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3 TRENDS IN DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS Continued but Slowing Increase in Research Doctorate Awards The 392 colleges and universities in the United States and its territories that conferred research doctorates in ~ 996 awarded a record 42,4 ~ 5 doctorate degrees. As shown in Figure I, the number of doctorates earned at U.S. colleges and universities increased steeply throughout the ~ 960s. Doctorate production reached a peak in ~ 973, declined slightly in the mid- ~ 970s, and leveled off through ~ 985. Since ~ 986 the number of doctorate recipients has again grown each year, and the ~ 996 figure continued the upward trend in doctorates awarded. (See Table I, page 35.) Rate of Growth While the number of Ph.D.si awarded has increased since ~ 986, the rate of growth in the past decade has not matched the rate of growth in the ~ 960s and has generally been below the average annual growth rate of 4 percent for the past 40 years. (See Table 2, page 35.) Figure 2 shows that annual growth rates for 1960 to 1970 ranged from 5.6 to 14.6 percent as doctoral programs and the number of institutions offering doctoral degrees expanded. This was a period in which the numbers of undergraduate and graduate students grew because of the baby boom, an increase in federal support for higher education, the availability of drabs deferments for graduate study through ~ 968, and institutional expansion accommodating growing scientific research brought by the Cold War.2 Growth rates for the period 1986 to 1996 ranged from I.5 to 5.! percent. Doctorate awards increased only I.6 percent from 1995 to 1996. Nearly two-thirds of the increase in doctorate awards from 1986 to ~996 63 percent-was due to a doubling in the number of non-U.S. citizens receiving Ph.D.s in the United States during that period. Trends in Baccalaureate, Master's, and Doctorate Degrees The trends in the number of research doctorate awards have been roughly similar to trends in the number of baccalaureates and master's degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities since 1961. There were substantial increases in each degree category in the 1960s, particularly for doctorates, slower growth and/or declines in the 1970s and early ~ 980s, growing numbers of awards from the mid-198Os through the early ~ 990s, and still stronger growth in the mid- ~ 990s. "'Ph.D." is used in this report to refer to Me doctor of philosophy degree and recipients of this degree and to any of the other research doctoral degrees covered by the survey. Over 88 percent of the degrees earned in 1996 were the doctor of philosophy. More than two-thirds of the remaining degrees were Ed.D.s or other doctorates in education. A hill list of included degrees can be found inside the back cover. 2See, for example, William G. Bowen and Neil L. Rudenstine, In Pursuit of the Ph.D., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 23.
4 FIGURE 1 Doctorates awarded by U.S. colleges and universities, 1956-1996. 45,000 40,000 35,000 cot ~30,000 o o 25,000 20,000 1 5,000 10,000 5,000 O See Table 1, page 35. ~T T T ' T T T ~, , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 11~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. 1981 1986 1991 1996 FIGURE 2 Annual grown or decline in doctorates awarded by U.S. colleges and universities, 1957-1996. 20% 15% as ·s cat 1 0% a so-so C) oo/o See Table 2, page 35. _ _ . _ . . ~J ~ ~ ~ -solo 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
5 While patterns of growth have been similar, the rate of growth has differed for each degree. The number of master's degrees awarded has grown fastest since ~ 96 l, followed by the number of doctorates and then the number of baccalaureates.3 Doctorates per Institution The number of doctorate-granting institutions has increased substantially and steadily since the early ~ 960s, even in periods when the number of doctorates awarded was declining or stabilizing. The number of institutions granting doctorates was ~ 74 in 1961, climbed to 242 by 1971,325 by 1981, and 367 by 1991. In 1996, 392 institutions in the United States and its territories granted research doctorates. (See Table 3, page 36.) As seen in Figure 3, the number of doctorates granted per institution annually has fluctuated over time, though it has increased overall since ~961. During the ~960s, when doctorate production tripled, the average number of Ph.D.s per institution doubled, from 60 in 1961 to 122 in 1970. As the number of institutions granting doctorates continued growing in the ~ 970s even though the number of doctorates awarded decreased, the number of Ph.D.s per institution steadily declined to the low nineties by the early 198Os. Since the late 198Os the number of doctorates awarded has grown faster than the number of institutions awarding ~20 00 cot o o cot o id 80 60 40 20 a See Table 3, page 36. them, and the number of doctorates per institution has increased to almost ~ ~ 0. FIGURE 3 Mean number of doctorates awarded by U.S. colleges and universities per institution, 1961- 1996. __ ,~~` ,~ f ~~ - __ _~ i__ 1961 1966 1971 1976 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. 1981 1986 1991 1996 3U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1993, NCES 93-292, by Thomas D. Snyder and Charlene M. Hoffman, Washington,D.C., 1993, p. 243, and Projections of Education Statistics to 2007, NCES 97-382, by Debra E. Gerald and William J. Hussar, Washington, D.C.: 1997, pp. 61-62.
6 Field of Doctorate Trends in the number of doctorates awarded have varied by field. This section discusses trends for science and engineering fields, which have experienced sustained growth in the aggregate, and for humanities, education, and professional fields, which are rebounding after a collective decline. Science and Engineering Fields As can be seen in Figure 4, the number of doctorate awards in the four science and engineering broad fields has grown substantially in the past several decades. Together, they have grown in number, from ~ 1,633 in 1966 to 28,049 in 1996. (See Table 4, page 37.) . In 1996 more doctorates were awarded in life sciences than in any other broad field. The annual number of doctorates awarded in the life sciences grew from 5,734 in ~ 986 to 8,255 in 1996, a 44 percent increase. Within the life sciences, growth was fueled by a 72 percent increase in doctorates in health sciences and a 50 percent increase in biological sciences in the past decade. Doctorates in agricultural sciences grew only 4 percent since 1986. Though ranking second in the number of doctorates awarded among all broad fields, social sciences had below-average growth among broad fields over the past decade, growing at just 16 percent from 5,893 in 1986 to 6,814 in 1996. There were, however. substantial differences in growth among the major social science fields in the past decade: political science/international relations grew by 47 percent, economics by 17 percent, and psychology by 7 percent; sociology grew by 5 percent and anthropology by 4 percent. Sociology and anthropology decreased from ~ 986 to ~ 99 ~ by 5 and ~ 0 percent, respectively, before rebounding in the past five years. The "other" social sciences collectively grew by 57 percent, indicating more rapid growth among smaller fine fields. The annual number of doctorates in physical sciences grew from 4,807 to 6,675, or by 39 percent, between ~ 986 and ~ 996. The number of doctorates in ~ 996, though, is ~ 33 fewer than in ~ 995. This broad field contains two major fields that have grown strongly in the past decade: computer sciences grew 131 percent and mathematics 54 percent since ~ 986. These two fields, however, dropped in the number of awards by ~ and 6 percent, respectively, from 1995 to 1996. helping to account for most of the overall · · ~ · ~ decrease In physical science awards from 1995 to 1996. Engineering, which ranked fifth overall in number of awards, had both the most rapid growth and the largest numerical growth of any broad field from ~ 986 to ~ 996. The annual number of engineering doctorate awards grew from 3,376 to 6,305~r 87 percent-between 1986 and 1996.
7 Humanities, Education, and Professional Fields As shown in Figure 5, education, humanities, and professional/other fields experienced strong growth in the ~ 960s and early ~ 970s, with their aggregate numbers increasing from 6,3 ~ 6 in ~ 966 to 14~363 in ~ 976. The total number of doctorates in these fields in 1996, though, was 14,366, almost the same as in 1976. (See Table 4, page 37.) Humanities doctorates increased in the 1960s and early 1970s, only to experience a sharp decline from ~ 974 to ~ 985. The number of humanities doctorates has since increased substantially, registering the second fastest growth rate among broad fields for the period 1986 to 1996, during which time the field grew 48 percent, from 3,461 to 5,] 16. History led this recent growth with a 52 percent increase from ~ 986 to ~ 996. American/English language and literature and foreign language and literature also had strong growth at 41 and 36 percent, respectively. As with other high-growth fields, these three major fields had declines in annual awards from 1995 to 1996. Doctorates in the "other" humanities grew at 52 percent, indicating strong growth in smaller fields. · After a period of tremendous growth that peaked in the ~ 970s, the number of doctorates in education fields slowly declined until the late 198Os, when the number of education doctorates began to grow again. The number of annual doctorates in education rose from 6,649 to 6,772 by just 2 percent-between ~ 986 and ~ 996. This represents the smallest numerical and percentage growth among the broad fields. Teacher education and teaching fields registered large decreases in annual awards of 24 percent each between 1986 and 1996. Growth in education has come in "other" fields. . Professional and other fields, the smallest of the broad fields at 2,478 in ~ 996, has enjoyed sustained growth over the past three decades. The number for ~ 996, though, is 7 percent less than in 1995. Among professional/other fields, communications increased 5 ~ percent in the number of awards and business and management increased 4 ~ percent from ~ 986 to ~ 996. As with other high growth fields, though, business and management declined from 1995 to 1996 in awards. Communications Ph.D.s slowed to just 2 percent growth in the past year.
8 FIGURE 4 Science and engineering doctorates awarded by broad field, 1966-1996. 9,000 8,000 7,000 ~ _~ u, 6,000- . _ ~ 5000 i3,000 2,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,000 See Table 4, page 37. of 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year SOllRCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. ~ Life Sciences Physical Sciences - Social Sciences Engineering FIGURE 5 Education, humanities, and professional/other doctorates awarded by broad field, 1966-1996. 9,000 8,000 7,000 u, ~ 6,000 . lo 5,000 ° 4,000 3 000 ~ ' 2,000 1,000 O IN ,} ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,,,,,,,,,, I, ~- l 1966 1971 1976 See Table 4, page 37. 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Education I Humaluties Professional/Other I
9 Gender As seen in Figure 6, women earned 16,945 research doctorates in 1996, or 40 percent of the 42,415 doctorates awarded by U.S. colleges and universities that year. This figure is about eight times the number reported in ~ 966, when women earned 2,086 Ph.D.s., or about 12 percent of all Ph.D.s. Men earned 25,470 doctorates in 1996, up from 1995 and the highest number earned by men since 1975. The highest number ever earned by men was 27,754 in 1972. (See Table 5, page 38, and Appendix Table B-2, pages 95-97.) FIGURE 6 Doctorate recipients, total and by gender, 1966-1996. 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 2s,000 20,000 5,000 0,000 s,ooo o . By. 1 l ~ . 1 r · ~ ~ · ~ ~ i . 1, ~ I I I I ~r I I I I I I I I I ~I I I I I ~3 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year See Table 5, page 38, and Appendix Table ~2, pages 95-97. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. . I ~ Total Men Women As seen in Figure 7, the percentage of Ph.D.s earned by women in the United States has increased considerably, especially in the past 30 years. Between World Wars ~ and Il. women generally earned between ~ 3 and ~ ~ percent of doctorates awarded in the United States. Abler peaking slightly above 20 percent of all Ph.D.s during World War IT, the percentage of doctorates earned by women dropped below ~ O percent from ~ 949 to ~ 956 and then stabilized around ~ ~ percent in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After 1965 the percentage of doctorates earned by women rose at a crisp pace until the 19SOs, when it leveled off around 35 percent. The percentage has risen since 1989 to 40 percent in 1996.4 (See Table 6, page, 39.) 4While women constituted 40 percent of all doctorate recipients in 1996, they have earned the majority of baccalaureate and master's degrees for some time. In 1995, the most recent year for which data are available, women earned about 55 percent of baccalaureate and master's degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities (U.S. DeparUnent of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 'Completions" survey, 1994-1995~.
10 FIGURE 7 Percentage of doctorates Mom U.S. colleges and universities earned by women, 1921-1996. solo 4so/o 4oo/o 3So/o 3oo/o 25% 20% 15% 1 oo/o 5o/o oo/o See Table 6, page 39. 1921 1936 1951 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. . 1966 1981 1996 As seen in Figure 8, the percentage of doctorates earned by women has risen even more dramatically among U.S. citizens. The number of U.S. men earning doctorates has risen since their low number in 1987. Still, at 14,700 in 1996, U.S. men earned only three- quarters of the number of doctorates they earned in the early ~ 970s. Meanwhile, the number of U.S. women earning Ph.D.s has risen steadily. Thus, while women earned just one-quarter of doctorates earned by U.S. citizens in ~ 976, they earned 47 percent of doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in 1996. Among non-U.S. citizens with permanent visas, women earned 34 percent of doctorates in 1996; among temporary residents, women earned 23 percent.
