

2.5

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 27 1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Years Since Doctorate and Postdoc Status

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.)

542,500

6,600

25,200

61,400

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,900

16,900

75,800

82,200

87,000

On Postdoc in 1995

4.2

2.4

2.2

4.0

7.0

4.4

4.2

9.9

3.0

0.7

1.9

2.0

5 Years or Less

104,200

3,400

3,800

9,200

6,100

3,200

3,800

21,200

5,000

12,400

16,000

20,100

On Postdoc in 1995

18.6

4.6

12.7

23.0

38.6

17.7

20.2

43.8

8.8

3.1

7.4

8.1

6-10 Years

88,800

2,000

3,000

8,700

5,000

2,500

3,500

17,400

3,500

11,400

14,500

17,200

On Postdoc in 1995

2.4

0.1

0.8

2.1

4.5

2.7

3.3

6.7

1.2

0.4

1.1

0.7

11-15 Years

78,600

*

3,000

7,400

4,500

2,300

3,800

17,000

2,900

12,200

15,400

9,400

On Postdoc in 1995

0.7

*

0.5

0.3

1.4

2.1

0.6

1.0

0.3

0.2

0.7

0.3

More Than 15 Years

270,900

*

15,400

36,000

23,200

8,400

11,400

54,300

5,500

39,700

36,300

40,400

On Postdoc in 1995

0.3

*

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.0

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 28 Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Characteristics

All Fields *

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Biological Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total 1995 Postdocs

22,800

2,400

2,700

10,900

1,600

1,800

Years Since Doctorate

 

5 Years or Less

84.9

87.0

86.2

85.5

75.3

91.6

6-10 Years

9.4

7.5

8.3

10.7

9.8

6.7

11-15 Years

2.3

0.9

2.2

1.6

7.2

1.8

25 Years or More

3.4

4.6

3.3

2.1

7.8

0.0

Gender

 

Male

66.8

74.0

92.2

59.6

35.3

86.0

Female

33.2

26.0

7.8

40.4

64.7

14.0

Race/Ethnic Group

 

White

67.6

57.2

63.6

71.3

88.4

40.5

Black

1.5

2.0

0.3

1.3

1.9

0.5

Asian

27.0

35.6

33.8

23.8

5.2

56.5

Native American

3.5

5.1

0.6

3.4

3.1

2.3

Hispanic

0.3

0.1

0.8

0.2

0.5

0.1

Age in 1995

 

34 or Younger

58.1

66.0

71.8

60.3

39.2

62.1

35-44

33.9

27.4

23.2

34.6

34.3

32.2

45 or Older

7.9

6.7

5.0

4.8

26.7

5.7

Citizenship

 

U.S. Citizen

71.0

62.5

64.0

76.3

93.7

36.9

Non U.S. Citizen

29.0

37.5

36.0

23.7

6.3

63.1

Sector

 

Educational Institution

54.9

53.6

51.1

57.1

49.8

48.2

Business/Industry

6.6

4.9

6.0

6.9

5.7

12.0

Government

33.1

38.9

40.0

30.5

24.5

38.9

Other

5.4

2.5

2.9

5.6

20.0

0.9

Employment Benefits **

 

Received Health Benefits

83.5

88.7

89.6

86.7

57.1

73.3

Received Pension Benefits

37.2

43.3

49.6

34.5

17.9

31.9

*Includes all science and engineering doctorates on postdoctoral appointments in 1995, including fields not shown separately in this table.

**Does not add to 100 because some respondents and both benefits.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 29 Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Years Since Doctorate and Relevance of Postdoc

All Fields

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Biological Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total (No.) *

