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Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States
TABLE 28 Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
Field of Doctorate
Characteristics
All Fields *
Chemistry
Physics and Astronomy
Biological Sciences
Psychology
Engineering
Total 1995 Postdocs
22,800
2,400
2,700
10,900
1,600
1,800
Years Since Doctorate
5 Years or Less
84.9
87.0
86.2
85.5
75.3
91.6
6-10 Years
9.4
7.5
8.3
10.7
9.8
6.7
11-15 Years
2.3
0.9
2.2
1.6
7.2
1.8
25 Years or More
3.4
4.6
3.3
2.1
7.8
0.0
Gender
Male
66.8
74.0
92.2
59.6
35.3
86.0
Female
33.2
26.0
7.8
40.4
64.7
14.0
Race/Ethnic Group
White
67.6
57.2
63.6
71.3
88.4
40.5
Black
1.5
2.0
0.3
1.3
1.9
0.5
Asian
27.0
35.6
33.8
23.8
5.2
56.5
Native American
3.5
5.1
0.6
3.4
3.1
2.3
Hispanic
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.2
0.5
0.1
Age in 1995
34 or Younger
58.1
66.0
71.8
60.3
39.2
62.1
35-44
33.9
27.4
23.2
34.6
34.3
32.2
45 or Older
7.9
6.7
5.0
4.8
26.7
5.7
Citizenship
U.S. Citizen
71.0
62.5
64.0
76.3
93.7
36.9
Non U.S. Citizen
29.0
37.5
36.0
23.7
6.3
63.1
Sector
Educational Institution
54.9
53.6
51.1
57.1
49.8
48.2
Business/Industry
6.6
4.9
6.0
6.9
5.7
12.0
Government
33.1
38.9
40.0
30.5
24.5
38.9
Other
5.4
2.5
2.9
5.6
20.0
0.9
Employment Benefits **
Received Health Benefits
83.5
88.7
89.6
86.7
57.1
73.3
Received Pension Benefits
37.2
43.3
49.6
34.5
17.9
31.9
* Includes all science and engineering doctorates on postdoctoral appointments in 1995, including fields not shown separately in this table.
** Does not add to 100 because some respondents and both benefits.
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995.