11 FIGURE 8 U.S. citizen doctorate recipients, total and by gender, 1976-1996. 30,000 25,000 can ~ 20,000 car o c40 o ao ~10,000 1 5,000 5,000 o See Appendix Table B-2, pages 95-97. r _ ~ _ 1 he' 1~'1~~1~~1~~ T ~i 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of [Darned Doctorates. Gender by Field I U.S. Citizens - ~ Men ~ Women While women have earned an ever-larger percentage of Ph.D.s, the number and percentage of Ph.D.s earned by women varied substantially by field as can be seen in Figure 9. (See Table 5, page 38.) · In ~ 996 a greater number of doctorates were awarded to men than to women in five of seven broad fields. Women remained outnumbered in life sciences (earning 44 percent of Ph.D.s), professional/other fields (38 percent), physical sciences (21 percent), and engineering (12 percent). In the fifth field, humanities, men earned only slightly more Ph.D.s than women (2,572 men and 2,544 women). Women continued to earn the majority of doctorates in education (62 percent). For the second year in a row, women also outnumbered men in social sciences (3,514 to 3,300~. The number of female Ph.D.s has increased in every broad field over the past 30 years, and gains continued from ~ 995 to 1996 in every broad field except physical sciences, for which the number of women dropped from 1,499 to I,3 84, and professional/other fields, in which the number of women dropped from 980 to 953.
12 · The field with the highest growth rate for women in the past decade was engineering, in which the number of female doctorates increased by 245 percent, growing from 225 in 1986 to 776 in 1996. Engineering, though, remains the broad field in which women earned the fewest and smallest percentage of doctorates. The largest numerical change for women was in life sciences, in which the number of women jumped from 1,984 in ~ 986 to 3,595 in ~ 996. Women earned their highest number of doctorates in education, at 4,~79 in ~996; this field had the slowest growth rate for women over the past decade, at just ~ 6 percent. FIGURE 9 Number of female doctorate recipients, by field, 1986, 1991, 1996. 4,500 4,000 3,soo u' 3,000 a o 0 2,000 ,500 2,500 ,000 500 . a See Table 5, page 38. ~! ~ ~ ;1 ~,. 1 1 16 Physical Engineering Life Sciences Sciences ~ 0 1986 Social Humanities Sciences ~ 1991 0 1996 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. Education Professional/ Other
13 Race/Ethnicib U.S. minorities earned a record number of Ph.D.s in ~ 996, increasing from 3,5 ~ 7 awards in ~ 995 to 3,542 in ~ 996, while the number of white U.S. citizens earning Ph.D.s declined to 23,856 in 1996 from 23,920 in 1995~he highest number of whites since 1976. As in 1995, almost 13 percent of the doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in 1996 were earned by racial/ethnic minorities Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians up from percent in ~ 994.s The overall minority share of doctorates has increased by over 6 percentage points since 1976. (See Table 7, page 40, and Appendix Table B-2, pages 95-97.) Among U.S. citizens, as shown in Figures ~ O and ~ I, three of the four racial/ethnic minority groups reached record numbers in 1996: · The number of blacks receiving doctorates increased ~ 8.9 percent from I, ~ 0 ~ in ~ 994 to ~ ,309 in ~ 995, and the number of blacks remained at this higher level with I,3 ~ 5 in ~ 996. At 4.8 percent in ~ 996, blacks earned their highest proportion among U.S. Ph.D.s ever. . . Of the ~ ~ institutions awarding the most baccalaureates to blacks who later received Ph.D.s between 1992 and ~ 996, ~ ~ are Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). (See Table 9, page 42.) Three HBCUs are also among the 20 institutions that awarded the most Ph.D.s to blacks between 1992 and 1996. (See Table 10, page 43.) The number of Asians receiving doctorates increased by 20 percent from 950 in ~994 to 1,140 in 1995 but decreased slightly to 1,091 in 1996, still a 15 percent increase over ~ 994. Asians received 4 percent of all doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in ~ 996, three times as high as in 1976. Hispanics continued to increase their numbers among U.S. citizens receiving doctorates, rising from 884 in 1994 to 919 in 1995 and 950 in 1996. Their share of U.S. citizen doctorates is now nearly 3.5 percent. The number of American Indians receiving doctorates jumped 25 percent from 149 in 1995 to 186 in 1996, their highest number ever among U.S. citizens. The percentage of U.S. citizens earning Ph.D.s who are American Indians increased from 0.2 percent in ~ 976 to 0.7 percent in ~ 996. 5"Asians" includes Asians and Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives.
14 FIGURE 10 Minority Ph.D.s among U.S. citizens, by race/e~nicity, 1976-1996. 1,400 1,200 ~ 1,000 o O 800 ~600 Z 400 200 O. at_ ~.~ _ ~ _ it_ -X ~ X X - . ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1976 1981 1986 Year See Table 7, page 40, and Appendix Table B-2, pages 95-97. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. 1991 1996 FIGURE 11 Percentage of doctorates earned by U.S. minorities, 1976 and 1996. 6% so-so 4o/o Solo 2% 1 Ohio oo/o - ~ Black - ~ Asian - `. Hispanic X American Indian 4.8% 3.5o/o 4.0% 0.7°/O Blacks Hispanics Asians American Indians ~1976 1 .1996 NOTE: Percentages are based on the number of U.S. citizen Ph.D.s with known race/ethnicity. The category of "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. The category "Asians" includes Pacific Islanders. See Table 7, page 40. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
15 Race by Field Racial and ethnic minorities received almost ~ 3 percent of all doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens in ~ 996. As a group they accounted for more than ~ 6 percent of doctorates in both education and engineering. They accounted for between 9 and 13 percent of Ph.D.s in each of the remaining broad fields. (See Tables 7 and 8, pages 40 and 41 .) . . . In 1996 blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians eamed their largest numbers of doctorates in the fields of education or social sciences. Life sciences and engineering were the leading fields for Asians. Among blacks, 44 percent of all doctorates were in the field of eclucation in 1996 as in 1995. Blacks received 10 percent of all Ph.D.s awarded to U.S. citizens in that field. Another 20 percent of blacks earned their Ph.D.s in social sciences. In 1996 half of all doctorates earned by Asians were in life sciences and engineering. Asians received percent of Ph.D.s awarder! to U.S. citizens in engineering and about 6 percent in life sciences. In 1996 almost half of the doctorates earned by Hispanics were in education or social sciences. Another 30 percent received their Ph.D.s in life sciences and humanities. More than 50 percent of all doctorates earned by American Indians in 1996 were in education and social sciences. Indeed, about half of the large increase from ~ 99S to ~ 996 in doctorate awards to American Indians was in the field of education, with the next largest numerical increase in social sciences. FIGURE 12 Percentage of doctorates earned by U.S. minorities, by broad field, 1996. 20% 8% 6% 14% 12% 0% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 12.9% AllFields Engineer- Education ing 16.g% 16. 1% 12.6% 12.4% 12.4% Social Prof./Other Life Sciences Sciences 10.1% 9~;O/,, Physical Humanities Sciences NOTE: Percentages are based on the total number of U.S. citizen Ph.D.s whose race/ethnicity is known. Minorities include Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. See Tables 7 and 8, pages 40 and 41. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
16 Citizenship U.S. citizens earned slightly over two-thirds of the doctorates awarded to those with known citizenship in ~ 996. After a one-year drop in numbers from ~ 994 to 1995, the number of non-U.S. Ph.D.s increased again in 1996. Non-U.S. citizens, in fact, account for most of the growth in the overall number of Ph.D.s since ~ 986. Meanwhile, trends among doctorate recipients from China have affected the percentage of non-U.S. citizens holding permanent as opposed to temporary visas in the past five years. The percentage of permanent residents increased substantially from 1992 to 1995, in 1996 it decreased. (See Tables ~ ~ and 12, pages 44 and 45.) . As shown in Figure 13, the number of U.S. citizens earning doctorates in 1996 was 27,741, one more than the 27,740 earned in 1995. This 1996 figure is the second highest number of doctorates ever earned by U.S. citizens. The highest number was 27,914 in 1973. The number of non-U.S. citizens earning doctorates in ~ 996 was the highest ever, increasing to 13,375, after a small decline from 1994 to 1995. The number for 1996 is double the number of non-U.S. citizens earning Ph.D.s in ~ 986, when there were 6,709 non-U.S. Ph.D.s. During this period, the percentage of doctorates granted to non-U.S. citizens increased from 23 to 33 percent of all doctorates awarded. The mix of temporary and permanent visa holders among the growing numbers of non- U.S. citizens earning Ph.D.s in the United States shifted dramatically over the past five years. The total number of temporary visa holders declined in ~ 993, ~ 994, and ~ 995, while the number of permanent visa holders grew dramatically. Temporary visa holders dropped from 83 percent of non-U.S. citizens in 1991 and 1992 to just 67 percent in ~ 995. In ~ 996, however, the number of temporary residents grew again in number and in percentage of all non-U.S. citizens, climbing back to 72 percent. As seen in Figure 14, this change tracks the implementation of provisions in the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992. This act made thousands of citizens of China who had been students in the United States at the time of the ~ 989 Tiananmen Square massacre eligible for permanent residency here as of July I, ~ 993. It thus drove up the number of Chinese students graduating with permanent visas from 192 (or 9 percent of all Chinese Ph.D.s3 in 1992 to 2,366 (or 80 percent of ally in 1995. As the remaining number of Chinese students who were enrolled here in ~ 989 dwindles, the percentage holding permanent visas at graduation is reversing~ropping from 80 percent in ~ 995 to just 56 percent in ~ 996. It will likely drop further next year.