159,400

26,900

16,900

56,900

19,200

13,400

Subject Matter

84.5

77.2

77.0

87.5

92.6

82.0

Specific Skills

72.6

62.1

66.9

75.4

77.2

69.4

Contacts With Colleagues

79.6

72.0

75.6

81.9

86.5

77.4

Use of Equipment

58.4

61.9

56.3

69.5

46.2

52.4

General Approach

90.4

90.0

92.0

91.9

91.8

89.0

5 Years or Less

22,600

3,500

2,000

5,700

3,300

3,700

Subject Matter

90.7

89.1

84.2

90.6

98.2

87.1

Specific Skills

80.3

76.1

74.9

76.7

87.3

79.1

Contacts With Colleagues

86.3

83.2

75.0

86.7

96.5

82.8

Use of Equipment

64.9

76.6

73.3

72.5

49.8

61.3

General Approach

93.1

97.5

93.3

90.5

96.4

91.8

6-10 Years

30,300

4,700

2,800

11,500

3,800

3,100

Subject Matter

89.3

80.7

85.7

92.5

95.5

86.4

Specific Skills

80.9

71.7

80.3

83.0

86.4

79.5

Contacts With Colleagues

85.2

75.8

87.5

88.5

89.2

81.9

Use of Equipment

69.2

69.6

67.5

80.7

57.3

62.4

General Approach

93.0

92.4

95.6

94.5

90.0

95.0

11-15 Years

27,000

3,400

2,200

11,400

3,900

**

Subject Matter

87.1

83.6

77.5

89.8

92.3

**

Specific Skills

75.1

65.6

71.2

78.7

74.4

**

Contacts With Colleagues

81.8

73.4

80.5

83.9

83.4

**

Use of Equipment

62.2

63.5

65.0

72.9

48.7

**

General Approach

91.0

91.9

90.3

93.5

90.6

**

16-20 Years

25,400

3,200

2,900

10,300

3,400

1,500

Subject Matter

82.1

75.3

69.1

86.3

89.7

78.1

Specific Skills

71.1

58.6

65.7

75.1

72.0

64.1

Contacts With Colleagues

77.4

68.1

69.1

81.5

84.4

70.6

Use of Equipment

54.5

61.2

52.0

66.4

38.2

53.2

General Approach

90.4

89.7

92.9

92.5

90.6

86.2

21-25 Years

22,800

4,800

2,800

7,800

1,800

2,100

Subject Matter

77.5

67.6

69.8

83.0

85.7

74.6

Specific Skills

61.0

50.7

54.8

67.2

66.9

44.3

Contacts With Colleagues

72.2

60.7

73.4

75.1

82.8

72.4

Use of Equipment

49.4

52.8

48.5

61.2

39.7

31.5

General Approach

87.8

88.2

89.4

91.7

92.2

79.4

More than 25 Years

26,300

7,400

4,100

10,200

3,000

1,700

Subject Matter

80.0

73.3

77.9

82.1

90.8

77.3

Specific Skills

66.3

56.7

60.6

69.2

70.1

68.4

Contacts With Colleagues

74.6

72.6

71.4

75.1

80.7

68.7

Use of Equipment

49.8

55.5

44.0

61.0

38.0

39.7

General Approach

87.5

85.2

90.8

87.4

91.3

88.0

NOTE: Percentages represent those who said the aspect of postdoc training was “a great deal” or “somewhat” relevant to their principal job.

*Includes those who held at least one postdoc, but whose principal job was not a postdoc in April 1995.

**Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 30 Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Second Job Status and Occupation

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Held Second Job

15.5

12.2

9.8

8.9

9.4

10.8

12.2

10.8

20.7

19.3

32.7

11.4

No Second Job

84.5

87.8

90.2

91.1

90.6

89.2

87.8

89.2

79.3

80.7

67.3

88.6

Total Holding Second Job (No.)

75,300

*

2,200

4,700

3,300

1,600

2,300

10,500

3,200

13,000

24,800

8,900

Occupation of Second Job

 

