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The project was supported by the U.S. Army under contract No. DAMD 17-89-C-9086.
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Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
SUBCOMMITTEE ON GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY FIELD DRINKING-WATER QUALITY
IAN A. GREAVES (Chair),
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
GEORGE B. KOELLE,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
LOREN D. KOLLER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
ROBERT I. KRIEGER,
University of California, Riverside, Calif.
JOSEPH J. SAADY,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.
DOUGLAS K. STEVENS,
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
ANNETTA P. WATSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Project Director
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor
CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant
LUCY FUSCO, Project Assistant
Sponsor: U.S. Army
COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.
DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),
Raleigh, N.C.
DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,
University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.
DAVID W. GAYLOR,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.
WALDERICO M. GENEROSO,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
IAN A. GREAVES,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
SIDNEY GREEN,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Md.
LOREN D. KOLLER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.
ROBERT SNYDER,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
ANNETTA P. WATSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,
University of California, Davis, Calif.
GERALD N. WOGAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
GAROLD S. YOST,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
MICHAEL J. BEAN,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
EULA BINGHAM,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
EDWIN H. CLARK II,
Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.
ALLAN H. CONNEY,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J.
ELLIS COWLING,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
JOHN L. EMMERSON,
Portland, Oreg.
ROBERT C. FORNEY,
Unionville, Pa.
ROBERT A. FROSCH,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
KAI LEE,
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.
JANE LUBCHENCO,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
GORDON ORIANS,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
FRANK L. PARKER,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
GEOFFREY PLACE,
Hilton Head, S.C.
DAVID P. RALL,
Washington, D.C.
LESLIE A. REAL,
Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE,
University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
BURTON H. SINGER,
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
MARGARET STRAND,
Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.
GERALD VAN BELLE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Staff Program Directors, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
BRUCE N. AMES,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J. MICHAEL BISHOP,
University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
JOHN E. BURRIS,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
MICHAEL T. CLEGG,
University of California, Riverside, Calif.
GLENN A. CROSBY,
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
MARIAN E. KOSHLAND,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
SUSAN E. LEEMAN,
Boston University, Boston, Mass.
RICHARD E. LENSKI,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
EMIL A. PFITZER,
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N.J.
MALCOLM C. PIKE,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
HENRY C. PITOT III,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
JONATHAN M. SAMET,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
HAROLD M. SCHMECK, JR.,
North Chatham, Mass.
CARLA J. SHATZ,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
SUSAN S. TAYLOR,
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
P. ROY VAGELOS,
Merck & Company, Whitehouse Station, N.J.
JOHN L. VANDEBERG,
Southwestern Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.
PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director
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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
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Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
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Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)
Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)
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Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygeine Agency Toxicology Division (1991)
Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)
These reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press.
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Preface
In 1992, the U.S. Army requested the National Research Council (NRC) to review its proposed field drinking-water-quality standards for several chemical warfare (CW) agents. The proposed standards had been developed by the Army, in collaboration with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, as a defensive measure to protect the health and performance of U.S. and NATO military personnel in the event of a chemical attack.
In response to the Army's request, the NRC organized the Subcommittee on Guidelines for Military Field Drinking-Water Quality within the Committee on Toxicology. The subcommittee met several times beginning in February 1993 to address the toxicity of various CW agents, the adequacy of proposed field-water-quality standards, and the Army's assumptions in developing the field-water-quality standards. The subcommittee comprised professionals with expertise in toxicology, epidemiology, medicine, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, analytical chemistry, and public health. We hope that the report of this subcommittee will be useful in protecting the health and performance of U.S. and NATO military personnel.
The subcommittee was greatly assisted by several individuals who provided information on the toxicity of the CW agents considered in this report. We gratefully acknowledge Colonel Frederick Erdtmann and Colonel Eric Evenson of the U.S. Army for their interest and support of
the project. We also thank other persons who provided information for the subcommittee, including Lieutenant Colonel Gary M. Bratt (U.S. Army), Jeffery Daniels (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and Stephen Schaub (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
We are grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in the preparation of this report. In particular, the subcommittee wishes to acknowledge Kulbir S. Bakshi, project director for the subcommittee and program director for the Committee on Toxicology, whose hard work and expertise were most effective in bringing this report to completion. Other staff members who contributed to this effort are Paul Gilman, executive director of the Commission on Life Sciences; James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Carol A. Maczka, program director for toxicology and risk assessment; Ruth E. Crossgrove, editor; and Lucy Fusco, project assistant.
Last, but by no means least, the work of all the members of the subcommittee is greatly appreciated.
Ian A. Greaves, Chair
Subcommittee on Guidelines for Military
Field-Drinking Water Quality
Rogene F. Henderson, Chair
Committee on Toxicology