17 FIGURE 13 Doctorate recipients by citizenship status, 1966-1996. 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 See Table 11, page 44. 1 LG~ o . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1, 1 1 ~ 1 1966 1971 1976 1981 Year _, - 1986 1991 1996 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. - ~ U.S. Citizens 0 Non-U.S. Citizens - ~ Temporary Visas - ~ Permanent Visas FIGURE 14 Percentage of Ph.D.s who are permanent residents, by country of citizenship, 1990- 1996. 1 00% 9oo/o 80% 7oo/o 60% 5oo/o 40°/O 3oo/o 20% 1 0% oo/o See Table 12, page 45. at, L _ - 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 Year 1994 1995 1996 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. - ~ China _ - Other non-U.S. ~
18 Country of Citizenship Even with the drop in the percentage of Chinese who hold permanent visas, China remains the leading country of citizenship by far among non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s. The number of Chinese earning Ph.D.s in the United States continued to increase, jumping from 2,979 in 1995 to 3,200 in 1996. In ~ 996 India became the second-largest country of citizenship, passing Korea and Taiwan, as seen in Figure ~ 5. In 1990 India ranked fourth behind Korea, China, and Taiwan. The number of Ph.D. recipients from Korea began to decline in 1992 and from Taiwan in 1994, while the number from India grew steadily. Taiwan now ranks third and Korea fourth. Canada is the fifch-largest non-U.S country of origin for Ph.D.s. Together, China and India accounted for much ofthe growth in non-U.S. Ph.D.s in the past five years. In 1991 there were 2,843 Chinese and Indian Ph.D.s. In 1996 the number had increased to 4,681. This increase of 1,838 is 83 percent of all of the growth in non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s during that period. Together, they now represent 35 percent of all non-U.S. citizens earning doctorates in the United States. One new country of note on the list of top 20 countries of origin for non-U.S. citizens is Russia, now ranked eighteenth. In 1996, ~ 14 Russians earned their Ph.D.s in the United States, up from 45 in ~ 995, ~ ~ in ~ 994, and just 5 in ~ 993. FIGURE 15 Leading countries of origin for non-U.S. citizen doctorate recipients, 1990-1996. 3,500 3,000 2,500 o O 2,000 ° 1 500 ~ ' if 1,000 500 Year See Table 13, page 46, for country rankings in 1996. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. / ~%,, ~ 0 1 ~1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 1994 1995 1996 China India T. i` alwan X Korea Canada
19 Institutions The institutions that granted the most Ph.D.s to non-U.S. citizens in 1996 were largely the same as those that granted the most Ph.D.s generally. The top 20 institutions granting doctorates to non-U.S. citizens, for example, were all among the top 25 doctorate- granting institutions. The institutions granting the most Ph.D.s to non-U.S. citizens were Ohio State University, University of Texas-Austin, University of Minnesota, University of Illinois-Champaign/Urbana, and Purdue University. (See Table 14, page 46.) Citizenship by Field As seen in Figures 16 and 17, non-U.S. citizens earned 33 percent of all doctorates awarded in the Uniter! States in ~ 996, but their number and percentage within each field varied considerably-from 58 percent of Ph.D.s in engineering and 47 percent in physical sciences to just ~ 0 percent in education. (See Table ~ I, page 44.) . . . . Non-U.S. citizens have for some time made up a larger percentage of new Ph.D.s in engineering than in other disciplines, but that may be changing. The percentage of awards in life sciences made to non-U.S. citizens grew from 19 percent in 1986 to 38 percent in 1996, and in physical sciences from 33 to 47 percent during that period. Meanwhile, the percentage in engineering increased from 55 percent in 1986 to more than 60 percent and has since decreased to 58 percent. Also, while there has been a larger number of non-U.S. Ph.D.s in engineering than in other fields, the number of non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s in life sciences increased more rapidly than the number in engineering from 1986 to 1996. The number of non-U.S. citizens earning Ph.D.s in engineering increased 105 percent, from 1,715 in 1986 to 3,508 in ~ 996, but the number of non-U.S. citizens in life sciences increased ~ 84 percent, from 1,076 in 1986 to 3,057 in 1996. While the three top fields for temporary and permanent visa holders were the same, their orders were reversed. Temporary residents earned their greatest number of degrees in 1996 in engineering (2,716), physical sciences (2,161), and life sciences (2,040~. Permanent residents earned their greatest number of degrees in life sciences (l,017), physical sciences (839), and engineering (792~. Meanwhile, U.S. citizens earned their greatest number of degrees in education (5,866), social sciences (5,195), and life sciences (5,014~.
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22 Time to Degree Total time to degree (TTD) measures the number of years elapsed between receipt of the baccalaureate and receipt of the Ph.D. Registered time to degree (RTD) gauges the amount of time a person was enrolled in educational programs between receipt of the baccalaureate and receipt ofthe Ph.D. RTD includes work on master's degrees, enrollment in nondegree programs, and time spent working on the doctorate. As shown in Figure IS, median TTD and RTD each increased dramatically between 1971 and 1986, from 8.0 to 10.5 years and from 5.7 to 7.0 years, respectively. This lengthening of time to degree occurred during a period in which annual Ph.D. production dropped and then stabilized. From 1986 to 1991 TTD and RTD held steady, until each increased again in the early ~ 990s. TTD peaked at ~ 0.9 years in ~ 995, declining to ~ 0.S years in 1996; RTD peaked at 7.2 years in 1992, where it has remained since. (See Table 15, page 47.) As shown in Figure 19, TTD and RTD varied considerably bv field. In · · . . . 1996 doctorate recipients In education had the longest median TTD (20.2 years), while those in physical sciences had the shortest (~.3 years). The longest median RTD was in the humanities (~.3 years), and the shortest median RTD was in engineering (6.4 years). Time to degree was longer for women than for men, but the difference was often minimal within the same broad field. Blacks had the longest time to degree of all U.S. racial/ ethnic groups, largely because their highest percentage of degrees was in the field of education. U.S. citizens and permanent residents exhibited longer time-to-degree rates than did temporary residents. (See Table ~ 6, page 48.) FIGURE 18 Median years to doctorate from baccalaureate award, 1971-1996. 12 10 9 6 s : / 4 l 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year -Total m Registered NOTE: The method of median computation was revised in 1995. See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of We revision (page 105) and for rates of nonresponse to applicable survey questions (pages 102 and 1034. See Tables 15 and 16, pages 47 and 48. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
23 FIGURE l 9 Median years to doctorate from baccalaureate award, by broad field, 1996. TOTAL TIME Education Professional/Other Humanities Social Sciences Life Sciences Engineering Physical Sciences Humanities Education Professional/Other Social Sciences Life Sciences Engineering Physical Sciences ~ 10.3 18.3 ,9.0 9.6 ~ 1 1.8 13.8 20.2 0 5 10 Median Years to Doctorate REGISTERED TIME 1 5 20 25 8.3 18.2 _ 7.5 17.4 7.0 16.7 6.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Median Years to Doctorate NOTE: The method of median computation was revised in 1995. See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision (page 105) and for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions (pages 102 and 103). See Tables 15 and 16, pages 47 and 48. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
24 Financial Support As in previous years, university funding (mostly via teaching and research assistantships) was the primary source of graduate school support for the maioritY of 1996 Ph.D.s (52 percent). (See Figure 20.) Another 35 percent of Ph.D.s were primarily supported by personal resources (their own earnings, family contributions, loans) and the remaining ~ 3 percent by resources from federal or state governments, nonfederal competitive fellowships, businesses, and employers. (See Table 17, page 49.) As seen in Figure 2l, the type of primary support varied greatly by field. University sources were reported by more than half of Ph.D.s in physical and life sciences and engineering. Personal resources were easily the most typical in education (75 percent). Fifty-eight percent of male Ph.D.s cited university funding as their primary source of support. Female Ph.D.s relied in equal portions on personal resources (45 percent) and university funding (43 percent) as their primary support. Differences between men and women were minimal within humanities, education, and professional/other fields. Differences largely disappeared within science and engineering fields, though several variations are noteworthy: a higher percentage of women than men in engineering cited federal funding as a primary source of support; men reported higher university support in life and social sciences while women reported higher personal support in these fields. U.S. citizens reported higher levels of personal and federal support than did non-U.S. citizens. Overall, more than 70 percent of non-U.S. citizens cited university support as their primary source of financing. Among U.S. citizens, a majority of Asians (54 percent) cited university support as primary. Hispanics reported university and personal sources as primary in equal numbers, about 40 percent each. Blacks, whites and American Indians reported personal support as primary. FIGURE 20 Primary sources of financial support for doctorate recipients, all fields, 1996. 7.2% 5 . Bo/o 5 - ~CG~ \~5.1% See Table 17, page 49. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. *Research assistantships funded by the federal government are counted as university support. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. ~ Personal 171 University* · Federal* m Other
25 FIGURE 21 Primary sources of financial support for doctorate recipients, by broad field, 1996. Physical Sciences 5.5%, 5.3 °/0~ me, i 11.3% 77.8% Life Sciences 8.~% ~//~ ~ 19.8% to S8.5% Humanities 5.4% 49.0°/: :43.6% Engineering 10.4% 15.7% 6.4% ~ 67.4% Social Sciences 5.2%~ 44.4%t Education 7.1% 1.5%= 16.4 \ ~0% See Table 17, page 49. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. *Research assistantships funded by the federal government are counted as university support. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. 45.8% O Personal al University* U Federal* O Other
26 Almost half (48 percent) of all Ph.D.s in ~ 996 reported debt related to their combined undergraduate and graduate education. The majority of those with debt (57 percent) reported owing more than $10,000. (See Table I8, page 50.) · As shown in Figure 22, Ph.D.s in engineering were the least likely to have incurred educational debt (37 percent), while those in social sciences were the most likely (62 percent). More than two-thirds of social sciences Ph.D.s with debt owed more than $ ] 0,000, and over one-quarter owed more than $30,000. By contrast, more than half of the indebted Ph.D.s in physical sciences and engineering and nearly half of those in life sciences owed $10,000 or less. · Men and women reported debt in nearly equal proportions and had similar distributions across levels of debt. Among U.S. citizens, Hispanics and blacks were the most likely racial/ethnic groups to have educational debt and to report the highest level of debt. (See Table 19, page 50.) Non-U.S. citizens were much less likely to have incurred debt than U.S. citizens, the majority of whom were indebted. Temporary residents were more likely than permanent residents to report debt and a slightly higher percentage of temporary than permanent visa holders reported debt of more than $30,000. FIGURE 22 Percentage of Ph.D.s with debt, total and by broad field, 1996. 70 60 62.2 50 47.7 47.4 t~3O 11 :1 70 n 1 1 1 57.4 48.6 42.0 ~ ~§ I ~HIGH s30 See Table 18, page 50. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey question on debt. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
27 Posigraduation Status and Plans As shown in Figure 23, the proportion of Ph.D.s reporting definite postgraduation commitments for employment or postdoctoral study at the time the doctorate is earned declined from about three-fourths in the 1970s and ~ 980s to about two-thirds in the mid- ~ 990s. In ~ 996 about one-third of new doctorate recipients were still seeking employment or study at the time they received their doctorates. (See Table 20, page 5 ~ .) . In ~ 996 doctorate recipients in education were the most likely to have a definite commitment for work or study-74 percent of education doctorates had such commitments. Doctorates in the humanities were the least likely to have a commitment for work or study at 59 percent, leaving 4 ~ percent of humanities doctorates seeking employment or study~sually employment at graduation. Among science and engineering fields, 71 percent of doctorates in life sciences had commitments for work or study, followed by doctorates in physical sciences at 67 percent, social sciences at 65 percent, and engineering at 64 percent. In ~ 996 similar proportions of men and women had definite commitments, 68 and 67 percent, respectively. U.S. citizens, at 71 percent, were far more likely than non-U.S. citizens to have commitments at graduation-only 60 percent of permanent visa holders and 62 percent of temporary visa holders had commitments. Among U.S. citizens and permanent residents, 71 percent of Hispanics had a definite commitment for work or study, followed by whites and American Indians at 70 percent each and blacks at 68 percent. Asians were the least likely to have definite commitments, at 62 percent. (See Table 21, page 52.) FIGURE 23 Percentage of Ph.D.s with definite commitments for employment or study, or seeking employment or study for selected years, 1976-1996. 100 90 ~0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O 1 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 See Table 20, page 51. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey question on debt. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. |+Definite | - ~ Seeking
28 Ofthose Ph.D.s in 1996 who reported definite postgraduation commitments, 71 percent planned to be employed, while 29 percent planned postdoctoral study. (Postdoctoral appointments are considered to be study rather than employment in this report.) As shown in Figure 24, the proportion of new Ph.D.s with postdoctoral study plans has steadily increased since ~ 976, when only ~ ~ percent planned further study. (See Table 22, page 53.) · Doctorate recipients in education and professional/other fields were the most likely to have commitments that were for employment (97 and 96 percent, respectively), followed closely by humanities Ph.D.s (92 percent). Commitments for further study were by far the most common in life sciences (65 percent). The percentages of physical and life sciences Ph.D.s whose commitments were for employment were up slightly in ~ 996. · The majority of Ph.D.s in every major demographic group with commitments had them for employment rather than study after graduation. A higher percentage of women (74 "7 . . ~ percent) than men (68 percent) had commitments for employment. Among the aggregate of U.S. citizens and permanent residents, blacks had the largest proportion with work plans (about 85 percent), and Asians had the largest proportion with study plans (44 percent). (See Table 23, page 54.) These patterns are explained mainly ant! for blacks and women, entirely by the fields in which these different groups tend to earn degrees. · Upon graduation, almost three-quarters of U.S. citizens had commitments for employment compared to about 60 percent for non-U.S. citizens. About 40 percent of permanent and temporary visa holders planned to continue their studies. FIGURE 24 Percentage of doctorate recipients with postgraduation commitments, by employment or study for selected years, 1976-1996. 100 90 80 ' 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1976 1981 1986 ~ . 1991 1996 Employment ~ Study Year NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s whose specific plans are known. See Table 22, page 53. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
29 Of those non-U.S. citizens who reported definite postdoctoral commitments in 1996, permanent residents were much more likely than temporary residents to plan to remain in the United States immediately after graduation (92 versus 62 percent). However, as shown in Figure 25, while the proportion of permanent residents who remain in the United States immediately abler graduation has remained around 90 percent over time, the proportion of temporary resident Ph.D.s planning to stay for at least some period of time has increased steadily since 1976 when 34 percent stayed. (See Table 24, page 55.) Almost equal shares of temporary residents who had definite commitments planned U.S. located employment, U.S.-Iocated study, or foreign-Iocated employment. A smaller percentage had foreign-Iocated study plans. More than half (54 percent) of permanent residents with definite commitments had plans for U.S.-Iocated employment. The second-largest group (39 percent) among permanent residents with commitments had them for U.S.-Iocated study. (See Table 25, page 56.) FIGURE 25 Percentage of non-U.S. citizen doctorate recipients with definite plans to remain in the United States after graduation, by visa status for selected years, 1976-1996. 100 90 80 70 60 ~ 50 40 30 20 10 O- 1 1 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 | + Permanent Visas | I ~ Temporary Visas I NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included in the percentage computations. See Table 24, page 55. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. -
30 In ~ 996, as before, academe was the primary employer of U.S. citizens and permanent residents who had definite commitments for employment in the United States after graduation. . . . . As shown in Figure 26, the proportion of Ph.D.s intending to work in academe has fluctuated over the past two decacles. In ~ 976, 60 percent of U.S. citizens and permanent residents with employment commitments were headed for academia. By 1986 the proportion had declined to 49 percent, it rose to 54 percent in 1995 but declined once more in 1996 to 5 ~ percent. Plans for employment in industry (including self- employment), meanwhile, increased from 12 percent of Ph.D.s in ~ 976 to 22 percent in 1996. (See Table 26, page 57.) The sector of planned employment for Ph.D.s varied by field. in ~ 996 academic employment plans were most predominant in the humanities (~l percent) and professional/other fields (73 percent). Industry was most frequently reported among engineers (66 percent) and physical scientists (53 percent), for whom there were sizable increases in industrial employment from 1995 to 1996. in ~ 996 academic employment plans were more prevalent among women (56 percent) than men (46 percent) and, as has been the case since 1992, women outnumbered men (3,843 to 3,536) among doctorates with commitments for academic employment. The proportion of men in industry (30 percent) was more than twice that of women. (See Table 27, page 58.) The majority of Ph.D.s among every racial/ethnic group but Asians reported plans to work in academe. Asians favored industry, jumping from 51 percent in 1995 to 59 percent in ~ 996. The sectors chosen by the various demographic groups are partially explained by their fields of specialization.