Scientists

43.9

*

32.2

34.3

26.5

40.0

42.2

42.7

54.5

36.6

64.7

9.9

Computer Scientists

2.3

*

9.2

1.2

4.3

2.6

2.6

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.0

4.1

Mathematical Scientists

1.6

*

21.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.7

1.4

1.2

1.3

0.9

1.1

Chemists

1.2

*

0.0

18.6

0.0

0.0

0.8

0.2

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

Physicists

0.9

*

0.3

0.1

16.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.6

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Scientists

1.0

*

0.0

2.2

1.5

31.8

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.6

Agricultural/Environmental Scientists

1.0

*

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

23.2

1.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

Biological Scientists

4.8

*

0.1

5.1

1.9

4.6

11.1

23.2

8.3

0.0

0.8

0.7

Health Scientists

6.2

*

1.4

6.1

0.6

0.0

1.9

14.6

40.9

3.0

3.8

1.4

Social Scientists

5.4

*

0.0

0.0

1.5

0.0

2.0

0.3

1.0

29.2

0.5

0.1

Psychologists

19.4

*

0.0

0.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

1.7

1.8

57.6

0.1

Engineers

6.8

*

3.7

2.3

9.3

5.2

2.7

1.0

0.8

0.2

0.0

48.3

Postsecondary Teachers of Science

18.3

*

30.3

23.0

21.0

19.3

11.6

24.8

22.5

19.7

17.0

5.3

Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering

1.8

*

0.7

0.4

2.0

0.0

0.1

0.5

0.3

0.0

0.0

12.9

Other Teachers and Professors

4.3

*

2.6

3.5

4.0

2.8

0.0

2.7

4.2

10.8

3.4

1.9

Top/Mid-Level Managers

2.0

*

2.6

1.9

1.5

1.7

2.9

2.8

2.8

1.9

1.2

3.3

Management-Related Occupations

2.1

*

0.7

1.5

2.6

1.7

1.5

1.1

1.5

4.7

1.2

2.3

Technologists

1.7

*

8.5

2.9

6.9

5.3

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.3

0.4

1.5

Other Occupations

19.2

*

18.7

30.1

26.2

24.0

37.5

23.0

12.3

24.9

12.1

14.6

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 31 Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, * 1995 (in percent)

 

Employment Sector

Second Job Status

Total

Educational Institution

Private For-Profit Company

Self-Employed

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

Government

Other Employer

Employed Population (No.)

484,800

234,900

146,700

28,600

23,800

48,000

2,700

Held Second Job

15.5

18.2

8.9

20.2

23.1

16.6

11.8

No Second Job

84.5

81.8

91.1

79.8

76.9

83.4

88.2

*Employment sector of principal job.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 32 Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Relationship

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Holding Second Job (No.)

75,300

*

2,200

4,700

3,300

1,600

2,300

10,500

3,200

13,000

24,800

8,900

Closely Related

65.9

*

51.8

52.5

37.2

57.8

54.7

52.2

68.6

65.1

82.3

61.2

Somewhat Related

19.4

*

26.9

19.4

25.7

18.8

25.0

26.6

20.9

23.0

11.2

23.0

Not Related

14.8

*

21.3

28.1

37.0

23.4

20.3

21.2

10.5

12.0

6.6

15.8

*Too few cases to estimate.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 33 Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

1995 Status

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Employed in 1995 (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Not Employed in 1993

4.8

7.4

3.0

4.1

4.1

4.7

5.2

5.4

5.1

4.9

3.9

5.7

No Change Since 1993

73.5

60.3

77.9

72.6

74.0

74.1

74.9

72.1

71.6

77.1

75.1

70.7

Change in Employer and Job

10.1

18.7

7.4

10.5

9.9

10.3

7.2

11.2

12.2

8.5

9.6

10.7

Change in Employer Only

4.5

5.4

5.6

3.5

4.6

4.0

4.3

4.5

4.7

3.9

5.8

4.2

Change in Job Only

7.1

8.1

6.0

9.2

7.4

6.9

8.4

6.8

6.4

5.6

5.6

8.7

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 34 Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Reasons for Changing *

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Changing (No.)