31 FIGURE 26 Employment sector of doctorate recipients with postgraduation comminnents in the United States for selected years, 1976-1996 (U.S. citizens and permanent residents). 70 60 50 40 cat 30 20 10 o An. me. Academe Indushy/S elf ~1' Government Other 1976 1981 1986 . 1991 E;1 1996 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s whose employment sector is known. Government includes federal, state, and local government agencies in the United States. See Table 26, page 57. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
33 LIST OF TABLES 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Page Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Percentage of Annual Change in Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities per institution, 1961-1996 Major Field of Doctorate Recipients for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Gender of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Women as a Percentage of all Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1921-1996 Race/Ethnicity of U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 Major Field of U.S. Citizen Ph.D.s, by Race/Ethnicity, 1996 Leading U.S. Baccalaureate Institutions of U.S. Minority Ph.D.s, 1992-1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) Leading Ph.D. Institutions of U.S. Minority Ph.D.s, 1992-1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) Citizenship Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Visa Status of Ph.D.s from China Versus Other Non-U.S. Citizens, 1990-1996 Top 30 Countries of Origin of Non-U.S. Citizens Earning Ph.D.s at U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) Leading Ph.D. institutions of Non-U.S. Citizen Ph.D.s, 1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) Median Years to Doctorate from Baccalaureate Award, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1971-1996 Median Years to Doctorate from Baccalaureate Award, by Demographic Group and Broad Field, 1996 Primary Sources of Support for Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Demographic Group, 1996 (includes only Ph.D.s who reported primary source of support) Cumulative Debt Related to the Education of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field, 1996 Cumulative Debt Related to the Education of Doctorate Recipients, by Demographic Group, 1996 Postgraduation Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 Postgraduation Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976- 1996 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976-1996 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54
34 24 Postcloctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments, by Visa Status for Selected Years, 1976-1996 Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments, by Major Field and Visa Status, ~996 26 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 (U.S. citizens and permanent residents) 27 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients with Postgraduation Commitments in the United States, by Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976-1996 Page 55 56 57 58
35 TABLE 1 Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Year Number Year Number 1971 31,867 1972 33,041 1973 33,755 1974 33,047 1975 32,952 1976 32,946 1977 31,716 1978 30,875 1979 31,239 1980 31,020 1981 31,356 1982 31,111 1983 31,281 1984 31,337 1985 31,297 Year Number 1956 8,517 1957 8,611 1958 8,773 1959 9,213 1960 9,733 1961 10,413 1962 11,500 1963 12,728 1964 14,325 1965 16,340 1966 17,949 1967 20,403 1968 22,937 1969 25,743 1970 29,498 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 31,902 32,370 33,500 34,327 36,067 37,534 38,890 39,801 41,034 41,743 42,415 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. TABLE 2 Percentage of Annual Change In Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1956-1996 Annual Year Change 1956 -4.4 1957 1.1 1958 1.9 1959 5.0 1960 5.6 1961 7.0 1962 10.4 1963 10.7 1964 12.5 1965 14.1 1966 9.8 1967 13.7 1968 12.4 1969 12.2 1970 14.6 Annual Year Change 1971 8.0 1972 3.7 1973 2.2 1974 -2.1 1975 -0.3 1976 0.0 1977 -3.7 1978 -2.7 1979 1.2 1980 -0.7 1981 1.1 1982 -0.8 1983 0.5 1984 0.2 1985 -0.1 Year Annual Change 1.9 1.5 3.5 2.5 5.1 4.1 3.6 2.3 3.1 1.7 1.6 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
36 TABLE 3 Doctorates Awarded by U.S. Colleges and Universities per Institution, 1961-1996 Number of Number of Ph.D.s per Year Ph.D.s Institutions Institution Number of Number of Ph.D.s per Year Ph.D.s ldstitutions Institution 1961 10,413 174 60 1962 11,500 175 66 1963 12,728 186 68 1964 14,325 196 73 1965 16,340 206 79 1966 17,949 216 83 1967 20,403 220 93 1968 22,937 230 100 1969 25,743 232 111 1970 29,498 242 122 1971 31,867 264 121 1972 33,041 271 122 1973 33,755 290 116 1974 33,047 297 111 1975 32,952 297 111 1976 32,946 299 110 1977 31,716 309 103 1978 30,875 316 98 1979 31,239 316 99 1980 31,020 325 95 1981 31,356 328 96 1982 31,111 333 93 1983 31,281 337 93 1984 31,337 336 93 1985 31,297 342 92 1986 31,902 345 92 1987 32,370 353 92 1988 33,500 355 94 1989 34,327 360 95 1990 36,067 358 101 1991 37,534 367 102 1992 38,890 370 105 1993 39,801 375 106 1994 41,034 377 109 1995 41,743 384 109 1996 42,415 392 108 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
37 TABLE 4 Major Field of Doctorate Recipients for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Field1966197119761981198619911996 All Fields17,94931,86732,94631,35631,90237,53442,415 Physical Sciences3,8285,7394,5094,1704,8076,2806,675 Physics/As~onomy1,0611,7381,2371,0151,1871,4111,677 Chemistry1,5942,2111,6241,6121,9032,1942,148 Earn, Annos., & Marine Sci.404552645583589836807 Mathematics7691,2381,0037287291,0391,122 Computer Sciences*NANANA232399800921 Engineenug2,3013,4982,8342,5283,3765,2146,305 Life Sciences2,88S5,2685,0265,6115,7346,9338,255 Biological Sciences2,1353,6543,5733,8033,8074,6505,723 Heal Sciences1745415036577701,0411,324 Agricultural Sciences5761,0739501,1511,1571,2421,208 Social Sciences2,6195,1896,2146,1415,8936,1526,814 Psychology1,1392,1452,8833,3583,1263,2503,340 Anthropology97239428369381341396 Economics6278208858248598851,008 Poll. Sci. & Int'l. Relations408821791532490522720 Sociology260587734605491465516 Over Social Sciences88577493453546689834 Humanities2,7114,6484,8813,7513,4614,0995,116 History6451,0641,095692563663857 Amer. & Eng. Lang. & Lit.6711,2441,2148207198521,013 Foreign Lang. & Lit.380728835576445498605 Over Humanities1,0151,6121,7371,6631,7342,0862,641 Education3,0406,4357,7257,4976,6496,4546,772 Teacher Education362591588639490408371 Teaching Fields6911,5641,4181,4371,142973863 Over Education1,9874,2805,1195,4215,0175,0735,538 Professional/O~er5651,0901,7571,6581,9822,4022,478 Business & Management3726737396249021,1631,276 Communications1737295240258332389 Over Professional Fields153265676759796836774 Over Fields231154735267139 *"Computer sciences" first appeared on the survey form in 1978. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
38 TABLE 5 Gender of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Field/Gender 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 All Fields17,94931,86732,94631,35631,902 37,53442,415 Men15,86327,27125,26221,46420,595 23,66125,470 Women2,0864,5967,6849,89211,307 13,87316,945 Physical Sciences*3,8285,7394,5094,1704,807 6,2806,675 Men3,6495,3984,0893,6674,033 5,1065,291 Women179341420503774 1,1741,384 Engineering2,3013,4982,8342,5283,376 5,2146,305 Men2,2933,4832,7802,4293,151 4,7475,529 Women8155499225 467776 Life Sciences2,8855,2685,0265,6115,734 6,9338,255 Men2,5414,5034,0134,0763,786 4,2454,660 Women3447651,0131,5351,948 2,6883,595 Social Sciences2,6195,1896,2146,1415,893 6,1526,814 Men2,2414,2654,5803,9443,381 3,1123,300 Women3789241,6342,1972,512 3,0403,514 Humanities2,7114,6484,8813,7513,461 4,0995,116 Men2,2013,5713,2082,2031,897 2,1802,572 Women5101,0771,6731,5481,564 1,9192,544 Education3,0406,4357,7257,4976,649 6,4546,772 Men2,4615,0895,1853,9573,036 2,7062,593 Women5791,3462,5403,5403,613 3,7484,179 Professional/O~er5651,0901,7571,6581,982 2,4022,478 Men4779621,4071,1881,311 1,5651,525 Women88128350470671 837953 *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
39 TABLE 6 Women as a Percentage of all Doctorate Recipients Mom U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1921-1996 16.2 14.4 14.8 15.0 16.7 13.9 15.1 14.5 16.7 15.1 15.4 16.0 14.1 13.0 14.6 15.2 14.6 15.2 14.4 13.1 11.6 12.4 15.2 17.1 20.3 19.2 14.0 12.1 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.5 9.4 9.1 9.9 9.5 11.6 11.3 Year 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Percent Year 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 l9g4 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Percent 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.9 10.8 11.6 12.0 12.8 13.2 13.5 14.4 16.0 18.0 19.5 21.9 23.3 24.8 27.0 28.6 30.3 31.5 32.4 33.7 34.1 34.3 35.4 35.3 35.3 36.5 36.3 37.0 37.1 38.0 38.6 39.3 40.0 SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
40 TABLE 7 Race/Ethnicity of U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, Field and Race/Ethnicity19761981198619911996 All Fields27,26925,06023,08625,57327,741 Known Race/Ethnicity26,19024,00922,67425,08527,398 Asians3344655337891,091 Blacks1,0921,0138301,0101,315 Hispanics351466572731950 American Indians408599130186 Whites24,37321,98020,64022,42523,856 Physical Sciences*3,4313,0783,0043,5633,446 Known Race/Ethnicity3,2662,8932,9143,4613,378 Asians7074108148176 Blacks2831264169 Hispanics2436538383 American Indians0281413 Whites3,1442,7502,7193,1753,037 Engineering1,5571,1701,3832,0862,591 Known Race/Ethnicity1,5061,1181,3541,9912,553 Asians597780.187271 Blacks1216144359 Hispanics1512254886 American Indians046614 Whites1,4201,0091,2291,7072,123 Life Sciences3,9894,5334,3504,7265,014 Known Race/Ethnicity3,8404,3314,2774,6524,946 Asians77109154194289 Blacks71736492141 Hispanics30487299150 American Indians313231931 Whites3,6594,0883,9644,2484,335 Social Sciences5,3655,1744,5794,7125,195 Known Race/Ethnicity5,1404,9834,5004,6215,142 Asians48767088127 Blacks160178168211247 Hispanics57103132182235 American Indians712202138 Whites4,8684,6144,1104,1194,495 Humanities4,3743,2242,7323,2203,959 Known Race/Ethnicity4,1283,0902,6843,1663,910 Asians3333304791 Blacks91847193119 Hispanics739276115140 American Indians31271020 Whites3,9282,8692,5002,9013,540 Education7,1146,5815,6295,6145,866 Known Race/Ethnicity6,9286,3625,5515,5725,817 Asians3779608592 Blacks672564423437582 Hispanics126155190175204 American Indians2139265560 Whites6,0725,5254,8524,8204,879 Professional/Other1,4391,3001,4091,6521,670 Known Race/Ethnicity1,3821,2321,3941,6221,652 Asians1017314045 Blacks5867649398 Hispanics2620242952 American Indians639510 Whites1,2821,1251,2661,4551,447 *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
41 TABLE 8 Major Field of U.S. Citizen Ph.D.s, by Race/E~nici~, 1996 Total Known U.S. Citizen Race/ His- Amer. Field Ph.D.s E~nicity Asians* Blacks panics Indianst Whites All Fields27,74127,3981,0911,315950 18623,856 Physical Sciences3,4463,3781766983 133,037 Physics/As~onomy898873521219 2788 Chemistry1,1681,153563431 41,028 Earn, Atrnos., & Marine Sci.4714658313 2439 Mathematics4884802388 1440 Computer Sciences421407371212 4342 Engineering2,5912,5532715986 142,123 Life Sciences5,0144,946289141150 314,335 Biological Sciences3,5473,49923782109 213,050 Heals Sciences933921394231 4805 Agricultural Sciences534526131710 6480 Social Sciences5,1955,142127247235 384,495 Psychology3,0102,99576140165 182,596 Anthropology305297939 5271 Economics432424181812 0376 Poll. Sci. & Mel. Relations520511113623 3438 Sociology36435852211 7313 Over Social Sciences56455782815 5501 Humanities3,9593,91091119140 203,540 History72170472424 4645 Amer. & Eng. Lang. & Lit.885876143222 6802 Foreign Lang. & Lit.36335912447 0296 Over Humanities1,9901,971585947 101,797 Education5,8665,81792582204 604,879 Teacher Education3143123378 4260 Teaching Fields68568183922 4608 Over Education4,8674,82481506174 524,011 Professional/O~er1,6701,652459852 101,447 Business & Management802797303621 4706 Communications2812745205 0244 Over Professional Fields56656094026 6479 Over Fields2121120 018 NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for the rate of nonresponse to the survey question on race/ethnicity. *"Asians" includes Pacific Islanders. ""American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