105,300

2,100

4,300

12,200

7,500

3,100

3,900

22,000

3,600

12,200

15,900

18,600

Pay/Promotion Opportunities

52.4

59.9

46.1

52.6

42.1

53.7

59.2

53.1

59.7

55.7

51.9

51.6

Working Conditions

28.4

21.8

27.9

23.1

18.1

25.2

24.8

28.9

37.1

30.7

39.3

24.8

Job Location

21.3

30.1

15.9

17.5

14.7

24.1

19.3

21.9

25.3

24.6

25.2

19.6

Family-Related Reasons

10.9

8.7

8.3

7.3

8.9

10.5

10.3

10.5

15.5

13.4

16.8

8.3

School-Related Reasons

13.8

17.1

17.1

13.0

12.2

9.8

9.8

17.2

12.8

10.9

15.8

11.7

Laid Off/Job Terminated

19.0

15.1

20.6

18.5

33.4

25.2

19.3

18.6

16.5

15.7

16.1

18.2

Retired

3.8

0.8

4.5

4.2

5.8

3.5

3.6

4.1

4.5

3.5

4.0

2.4

Other Reason

11.2

9.0

12.2

11.6

11.5

16.7

8.4

9.5

6.8

13.7

13.0

10.4

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 35 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)

 

 

Total Number of Articles

Total Number of Papers

Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector

Total Number Employed

None

1-2

3-5

6-10

More Than 10

Mean No. of Articles

None

1-2

3-5

6-10

More Than 10

Mean No. of Papers

Total

484,800

37.1

19.7

18.0

12.8

12.4

4.7

26.7

16.8

21.7

17.6

17.1

6.4

Field of Doctorate

Computer Sciences

6,400

32.6

25.3

22.6

10.5

8.9

3.6

13.9

20.2

21.7

18.7

25.5

8.4

Mathematical Sciences

22,800

37.9

22.3

17.1

13.3

9.4

4.0

32.8

18.9

23.9

14.2

10.2

4.4

Chemistry

52,500

41.6

18.9

17.2

10.8

11.6

4.6

33.8

19.5

21.9

13.3

11.4

4.9

Physics and Astronomy

34,400

33.3

16.9

15.8

14.6

19.5

6.7

25.2

14.2

21.0

18.9

20.7

7.8

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

14,400

23.3

20.9

21.7

18.9

15.2

5.6

14.7

12.2

24.1

23.9

25.2

8.6

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

19,300

33.9

18.6

17.7

15.1

14.7

4.9

23.5

15.3

19.3

20.8

21.1

7.5

Biological Sciences

97,400

22.4

17.5

21.5

18.0

20.7

7.0

19.2

15.3

23.8

19.9

21.7

7.7

Health Sciences

15,500

26.6

23.9

20.5

14.1

14.8

5.4

18.0

15.5

21.4

21.8

23.2

8.3

Social Sciences

67,600

40.9

22.1

19.6

11.0

6.4

3.1

23.7

16.7

25.2

20.8

13.6

5.5

Psychology

75,800

56.1

17.2

11.9

7.7

7.0

2.8

42.1

16.9

16.1

12.4

12.5

4.7

Engineering

78,600

37.9

22.3

18.4

11.8

9.7

4.1

23.8

18.5

21.1

17.6

18.9

7.1

Employment Sector *

 

Educational Institution

234,900

22.3

19.0

21.6

18.2

18.9

6.7

15.1

14.6

23.2

22.4

24.8

8.8

Private For-Profit Company

146,700

52.1

21.6

14.7

7.2

4.4

2.4

38.1

20.8

21.2

12.1

7.8

3.9

Self-Employed

28,600

71.7

15.3

8.4

2.5

2.0

1.1

58.8

16.8

13.5

6.5

4.5

2.4

Private Not-for-Profit Organization

23,800

42.3

20.5

16.1

9.9

11.1

4.4

31.4

15.3

22.3

16.4

14.7

6.3

Government

48,000

39.6

18.7

17.1

11.9

12.6

4.4

27.6

16.0

20.3

18.7

17.5

3.9

*Those reporting "other" types of employers are not included.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 36 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)

 

 

Total Number of Articles

Total Number of Papers

Academic Position and Tenure Status

Total Number Employed in Academe

None

1-2

3-5

6-10

More Than 10

Mean No. of Articles

None

1-2

3-5

6-10

More Than 10

Mean No. of Papers

Total

229,500

21.0

19.1

22.0

18.6

19.3

6.9

13.9

14.4

23.5

22.9

25.3

8.9

Academic Position *

 