42 TABLE 9 Leading U.S. Baccalaureate Institutions of U.S. Minority Ph.D.s, 1992-1996 (ranked on number of Institution Number Institution Number Asians Univ. of California-Berkeley Univ. of California-Los An~eles Massachusetts Institute of Technology Univ. of Hawaii-Manoa Harvard Univ. Cornell Univ. Univ. of California-Davis Stanford Univ. California Inst. of Technology Univ. of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign Univ. of Michigan Univ. of California-kvine Princeton Univ. Yale Univ. Univ. of Washington Univ. of Ma~yland-College Park Johns Honkins Univ. Univ. of Southern California Univ. of Chicago Nor~weste~n Oniv. Univ. of California-San Diego 324 148 135 131 89 84 77 74 68 66 63 54 52 50 49 43 42 42 40 35 35 Top 21 U.S. Institutions 1, 701 Total U.S. lnstioltions Reported (528) 3, 711 Blacks Howard Univ.* Wayne State Univ. Spelman College* Florida A&M Oniv.* Hampton Univ.* Tuskegee Univ.* Southern Univ. & A&M Univ.-Baton Rouge* Norm Carolina A&T St. Univ.* Jackson State Univ.* Norm Carolina Central Univ.* Chicago State Univ. Univ. of Maryland-College Park Tennessee State Univ.* Michigan State Univ. Univ. of Michigan Fisk Univ.* CUNY-Grad. School & Univ. Center Temple Univ. 147 75 69 67 65 63 62 59 58 56 55 48 45 43 41 40 39 39 Top 18 U.S. Institutions 1,071 Total U.S. Institutions Reported (899) 5,562 Hispanics Univ. of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Univ. of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Univ. of California-Berkeley Univ. of California-Los Angeles Univ. of Texas-Austin Univ. of Miami Univ. of Texas-El Paso Univ. of New Mexico Florida International Univ. Univ. of Arizona Univ. of California-Santa Barbara Comell Univ. Catholic Univ. of Puerto Rico Univ. of Florida Univ. of Califomia-Irvine Harvard Univ. Arizona State Univ. Texas A&M Univ. California State Univ.-Los Angeles Inter American Univ.-San Gennan 488 126 87 84 71 62 50 47 45 43 42 41 40 39 37 35 34 33 32 32 Top 20 U.S. Institutions 1,468 Total U.S. Institutions Reported (693) 4, 081 American Indians Univ. of Oklahoma Oklahoma State Univ. Nor~eastem State Univ. Univ. of Central Oklahoma Michigan State Univ. Auburn Univ. Univ. of Arkansas-Fayetteville Univ. of Califomia-Berkeley Univ. of Arizona Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison Pembroke State Univ. Mortem Arizona Univ. Univ. of Washington Univ. of Virginia Oklahoma Baptist Univ. Univ. of Montana Univ. of Califomia-Davis 20 14 12 10 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 6 6 6 Top 17 U.S. Institutions 152 Total U.S. Institutions Reported (382) 739 Note: Approximately 1,923 U.S. institutions awarded baccalaureate degrees to U.S. citizens who received Ph.D.s between 1992 and 1996. NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for total numbers of U.S. minority Ph.D.s in this period, the percentage reporting foreign institutions; and rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on baccalaureate institution, citizenship, and race/ethn~c~ty. *This institution is one of the "Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (HBCUs) founded during legal segregation in the late 1800s and early 1900s for the specific purpose of educating blacks. There are currently 102 HBCUs, 89 of which award baccalaureates. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
TABLE 10 Leading Ph.D. Institutions of U.S. Minority Ph.D.s, 1992-1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) 43 Institution Number Institution Number Asians Univ. of California-Berkeley Univ. of California-Los Angeles Stanford Univ. Univ. of Southern California Massachusetts Inst. of Technology Univ. of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign Univ. of Michigan Harvard Univ. Univ. of California-Davis Univ. of Hawaii-Manoa Columbia Univ. Cornell Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison Univ; of Washington Univ' of California-San Diego Yale Univ. Northwestern Univ. Univ. of California-Irvine Univ. of Maryland-College Park Johns Hopkins Univ. Top 20 Institutions Total Institutions Reported (300J Blacks Nova Southeastern Univ. Howard Univ.* Ohio State Univ. Wayne State Univ. Univ. of Michigan Columbia Univ.-Teachers College Univ. of Ma~yland-College Park Temple Univ. Clark Atlanta Univ.* Walden Univ. Florida State Univ. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. Univ. of Massachusetts-Amherst Michigan State Univ. Texas Southern Univ.* Univ. of California-Los Angeles North Carolina State Univ.-Raleigh Univ. of Florida Univ. of California-Berkeley Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Univ. of South Carolina Top 21 Institutions Total Institutions Reported 63039 247 224 200 137 128 120 113 110 85 83 80 75 72 71 67 64 64 64 60 59 2,123 4,920 247 209 132 126 124 122 121 103 103 84 82 80 75 72 69 68 66 66 66 64 64 2143 5,807 Note: Between 1992 and 1996, 398 institutions awarded doctorates. Hispanics Univ. of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras Univ. of Texas-Austin Univ. of California-Los Angeles Univ. of California-Berkeley Texas A&M University Harvard Univ. Stanford Univ. Univ. of Southern California Univ. of Michigan Univ. of Massachusetts-Amherst Univ. of New Mexico Univ. of Miami Univ. of Arizona New York Univ. Arizona State Univ. Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison Nova Southeastern Univ. Univ. of Colorado-Boulder Caribbean Center for Advanced Studies-Pit 123 119 118 110 106 78 78 74 73 72 69 68 67 64 61 60 60 59 56 56 Top 20 Institutions 1,571 Total Institutions Reported (293) 4,365 American Indians Univ. of Oklahoma Oklahoma State Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison Univ. of Arkansas-Fayetteville Univ. of Arizona Univ. of California-Berkeley Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. of Washington Stanford Univ. North Carolina State Univ.-Raleigh Texas A&M Univ. Univ. of Michigan Univ. of Missouri-Columbia Univ. of Texas-Austin Torment Arizona Univ. Harvard Univ. Purdue Univ. 30 21 15 14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 Top 17 Institutions 222 Total Institutions Reported (204) 747 NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on citizenship and race/ethnicity. *This institution is one of the "Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (HBCUs) founded during legal segregation in the late 1800s and early 1900s for the specific purpose of educating blacks. There are currently 102 HBCUs, 12 of which award doctorates. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
44 TABLE 11 Citizenship Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1966-1996 Field/Cit~zenship 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 All Fields17,94931,86732,94631,35631,90237,53442,415 U.S. Citizens14,97426,75827,26925,06023,08625,57327,741 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas6361,9071,4941,2811,4331,8573,765 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas1,9082,6903,5293,9405,2769,3119,610 Unknown Citizenship4315126541,0752,1077931,299 Physical Sciences*3,8285,7394,5094,1704,8076,2806,675 U.S. Citizens3,1384,6853,4313,0783,0043,5633,446 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas132409304226240324839 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas4555607107531,2592,2882,161 Unknown Citizenship1038564113304105229 Engineering2,3013,4982,8342,5283,3765,2146,305 U.S. Citizens1,6902,4181,5571,1701,3832,0862,591 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas144530390301343388792 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas3855188139421,3722,6332,716 Unknown Citizenship823274115278107206 Life Sciences2,8855,2685,0265,6115,7346,9338,255 U.S. Citizens2,2294,1983,9894,5334,3504,7265,014 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas943272412062063431,017 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas5196436707328701,7432,040 Unknown Citizenship43100126140308121184 Social Sciences2,6195,1896,2146,1415,8936,1526,814 U.S. Citizens2,1844,4525,3655,1744,5794,7125,195 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas97244195192223263404 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas2684175575396731,0211,006 Unknown Citizenship707697236418156209 Humanities2,7114,6484,8813,7513,4614,0995,116 U.S. Citizens2,3954,1444,3743,2242,7323,2203,959 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas116220181150152242353 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas122217237235323547649 Unknown Citizenship78678914225490155 Education3,0406,4357,7257,4976,6496,4546,772 U.S. Citizens2,8756,0507,1146,5815,6295,6145,866 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas31123114130173174196 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas105225346533471503477 Unknown Citizenship2937151253376163233 Professional/O~er5651,0901,7571,6581,9822,4022,478 U.S. Citizens4638111,4391,3001,4091,6521,670 Non-U.S., Pennanent Visas2254697696123164 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas54110196206308576561 Unknown Citizenship2611553761695183 . NOTE: See Table 12 for information related to the changing visa status of non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s in recent years. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey question on citizenship status. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
45 TABLE 12 Visa Status of Ph.D.s Mom China Versus Over Non-U.S. Citizens, 1990- 1996 1990199119921993199419951996 Total Non-U.S. Citizens N9,79111,16811,93312,19113,15313,12913,375 Permanent Visas TO17.316.616.618.528.532.928.1 Temporary Visas %82.783.483.481.571.567.171.9 Citizens of China N1,2251,9192,2382,4162,7722,9793,200 Pennanent Visas TO4.75.88.616.164.679.456.0 Temporary Visas %95.394.291.483.935.420.644.0 O~erNon-U.S. Citizens N8,5669,2499,6959,77510,38110,15010,175 Pennanent Visas TO19.118.918.419.118.819.219.4 Temporary Visas TO80.981.181.680.981.280.880.6 NOTE: See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on country of citizenship and citizenship status. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
46 TABLE 13 Top 30 Counties of Origin of Non-U.S. Citizens Earning Ph.D.s at U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) CounDy Number Counter Number 1. China* 3,200 16. Spain 119 2. India 1,481 17. Israel 119 3. Taiwan* 1,398 18. Russia 114 4. Koreat 1,251 19. Philippines 109 5. Canada 501 20. Saudi Arabia 108 6. Brazil 259 21. Egypt 107 7. Germany 245 22. Italy 102 8. Japan 245 23. France 101 9. United Kingdom 205 24. Pakistan 97 10. Thailand 184 25. Jordan 91 11. Mexico 180 26. Argentina 90 12. Turkey 165 27. Malaysia 90 13. Iran 159 28. Indonesia 85 14. Greece 149 29. Sri Lanka 83 15. Hong Kong 134 30. Nigeria 77 Top 30 Countries of Origin 11,248 TotalCountriesReported(152) 13,175 NOTE: The total number of non-U.S. citizens who earned doctorates in 1996 was 13,375; nearly all (13,175 Ph.D.s) reported their country of origin. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the survey questions on country of citizenship and citizenship status. *An additional 10 Ph.D.s indicated "China" as their country of citizenship, but the specific origin could not be determined. Data for these recipients are excluded from this table. "Includes "Korea" (unspecified). The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) does not permit its citizens to study in the United States. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. TABLE 14 Leading Ph.D. Institutions of Non-U.S. Citizen Ph.D.s, 1996 (ranked on number of Ph.D.s) Institution Number Institution Number Ohio State Univ. 304 Pennsylvania State Univ.187 Univ. of Texas-Austin 291 Stanford Univ.183 Univ. of Minnesota-Minneapolis 262 Columbia Univ.173 Univ. of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign 255 Univ. of Maryland-College Park171 Purdue Univ. 254 Univ.ofPennsylvania171 Texas A&MIJniv. 250 Univ.ofFlorida170 Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison 248 Massachusetts Institute of Technology158 Cornell Univ. 232 Rutgers Univ.154 Univ. of California-Berkeley 223 State Univ. of New York-Buffalo149 Univ.ofMichigar ~214 Univ of Arizona140 Univ. of California-Los Angeles 194 Univ. of Iowa139 Michigan State Univ. 192 Iowa State Univ.136 Univ. of Sounded California 188 Top 25 InstitutionsS. 038 Total Institutions Reported (338913,375 Note: Between 1992 and 1996, 398 institutions awarded doctorates. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned~Doctorates.
47 TABLE 15 Median Years to Doctorate Dom Baccalaureate Award, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1971-1996 Field 1971 19761981 1986 1991 1996 All Fields Total8.0 8.89.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 Registered5.7 6.06.5 7.0 7.0 7.2 Physical Sciences* Total6.2 6.96.9 7.3 8.0 8.3 Registered5.4 5.75.9 6.0 6.4 6.7 Engineering Total7.2 7.58.0 8.2 8.6 9.0 Registered5.3 5.85.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 Life Sciences Total6.9 7.37.4 8.7 9.1 9.6 Registered5.5 5.76.0 6.5 6.8 7.0 Social Sciences Total7.2 7.99.0 10.0 10.7 10.3 Registered5.5 5.96.6 7.3 7.6 7.4 Humanities Total9.0 9.911.0 12.2 12.3 11.8 Registered6.1 7.07.9 8.3 8.4 8.3 Education Total12.9 12.813.6 15.9 18.5 20.2 Registered6.2 6.47.0 7.9 8.0 8.2 Professional/Other Total10.2 10.311.2 13.0 13.6 13.8 Registered5.6 6.16.6 7.4 7.6 7.5 NOTE: Median calculations are based on the number of individuals who provided complete information about their postbaccalaureate education. "Total" time to degree measures the number of years elapsed between receipt of the baccalaureate and the Ph.D. "Registered" time to degree gauges the amount of time enrolled in graduate school, including master's degrees and enrollment in nondegree programs. Please note that the method of median computation was revised three years ago. See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision and also for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
48 TABLE 16 Median Years to Doctorate Dom Baccalaureate Award, by Demographic Group and Broad Field, 1996 All Physical Engi- Life Social nearing Sci. Sci. Fields Sci.* Human- Educa- Prof./ ities tion Over Total Time from Baccalaureate All Ph.D.s 10.8 8.3 9.0 9.6 10.3 11.8 20.2 13.8 Men 10.2 8.5 9.1 9.5 10.3 11.5 19.3 13.2 Women 12.0 7.9 8.3 9.9 10.2 12.0 20.8 15.3 U.S. Citizens 11.1 7.4 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 21.0 15.7 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas 11.4 11.0 11.2 10.8 12.0 13.0 14.3 12.9 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas 9.8 9.0 9.1 10.0 10.4 10.2 13.9 11.0 U.S. Citizens Asianst 9.0 7.3 8.4 8.1 9.0 10.6 18.3 17.0 Blacks 15.3 8.0 8.4 9.6 12.0 12.8 21.0 16.0 Hispanics 11.0 8.3 8.4 9.3 9.0 11.5 17.9 15.7 American Indianst 12.0 9.9 8.3 11.0 11.0 11.3 18.5 12.0 Whites 11.1 7.3 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 21.0 15.6 Registered Time from Baccalaureate All Ph.D.s 7.2 6.7 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.3 8.2 7.5 Men 7.0 6.8 6.5 6.9 7.4 8.3 8.3 7.5 Women 7.5 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.4 8.5 8.2 7.6 U.S. Citizens 7.3 6.4 6.3 7.0 7.4 8.5 8.3 7.6 Non-U.S., Permanent Visas 7.8 7.8 7.3 7.4 8.6 8.7 8.3 7.9 Non-U.S., Temporary Visas 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.5 6.8 7.3 U.S. Citizens Asianst 7.0 6.3 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.6 7.0 9.3 Blacks 7.7 6.6 6.3 7.3 7.6 8.2 8.2 7.0 Hispanics 7.3 7.1 6.5 7.0 7.3 8.1 8.0 7.9 American Indians:t 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.6 7.3 8.8 7.5 6.6 Whites 7.3 6.4 6.1 7.0 7.4 8.5 8.5 7.6 NOTE: Median calculations are based on the number of individuals who provided complete information about their postbaccalaureate education. "Total" time to degree measures the number of years elapsed between receipt of the baccalaureate and the Ph.D. "Registered" time to degree gauges the amount of time enrolled in graduate school, including master's degrees and enrollment in nondegree programs. Please note that the method Comedian computation was revised three years ago. See technical notes in Appendix C for explanation of the revision and also for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. ""Asians" includes Pacific Islanders. ""American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
49 TABLE 17 Primary Sources of Support for Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Demographic Group, 1996 Concludes only Ph.D.s who reported primary source of support) Primary Source U.S. Citizens* of SupportAll U.S. Penn. Temp. His- Amer. (responses only)Ph.D.s Men Women Cits. Visas Visas Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites All Fields N 42,415 25,47016,94527,7413,7659,6101,0911,31595018623,856 Personal NO 35.1 28.844.743.919.814.925.349.540.351.244.6 University NO 51.9 57.643.442.974.769.953.733.240.532.542.9 Federal NO 5.8 5.56.17.81.71.513.38.211.210.67.3 Over NO 7.2 8.15.85.53.913.67.79.28.15.65.1 Physical Sciencest N 6,675 5,2911,3843,4468392,1611766983133,037 Personal HO 11.3 11.610.515.47.36.010.68.317.725.015.7 University NO 77.8 78.176.970.789.885.377.651.759.575.071.0 Federal HO 5.3 4.87.39.20.80.66.821.711.40.09.0 Over HO 5.5 5.55.34.72.08.15.018.311.40.04.3 Engineering N 6,305 5,5297762,5917922,7162715986142,123 Personal HO 15.7 16.510.618.616.112.717.616.016.016.718.8 University NO 67.4 67.467.356.279.275.358.440.044.433.356.8 Federal DO 6.4 5.512.814.10.70.512.020.019.841.713.9 Over NO 10.4 10.69.311.14.111.612.024.019.88.310.4 Life Sciences N 8,255 4,6603,5955,0141,0172,040289141150314,335 Personal DO 19.8 16.823.625.610.79.316.328.522.023.826.4 University DO 58.5 61.854.249.580.870.350.438.246.257.149.9 Federal NO 13.3 11.915.019.44.32.127.123.625.819.018.4 Over DO 8.5 9.47.35.54.218.36.29.86.10.05.4 Social Sciences N 6,814 3,3003,5145,1954041,006127247235384,495 Personal HO 45.8 40.650.650.437.924.136.641.543.346.951.6 University NO 44.4 47.541.641.857.053.547.344.443.340.641.4 Federal % 4.5 4.54.55.00.93.48.97.29.89.44.5 Over HO 5.2 7.43.32.84.218.97.16.83.63.12.4 Humanities N 5,116 2,5722,5443,95935364991119140203,540 Personal NO 43.6 43.643.646.740.525.136.636.838.863.247.4 University NO 49.0 48.849.247.054.458.456.147.451.731.646.8 Federal NO 2.1 2.31.91.91.03.71.24.21.70.01.9 Over % 5.4 5.35.44.34.212.86.111.67.85.33.9 Education N 6,772 2,5934,1795,86619647792582204604,879 Personal NO 75.0 73.076.277.655.448.870.771.570.772.778.7 University HO 16.4 16.216.514.738.630.413.320.518.27.313.9 Federal NO 1.5 1.81.31.40.03.110.71.35.09.11.0 Over NO 7.1 9.06.06.36.017.75.36.66.110.96.3 Professional/O~er N 2,478 1,5259531,670164561459852101,447 Personal NO 51.0 50.152.360.131.528.152.844.344.955.661.9 University % 38.5 38.638.431.462.253.536.132.932.744.431.0 Federal NO 2.1 1.92.42.60.01.10.012.78.20.01.9 Over NO 8.4 9.46.95.86.317.311.110.114.30.05.1 l NOTE: Numbers represent those Phases with known primary support; percentages are based on these numbers. Because nonresponse to "primary" source of support is much greater than for other variables and fluctuates from year to year, the reader is advised not to compare percentages in this table with those published in earlier reports. The overall nonresponse rate for "primary" source of support was 12.1 percent in 1996, compared to 25.2 percent in 1995, 27.6 percent in 1994, 33.8 percent in 1993, and 30.3 percent in 1992. See technical notes in Appendix C for further information. "Personal" includes loans as well as one's own earnings and contributions from spouse/family. Federally funded research assistantships (RAs) are grouped under "University" because not all recipients of such support are aware of the actual source of funding. For further definition of "Federal" support, see item All on the survey questionnaire in Appendix D. "Other" support includes U.S. nationally competitive fellowships, business/employer funds, foreign government, and state government. *"Asians" includes Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. "Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
so TABLE 18 Cumulative Debt Related to me Education of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field, 1996 All Physical Engi- Life Social Human- Educa- Prof./ Fields Sci.* neer~ng Sci. Sci. ities lion Over All Ph.D.s N 42,415 6,675 6,305 8,255 6,814 5,116 6,772 2,478 Responses to Debt Status N 38,662 6,115 5,779 7,616 6,163 4,707 6,057 2,225 Without Debt TO 52.3 58.9 63.0 52.6 37.8 42.6 58.0 51.4 Win Debt TO 47.7 41.1 37.0 47.4 62.2 57.4 42.0 48.6 $5,000 or less % 11.3 12.2 11.2 12.5 9.9 11.9 10.4 9.2 $5,001 to $10,000 TO 9.1 9.9 7.8 9.8 9.6 11.0 7.5 7.6 $10,001 to $15,000 TO 6.9 6.7 5.0 7.1 8.7 8.8 5.6 7.0 $15,001 to $20,000 % 4.9 3.9 3.2 4.8 6.7 6.9 4.3 4.9 $20,001 to $25,000 % 3.8 2.9 - 1.9 3.6 5.5 5.1 3.7 4.1 $25,001 to $30,000 TO 3.1 1.6 1.8 2.8 5.0 4.0 3.2 3.5 $30~001 or more TO 8.6 4.0 6.3 6.6 16.8 9.7 7.4 12.4 NOTE: This table displays information on debt related to a recipient's combined undergraduate and graduate education. "All Ph.D.s" includes recipients whose debt status is unknown. Percentages are based on the number with "Responses to Debt Status." The "With Debt" and "Without Debt" percentages add to 100.0. Percentages for levels of debt add to the total percentage of Ph.D.s "With Debt." See technical notes in Annendix C for the rate of nnnr~nonce to the ~nnlir.~hi`' Rev question. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. __¢r ~~~r ~~ ~rr^~~~'~ V~'~} TABLE 19 Cumulative Debt Related to We Education of Doctorate Recipients, by Demographic Group, 1996 U S. Citizens* . . All U.S. Perm. Temp. His- Amer. Ph.D.s Men Women Cits. Visas Visas Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites AllPh.D.s N 42,415 25,470 16,945 27,741 3,765 9,610 1,091 1,315 950 186 23,856 Responses to Debt Status N 38,662 23,156 15,506 26,162 3,571 8,864 1,032 1,189 895 171 22,687 Without Debt % 52.3 53.1 51.1 44.6 71.2 67.6 50.2 32.3 30.4 43.9 45.5 Win Debt TO 47.7 46.9 48.9 55.4 28.8 32.4 49.8 67.7 69.6 56.1 54.5 $5,000 or less TO 11.3 11.4 11.0 11.7 8.8 11.0 9.4 12.7 13.1 11.7 11.7 $5,001 to$10,000 TO 9.1 9.2 9.0 10.9 5.6 5.3 11.4 11.5 11.2 12.9 10.8 $10,001 to $15,000 TO 6.9 6.9 7.0 8.4 3.3 3.9 8.4 9.3 11.2 5.8 8.3 $15,001 to $20,000 TO 4.9 4.7 5.3 6.2 2.7 1.9 5.2 7.3 9.5 4.1 6.1 $20,001 to $25,000 TO 3.8 3.4 4.2 4.7 1.7 1.7 3.9 5.2 5.0 2.9 4.7 $25,001 to $30,000 TO 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.9 1.5 1.3 3.5 6.1 5.7 5.8 3.7 $30,001 or more % 8.6 8.4 9.0 9.5 5.2 7.3 7.9 15.6 14.0 12.9 9.1 NOTE: This table displays information on debt related to a recipient's combined undergraduate and graduate education. "All Ph.D.s" includes recipients whose debt status is unknown. Percentages are based on the number with "Responses to Debt Status." The "With Debt" and "Without Debt" percentages add to 100.0. Percentages for levels of debt add to the total percentage of Ph.D.s "With Debt." See technical notes in Appendix C for the rate of nonresponse to the applicable survey question. *"Asians" includes Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
51 TABLE 20 Post~aduation Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 All Physical Engi- Life Social Human- Educa- Prof./ Fields Sci.* peering Sci. Sci. ities tion Over All Ph.D.s 1976 N32,946 4,509 2,834 5,026 6,214 4,881 7,725 1,757 1981 N31,356 4,170 2,528 5,611 6,141 3,751 7,497 1,658 1986 N31,902 4,807 3,376 5,734 5,893 3,461 6,649 1,982 1991 N37,534 6,280 5,214 6,933 6,152 4,099 6,454 2,402 1996 N42,415 6,675 6,305 8,255 6,814 5,116 6,772 2,478 Total Responses to Postgraduation Status 1976 N31,097 4,296 2,673 4,759 5,886 4,524 7,321 1,638 1981 N28,802 3,883 2,298 5,147 5,611 3,418 6,936 1,509 1986 N28,964 4,318 2,960 5,293 5,337 3,137 6,140 1,779 1991 N34,353 5,763 4,598 6,452 5,587 3,807 5,976 2,170 1996 N38,558 6,104 5,727 7,612 6,164 4,698 6,041 2,212 Definite Comminnents for Employment or Study 1976 NO72.4 72.4 71.5 76.1 73.0 60.3 74.7 83.3 1981 NO76.0 80.7 77.4 78.4 74.6 66.4 75.1 84.8 1986 NO73.5 76.4 69.8 75.8 72.0 63.9 75.4 81.2 1991 NO70.5 70.3 62.4 74.1 69.8 64.2 74.7 78.6 1996 NO67.5 67.4 63.6 70.8 65.4 58.5 74.1 73.3 Seeking Employment or Study 1976 NO27.6 27.6 28.5 23.9 27.0 39.7 25.3 16.7 1981 NO24.0 19.3 22.6 21.6 25.4 33.6 24.9 15.2 1986 NO26.5 23.6 30.2 24.2 28.0 36.1 24.6 18.8 1991 DO29.5 29.7 37.6 25.9 30.2 35.8 25.3 21.4 1996 NO32.5 32.6 36.4 29.2 34.6 41.5 25.9 26.7 NOTE: Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported their postgraduation status (definite or seeking), regardless of plans (employment or study). See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions arid for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
All U.S. Perm. Temp. Ph.D.s Men Women Cits. 52 TABLE 21 Postgraduation Status of Doctorate Recipients, by Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976- 1996 U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents* Amer. Visas Visas Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites All Ph.D.s 1976 N 32,946 25~262 7,684 27,269 1,494 3,529975 1,146 374 40 24,943 1981 N 31,356 21,464 9,892 25,060 1,281 3,9401,073 1,110 529 85 22,470 1986 N 31,902 20,595 11,307 23,086 1,433 5,2761,061 956 679 99 21,236 1991 N 37,534 23,661 13,873 25,573 1,857 9,3111,531 1,166 867 132 23,185 1996 N 42,415 25,470 16,945 27,741 3,765 9,6103,697 1,457 1,105 187 24,685 Total Responses to Post~aduation Status 1976 N 31,097 23,856 7,241 26,264 1,431 3,326934 1,104 361 39 24,436 1981 N 28,802 19,717 9,085 23,962 1,183 3,608991 1,052 505 82 21,739 1986 N 2S,964 18,515 10,449 22,635 1,344 4,913994 929 656 96 20,882 1991 N 34,353 21,498 12,855 24,291 1,719 8,2781,424 1,050 819 127 22,256 1996 N 38,558 23,080 15,578 26,113 3,528 8,8603,469 1,308 1,042 172 23,434 Definite Commitments for Emnlovment or StudY ~, ~ 1976 TO 72.4 74.2 66.3 73.6 61.8 67.3 64.2 70.6 74.5 56.4 73.6 1981 TO 76.0 78.4 70.8 77.0 66.4 72.3 70.5 72.3 74.3 75.6 77.0 1986 % 73.5 75.1 70.8 75.1 61.2 69.7 66.4 68.8 69.8 66.7 75.2 1991 TO 70.5 70.3 70.8 73.9 57.2 63.4 61.7 68.6 68.7 67.7 73.9 1996 TO 67.5 67.6 67.4 70.5 60.1 61.5 61.9 68.0 70.7 69.8 70.4 Seeking Employment or Study 1976 TO 27.6 25.8 33.7 26.4 38.2 32.7 35.8 29.4 25.5 43.6 26.4 1981 TO 24.0 21.6 29.2 23.0 33.6 27.7 29.5 27.7 25.7 24.4 23.0 1986 TO 26.5 24.9 29.2 24.9 38.8 30.3 33.6 31.2 30.2 33.3 24.8 1991 TO 29.5 29.7 29.2 26.1 42.8 36.6 38.3 31.4 31.3 32.3 26.1 1996 TO 32.5 32.4 32.6 29.5 39.9 38.5 38.1 32.0 29.3 30.2 29.6 - NOTE: Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported their postgraduation status (definite or seeking), regardless of plans (employment or study). See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. * "Asians" includes Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
53 TABLE 22 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 All Physical Engi Fields Sci.* peering Life Social Sci. Sci. Human- Educa ities tion All Definite Commitments 1976 N 22,503 3,111 1,911 3,622 4,297 2,730 5,468 1,364 1981 N 21,889 3,133 1,778 4,034 4,187 2,270 5,208 1,279 1986 N 21,300 3,300 2,066 4,013 3,842 2,006 4,629 1,444 1991 N 24,218 4,052 2,871 4,781 3,902 2,445 4,462 1,705 1996 N 26,027 4,116 3,642 5,392 4,033 2,747 4,475 1,622 Definite Commitments win Responses to Type of Plans 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 N N N N N 22,315 21,828 21,185 24,115 25,982 3,101 3,122 3,290 4,047 4,110 1,901 1,770 2,059 2,861 3,636 3,601 4,267 4,026 4,181 3,998 3,817 4,771 3,893 5,384 4,026 2,692 5,405 2,259 5,196 1,982 4,600 2,428 4,419 2,739 4,469 1,348 1,274 1,439 1,696 1,618 Employment 1976 TO 81.8 58.7 84.7 50.0 89.6 96.4 97.8 98.6 1981 TO 80.6 65.7 88.5 46.3 86.4 95.7 97.6 99.1 1986 % 75.9 55.7 81.1 41.2 84.1 92.4 97.1 98.0 1991 TO 72.5 51.5 78.9 37.5 82.6 92.5 96.1 97.1 1996 % 70.5 50.2 77.6 35.0 77.5 92.4 97.2 96.4 Study 1976 1981 1986 1991 1 ^~' onto onto onto onto onto 18.2 19.4 24.1 27.5 29.5 41.3 34.3 44.3 48.5 49.8 15.3 11.5 18.9 50.0 10.4 53.7 13.6 58.8 15.9 62.5 17.4 65.0 22.5 3.6 2.2 1.4 4.3 2.4 0.9 7.6 2.9 2.0 7.5 3.9 2.9 7.6 2.8 3.6 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. "All Definite Commitments" includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not type of plans (employment or study). Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported a definite commitment and a type of plan. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
54 TABLE 23 Postgraduation Commitments of Doctorate Recipients, by Type of Plans and Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976-1996 All U.S. Ph.D.s Men Women Cits. All Definite Commitments 1976 N 22,503 17,703 4,800 19,318 885 2,238600 779 269 22 17,986 1981 N 21,889 15,461 6,428 18,454 786 2,609699 761 375 62 16,738 1986 N 21,300 13,904 7,396 17,007 822 3,424660 639 458 64 15,706 1991 N 24,218 15,122 9,096 17,942 983 5,248879 720 563 86 16,442 1996 N 26,027 15,597 10,430 18,421 2,120 5,4522,147 889 737 120 16,499 U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents* Penn. Temp. His- Amer. Visas Visas Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites Definite Commitments win Responses to Type of Plans 1976 N22,31517,5634,75219,156 881 2,217599 759 265 2117,851 1981 N21,82815,4146,41418,417 782 2,591696 759 374 6216,706 1986 N21,18513,8407,34516,927 820 3,392656 632 458 6315,638 1991 N24,11515,0599,05617,871 975 5,224873 710 562 8616,380 1996 N25,98215,57110,41118,394 2,114 5,4412,142 888 737 12016,472 Employment 1976 TO81.881.084.982.9 73.1 75.667.3 94.1 89.8 90.582.6 1981 TO80.679.383.780.8 82.6 78.777.3 93.9 85.3 90.380.4 1986 %75.973.580.277.6 75.7 67.067.4 88.6 79.0 71.477.6 1991 TO72.569.877.075.6 69.5 62.563.1 86.3 74.4 77.975.5 1996 %70.568.074.374.7 59.4 60.755.7 85.0 75.2 82.574.7 Study 1976 TO18.219.015.117.1 26.9 24.432.7 5.9 10.2 9.517.4 1981 TO19.420.716.319.2 17.4 21.322.7 6.1 14.7 9.719.6 1986 TO24.126.519.822.4 24.3 33.032.6 11.4 21.0 28.622.4 1991 TO27.530.223.024.4 30.5 37.536.9 13.7 25.6 22.124.5 1996 TO29.532.025.725.3 40.6 39.344.3 15.0 24.8 17.525.3 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. "All Definite Commitments" includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not type of plans (employment or study). Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported a definite commitment and a type of plan. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *"Asians" includes Pacific Islanders; "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