Postdoc Appointee

17,700

6.2

19.2

38.4

24.3

11.9

5.4

4.9

16.5

36.8

27.6

14.2

6.3

Full Professor

80,200

22.8

16.5

17.3

17.4

26.0

9.2

14.8

13.7

21.0

21.8

28.8

10.4

Associate Professor

50,700

19.4

18.4

21.8

18.9

21.6

7.2

12.8

13.1

20.9

23.6

29.5

10.2

Assistant Professor

42,100

13.6

21.6

26.4

23.3

15.0

5.9

7.6

13.3

25.2

26.7

27.2

9.0

Instructor/Lecturer

6,300

39.2

23.9

20.6

11.6

4.7

3.0

26.8

20.3

27.5

16.3

9.0

4.2

Adjunct Faculty

4,700

41.8

24.2

16.2

11.1

6.6

3.2

31.9

19.0

22.4

15.0

11.8

4.9

Not Applicable

24,700

32.1

22.1

20.3

13.4

12.1

4.9

23.1

17.3

22.8

19.1

17.8

6.6

Tenure Status

 

Postdoc Appointee

17,700

6.2

19.2

38.4

24.3

11.9

5.4

4.9

16.5

36.8

27.6

14.2

6.3

Tenured

118,600

22.3

17.5

19.0

17.7

23.5

8.2

14.5

14.0

21.0

22.4

28.1

10.1

On Tenure Track

37,400

11.5

20.2

26.5

24.1

17.7

6.5

6.3

11.9

23.8

27.5

30.5

9.8

Not Tenured

18,500

22.6

22.1

21.1

18.8

15.3

5.7

15.4

15.1

28.1

21.0

20.3

7.3

Not Applicable

37,200

32.4

21.5

19.6

13.2

13.3

5.1

23.0

16.7

22.6

18.6

19.1

7.0

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Those reporting "other" academic ranks were not included in this table.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 37 Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctoarte

Patent Activities

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Employed (No.)

484,800

6,400

22,800

52,500

34,400

14,400

19,300

97,400

15,500

67,600

75,800

78,600

Named as Inventor

12.4

14.3

3.8

30.9

17.4

4.7

8.2

13.0

5.6

0.4

0.9

24.6

Not Named as Inventor

87.6

85.7

96.2

69.1

82.6

95.3

91.8

87.0

94.4

99.6

99.1

75.4

Total Named on Patent Applications

60,100

*

*

16,300

6,000

*

1,600

12,600

*

*

*

19,300

Number of Applications

 

1-2

59.4

*

*

47.6

57.1

*

78.5

71.0

*

*

*

59.0

3-10

35.6

*

*

44.3

38.3

*

21.5

26.1

*

*

*

36.8

More Than 10

5.0

*

*

8.1

4.6

*

0.0

2.8

*

*

*

4.2

Number of Patents Granted

 

None

30.0

*

*

20.9

22.4

*

37.1

43.8

*

*

*

28.2

1-2

45.9

*

*

42.4

51.0

*

48.1

44.5

*

*

*

48.1

3-10

20.6

*

*

29.9

23.3

*

14.8

11.1

*

*

*

20.5

More Than 10

3.5

*

*

6.9

3.4

*

0.0

0.5

*

*

*

3.1

Total with Patents Granted

42,100

*

*

12,900

4,600

*

*

7,100

*

*

*

13,900

Number of Products/Licenses

 

None

48.3

*

*

46.0

51.9

*

*

55.8

*

*

*

47.9

1-2

39.2

*

*

37.1

39.3

*

*

36.4

*

*

*

40.1

More Than 2

12.5

*

*

16.9

8.9

*

*

7.9

*

*

*

12.0

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 38 Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