55 TABLE 24 Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients win Pos~aduation Commitments, by Visa Status for Selected Years, 1976-1996 All Non-U.S. Permanent Citizens Visas Temporary visas All Definite Comminnents 1976 N 3,123885 2,238 1981 N 3,395786 2,609 1986 N 4,246822 3,424 1991 N 6,231983 5,248 1996 N 7,5722,120 5,452 Definite Commi~anents win Responses to Location 1976 N 3,007850 2,157 1981 N 3,193742 2,451 1986 N 3,895745 3,150 1991 N 6,040958 5,082 1996 N 7,5392,110 5,429 U.S. Location 1976 NO 50.090.7 34.0 1981 NO 52.491.9 40.5 1986 NO 56.983.2 50.7 1991 NO 62.686.1 58.1 1996 NO 70.292.0 61.7 Foreign Location 1976 DO 50.09.3 66.0 1981 DO 47.68.1 59.5 1986 NO 43.116.8 49.3 1991 NO 37.413.9 41.9 1996 NO 29.88.0 38.3 NOTE: Only non-U.S. citizen Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included. "All Definite Commitments" includes recipients who reported definite commitments but not location (U.S. or foreign). Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported a definite commitment and a location. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to the applicable survey questions and for furler explanation of postgraduation plans. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
56 TABLE 25 Postdoctoral Location of Non-U.S. Citizen Doctorate Recipients win Post~aduation Commitments, by Major Field arid Visa Status, 1996 Postdoctoral Location Permanent Visas Temporary Visas Resp. to Resp. to Location/ U.S. Foreign LocationJ U.S. Foreign Type of Location Location Type of Location Location Field ofDoctorate Plans Empl. Study Empl.Study Plans Empl. Study Empl. Study (responses only) (A) (DO) (DO)(DO) (DO) (N) (%) (%) (%) (%) All Fields 2,105 53.5 38.56.0 2.0 5,421 29.8 32.0 31.0 7.3 Physical Sciences 453 53.6 41.52.2 2.6 1,274 27.4 46.8 14.7 11.1 Physics/Ashonomy 107 45.8 46.70.9 6.5 307 14.3 58.3 9.8 17.6 Chemistry 155 44.5 54.20.6 0.6 389 17.7 66.6 8.7 6.9 Earn, Ahnos., Marine 49 32.7 59.26.1 2.0 115 15.7 41.7 27.8 14.8 Mathematics 74 64.9 27.04.1 4.1 236 37.7 31.8 17.4 13.1 Computer Sciences 68 89.7 7.42.9 0.0 227 56.8 15.4 22.0 5.7 Engineering 442 76.0 18.34.5 1.1 1,429 47.9 23.5 24.8 3.8 Life Sciences 622 17.5 77.72.6 2.3 1,232 8.4 56.7 25.8 9.2 Biological Sciences 531 11.9 84.61.3 2.3 785 4.7 73.1 12.9 9.3 Heal Sciences 49 55.1 36.78.2 0.0 158 20.9 28.5 43.7 7.0 Agricultural Sciences 42 45.2 38.111.9 4.8 289 11.4 27.3 51.2 10.0 Social Sciences* 206 64.6 18.015.5 1.9 566 30.7 9.9 52.5 6.9 Psychology 49 49.0 46.92.0 2.0 87 23.0 32.2 40.2 4.6 Economics 59 71.2 6.822.0 0.0 275 35.3 2.5 55.3 6.9 Poll. Sci./Int'l. Relat. 24 62.5 4.225.0 8.3 47 38.3 8.5 46.8 6.4 Sociology 30 73.3 13.310.0 3.3 41 17.1 2.4 75.6 4.9 Humanities 196 83.7 5.68.7 2.0 332 36.7 8.1 48.5 6.6 Education 105 80.0 4.812.4 2.9 251 18.3 4.0 72.9 4.8 ProfessionallOther* 81 71.6 6.222.2 0.0 337 40.7 3.0 52.8 3.6 Business & Mgmt. 50 78.0 6.016.0 0.0 207 51.2 1.4 44.9 2.4 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments are included; see Table 24 for numbers of non-U.S. citizens with commitments. Numbers in this table represent those Ph.D.s who responded to survey questions about both postdoctoral location and type of plans; percentages are based on these numbers. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to these survey questions and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *Totals include other fields not shown. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
57 TABLE 26 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients win Post~aduation Commitments In Me United States, by Broad Field for Selected Years, 1976-1996 ~J.S. citizens and permanent residents) All PhysicalEngi- Life Social Human- Educa- Prof./ Fields Sci.* neer~ng Sci. Sci. ities tion Over All Employment Commitments 1976 N 16,143 1,562 1,256 1981 N 15,262 1,774 1,052 1986 N 13,479 1,445 1,053 1991 N 13,839 1,441 1,300 1996 N 14,605 1,493 1,736 1,453 3,371 2,366 4,983 1,152 1,460 3,222 1,946 4,711 1,097 1,262 2,806 1,613 4,136 1,164 1,305 2,671 1,900 3,941 1,281 1,419 2,561 2,170 4,054 1,172 Employment Commitments win Responses to Sector 1976 N16,059 1,557 1,249 1,443 3,353 2,359 4,949 1,149 1981 N15,166 1,768 1,048 1,457 3,204 1,931 4,661 1,097 1986 N13,349 1,443 1,047 1,257 2,763 1,598 4,082 1,159 1991 N13,699 1,433 1,298 1,294 2,629 1,885 3,889 1,271 1996 N14,517 1,488 1,731 1,410 2,540 2,159 4,025 1,164 Academet 1976 NO60.2 45.7 26.1 59.0 63.3 86.7 54.8 77.5 1981 NO50.9 29.8 26.2 56.2 49.7 78.8 47.5 70.5 1986 NO48.6 30.1 29.4 52.5 44.3 77.2 44.1 70.9 1991 NO52.3 35.7 25.4 52.0 49.9 83.7 46.7 74.8 1996 NO50.8 35.5 17.0 53.1 52.3 81.3 46.5 73.1 Indus~y/Self-Employed 1976 NO11.9 35.6 51.2 16.5 7.1 2.7 2.5 5.3 1981 NO18.7 56.2 57.0 22.3 13.7 6.4 5.4 10.0 1986 NO20.8 57.0 55.1 25.2 19.2 7.2 7.2 11.0 1991 NO19.4 49.3 57.0 24.3 18.6 4.2 5.8 7.8 1996 NO22.3 52.7 66.3 23.0 18.3 5.4 6.2 12.6 Government 1976 NO12.6 16.2 20.1 17.9 17.0 3.1 11.1 6.7 1981 NO12.9 12.5 14.8 15.5 19.7 4.4 11.9 7.7 1986 NO11.5 10.5 13.8 15.9 16.1 3.7 11.2 6.8 1991 NO9.5 12.4 15.2 15.8 13.6 2.5 6.8 4.5 1996 NO8.7 8.7 14.5 16.0 12.1 1.6 6.4 4.7 Overt 1976 NO15.3 2.4 2.6 6.6 12.6 7.5 31.7 10.4 1981 NO17.5 1.5 2.0 6.0 16.9 10.4 35.2 11.9 1986 NO19.1 2.5 1.7 6.4 20.4 12.0 37.5 11.2 1991 NO18.8 2.7 2.4 8.0 18.0 9.7 40.8 12.9 1996 NO18.2 3.1 2.2 7.8 17.4 11.7 40.9 9.5 NOTE: Only Ph.D.s with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. "All Employment Commitments" includes recipients whose employment sector is unreported; percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported employment commitments in a specific sector. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *Includes mathematics and computer sciences. tAcademe includes two- and four-year colleges and universities and medical schools. Elementary and secondary schools are included in "Other." :~"Other" is mainly composed of elementary and secondary schools and nonprofit organizations. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
58 TABLE 27 Employment Sector of Doctorate Recipients win Postgraduation Commitments In the United States, by Demographic Group for Selected Years, 1976-1996 U.S. Citizens & Permanent Residents* All His- Amer. Ph.D.s Men Women Asians Blacks panics Indians Whites U.S. Perm. Temp. cits. visas visas All Employment Commitments 1976 N 16,143 12,379 3,764 387 708 2361914,40415,564 579366 1981 N 15,262 10,227 5,035 513 705 3125613,21814,666 596597 1986 N 13,479 8,017 5,462 405 544 3454411,94212,973 506804 1991 N 13,839 7,572 6,267 519 605 4096412,09313,258 5811,541 1996 N 14,605 7,716 6,889 1,100 737 5409912,03213,477 1,1281,615 Employment Commitments win Responses to Sector 1976 N 16,059 12,319 3,740 384 701 2361914,33615,485 574366 1981 N 15,166 10,180 4,986 507 694 3085513,15014,577 589597 1986 N 13,349 7,964 5,385 400 527 3404311,84612,847 502804 1991 N 13,699 7,513 6,186 514 598 4066411,97113,122 5771,532 1996 N 14,517 7,685 6,832 1,089 731 5389911,96413,397 1,1201,609 Academet 1976 NO 60.2 57.0 70.5 40.9 68.0 71.273.760.160.4 52.456.0 1981 DO 50.9 47.6 57.7 32.3 55.2 64.643.651.151.2 43.347.7 1986 DO 48.6 45.2 53.5 34.5 51.2 58.262.848.648.5 50.464.4 1991 NO 52.3 48.1 57.4 37.9 59.2 63.353.152.252.3 53.055.0 1996 NO 50.8 46.0 56.2 28.2 53.4 60.454.552.351.9 38.534.4 In dus~crv/S elf -Emoloved ~- 1976 NO 11.9 14.1 5.0 44.3 2.9 4.70.011.511.0 36.828.4 1981 NO 18.7 22.8 10.5 54.0 8.5 9.114.517.917.6 46.542.0 1986 NO 20.8 25.4 14.1 48.5 7.6 12.14.720.720.1 38.630.8 1991 NO 19.4 24.6 13.0 47.3 8.0 13.514.118.918.6 36.738.7 1996 NO 22.3 29.5 14.2 59.2 10.4 15.612.120.019.9 51.259.5 Government 1976 NO 12.6 14.0 8.1 10.4 11.6 10.20.012.812.9 4.45.5 1981 NO 12.9 13.8 11.1 7.7 13.1 13.616.413.213.3 3.22.5 1986 NO 11.5 12.7 9.8 8.5 15.2 13.216.311.411.8 5.61.4 1991 NO 9.5 10.8 7.9 8.9 9.0 7.69.49.69.7 4.01.6 1996 NO 8.7 10.0 7.2 6.2 10.4 8.615.28.79.0 4.41.6 Overt 1976 NO 15.3 14.9 16.4 4.4 17.5 14.026.315.615.6 6.410.1 1981 NO 17.5 15.8 20.8 5.9 23.2 12.725.517.817.9 7.07.7 1986 NO 19.1 16.7 22.6 8.5 26.0 16.516.319.319.6 5.43.4 1991 NO 18.8 16.4 21.7 5.8 23.7 15.523.419.319.3 6.24.7 1996 NO 18.2 14.5 22.3 6.4 25.9 15.418.219.019.2 6.04.5 NOTE: Only doctorates with definite commitments for employment are included. Foreign locations are excluded. "All Employment Commitments" includes recipients whose employment sector is unreported. Percentages are based on the number of Ph.D.s who reported employment commitments in a specific sector. See technical notes in Appendix C for rates of nonresponse to this survey question and for further explanation of postgraduation plans. *"Asians" includes Pacific Islanders, "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives. tAcademe includes two- and four-year colleges and universities and medical schools. Elementary and secondary schools are included in "Other." ""Other" is mainly composed of elementary and secondary schools and nonprofit organizations. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