Membership

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.) *

542,100

6,600

25,100

61,300

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,700

16,900

75,700

82,100

86,900

None

15.6

19.6

18.1

15.8

20.8

9.4

13.4

16.0

7.1

17.7

12.5

16.2

One

21.1

22.4

23.5

28.3

27.4

17.4

18.7

16.6

13.7

14.6

22.9

25.0

Two

23.7

31.2

27.2

26.9

24.3

21.9

25.0

20.5

22.4

21.4

23.8

25.6

Three

17.4

14.6

15.9

15.6

15.4

20.2

19.2

18.4

20.6

19.5

17.1

15.7

Four or More

22.3

12.3

15.3

13.4

12.2

31.1

23.7

28.6

36.3

26.8

23.7

17.6

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 39 Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

 

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Scien- Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.) *

542,100

6,600

25,100

61,300

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,700

16,900

75,700

82,100

86,900

Conducted Foreign Work/Research

38.4

34.1

39.4

38.2

44.6

59.2

49.5

35.1

29.1

52.0

19.6

40.6

Did Not Conduct Foreign Work/Research

61.6

65.9

60.6

61.8

55.4

40.8

50.5

64.9

70.9

48.0

80.4

59.4

Total Conducting Foreign Work/Research

 

Outside the U.S.

207,900

2,200

9,900

23,400

17,300

9,700

11,100

38,500

4,900

39,400

16,100

35,300

Length of Last Trip

 

Less Than One Week

21.6

21.1

21.0

27.7

19.8

15.0

18.6

19.7

31.5

13.2

24.8

30.2

7 to 30 days

43.1

45.8

38.4

38.9

42.4

54.0

55.0

40.4

42.2

44.7

42.0

42.5

1 to 6 months

18.6

18.9

22.3

14.0

18.9

20.4

12.0

20.3

14.8

26.0

17.0

13.0

More than 6 months

16.7

14.1

18.3

19.3

19.0

10.7

14.4

19.6

11.4

16.1

16.2

14.4

Total Not Conducting Foreign Work/Research

 

Outside the U.S.

334,100

4,300

15,200

37,900

21,400

6,700

11,300

71,300

12,000

36,300

66,000

51,600

Reasons for Not Conducting

 

Work/Research **

 

Not Relevant to Career

38.7

27.4

36.0

41.9

41.0

34.9

28.7

32.9

30.2

42.3

44.7

39.4

No Interest

20.7

21.3

28.1

21.5

20.0

16.7

18.4

19.0

18.7

15.1

25.2

20.3

No Time

35.6

46.8

34.3

28.2

31.6

32.5

33.5

37.9

37.8

37.5

40.7

31.5

Unable to Identify Host Institution

17.3

24.0

20.4

15.3

16.9

18.6

18.4

13.8

21.2

16.7

17.1

21.8

Concerns About Losing Place in Job Market

16.1

17.1

11.9

16.7

19.2

10.1

15.0

17.5

13.6

11.2

17.6

16.5

Unaware of Funding Sources

31.3

39.2

31.0

24.3

28.2

33.8

34.2

29.5

37.8

30.6

35.3

32.2

Lack of Foreign Language Skills

15.5

14.8

13.8

12.8

11.8

12.0

20.4

13.7

17.3

17.3

20.5

13.7

Family-Related Reasons

36.5

41.9

39.8

30.6

34.3

29.7

36.7

41.4

41.5

36.7

39.3

29.7

Other Reasons

10.8

7.6

9.8

12.4

11.4

12.8

15.8

10.1

10.5

12.2

7.5

13.1

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 40 Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

 

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.) *

542,100

6,600

25,100

61,300

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,700

16,900

75,700

82,100

86,900

Taken Work-Related Training

52.1

53.8

43.4

49.4

39.2

47.4

58.5

46.6

69.2

48.1

71.8

50.1

No Work-Related Training

47.9

46.2

56.6

50.6

60.8

52.6

41.5

53.4

30.8

51.9

28.2

49.9

Total with Training (No.)

282,600

3,500

10,900

30,300

15,200

7,800

13,100

51,100

11,700

36,400

58,900

43,500

Types of Work-Related Training **

 

Management/Supervisor Training

27.7

21.3

17.9

37.7

29.2

24.3

34.8

28.9

31.7

25.5

17.3

35.1

Training in Occupational Field

77.7

79.9

79.1

71.1

69.5

73.1

75.4

76.1

85.8

69.9

91.5

73.7

General Professional Training

19.8

14.8

15.4

23.3

18.9

18.0

24.6

18.6

19.3

23.4

15.5

22.3

Other Work-Related Training

16.5

18.3

16.8

17.0

19.1

21.7

17.1

17.1

16.2

22.5

11.2

15.2

Reasons for Taking Training **

 

Change Occupational Field

11.1

10.1

14.8

12.3

11.7

11.5

11.0

10.7

12.4

9.4

9.6

13.1

Further Skills in Occupational Field

91.8

88.9

92.8

89.3

86.7

86.0

92.4

91.7

95.9

89.6

96.6

90.7

Licensure/Certification

18.2

3.6

4.2

6.7

5.3

7.6

17.6

15.5

38.5

8.9

45.3

6.0

Increase Opportunities

29.6

33.8

32.3

33.8

28.6

28.5

34.0

29.1

32.3

28.1

22.4

35.8

Learn Skills for New Position

26.6

34.5

24.7

32.8

29.6

27.3

24.4

27.5

29.2

21.3

19.4

33.6

Required or Expected by Employer

33.0

34.0

32.0

42.1

40.7

34.4

36.1

33.0

32.2

32.5

23.0

37.4

Other Reasons

7.1

7.8

7.9

6.6

7.3

9.2

6.0

6.6

6.0

10.5

6.5

5.8

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.

**Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×

TABLE 41 Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April 1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)

 

Field of Doctorate

 

All Fields

Computer Sciences

Mathematical Sciences

Chemistry

Physics and Astronomy

Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences

Agricultural/Environmental Sciences

Biological Sciences

Health Sciences

Social Sciences

Psychology

Engineering

Total Population (No.)

542,500

6,600

25,200

61,400

38,700

16,500

22,400

109,900

16,900

75,800

82,200

87,000

Courses Taken

 

Took Courses

5.9

5.2

5.1

5.2

4.8

6.3

5.8

5.9

8.5

5.4

6.9

5.9

Did Not Take Courses

94.1

94.8

94.9

94.8

95.2

93.7

94.2

94.1

91.5

94.6

93.1

94.1

Total Taking Courses

32,000

**

**

3,200

1,900

**

**

6,500

**

4,100

5,700

5,200

Reasons for Taking Courses *

 

Further Education Before Career

25.3

**

**

22.9

32.5

**

**

33.2

**

20.6

17.6

25.0

Prepare for Graduate School

2.1

**

**

0.1

5.5

**

**

1.9

**

1.4

0.8

4.1

Change Field

26.3

**

**

24.0

40.9

**

**

32.2

**

27.4

20.4

24.1

Gain Further Skills

62.5

**

**

52.6

58.3

**

**

62.6

**

61.9

67.8

61.0

Licensure/Certification

18.9

**

**

17.6

7.5

**

**

25.5

**

15.0

30.2

7.1

Increase Opportunities

37.8

**

**

42.3

34.4

**

**

41.6

**

33.2

28.4

46.4

Required by Employer

9.6

**

**

14.5

10.2

**

**

10.9

**

9.4

7.2

7.7

Leisure/Personal Interest

52.0

**

**

51.7

56.5

**

**

47.9

**

57.1

52.9

52.6

Other Reason

4.7

**

**

2.7

0.0

**

**

4.7

**

5.6

6.6

3.4

School-Related Costs

 

Employer Paid Costs

45.0

**

**

51.5

51.7

**

**

40.7

**

48.4

34.0

55.2

Employer Did Not Pay Cost

55.0

**

**

48.5

48.3

**

**

59.3

**

51.6

66.0

44.8

Degree/Certificate Status

 

Completed Degree/Certificate

15.8

**

**

17.0

11.7

**

**

20.3

**

12.7

11.7

17.5

Did Not Complete Degree/Certificate

84.2

**

**

83.0

88.3

**

**

79.7

**

87.3

88.3

82.5

NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total.

*Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded.

**Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed.

SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.

Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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Suggested Citation:"Contents." National Research Council. 1998. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9524.
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