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89
APPENDIX B: Trend Tables, 1986-1996
Appendix B includes the following two tables:
B- ~ Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, ~ 986- ~ 996
B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship,
1977, 1981, and 1986-1996
TABLE Bet: Table B-l presents data for the most recent decade by subfield of doctorate.
In general, the subf~elds correspond to the fields on the questionnaire's Specialties List
located at the back of this report; some, however, do not appear on the current Specialties
List because they are no longer included in the survey taxonomy. A dash (-) in a column
indicates that the field was not on the Specialties List for that year.
Field groupings in this table may differ from those in reports published by federal
sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED); see inside the back cover for a
description of field groupings as reported in these tables. The "general" field categories for
example, "chemistry, general" include individuals who either received the doctorate in the
general subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The "other" field
categories- for example, "chemistry, other"- include individuals whose specified doctoral
discipline was not among the specialty fields.
The seven tables in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent
cohort of Ph.D.s by field] of doctorate.
TABLE B-2: Table B-2 displays, by gender and citizenship, data on the race/ethnicity of
doctorate recipients for 1977, 1981, and the past clecade. Table B-2 contains three panels,
each displayed on a separate page. The first pane] includes all doctorates; the others
disaggregate the data by gender.
The reader should note that numbers in Table B-2 have been revised since
publication of Summary Report 1995. Because of late questionnaire returns and
responses to follow-ups for missing information, data are subject to revision in fheyear
after survey closure. New follow-up procedures implemented ir' 1990 and lafer years have
increased coverage of several variables, including citizenship arid raceJethnicity. One
result has been greater postsurvey adjustment to racial/ethnic data than in earlier years.
(Note: The greatest adjustment was to the numbers of black Ph.D.s in 1990 and 1991~n
increase of about 7.5 percent each year.) Updates to 1995 racial/ethnic data are shown in
Table B-2 in this year 's report.
The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. in ~ 977 it
was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal
Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management ant] Budget
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go
(OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes
is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines
prompted the moving of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white
category to the Asian category.) In 1980 the item was further revised in two ways: (~) the
Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic
to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to
check only one racial category. (Before 1980 doctorate recipients could check more than
one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in ~ 982 to separate the
questions on race and ethnicity. Since then respondents have been asked to first check one
of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then
indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In Table B-2, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic
heritage, regardless of racial designation, are counted as Hispanic. The remaining survey
respondents are then counted in their respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients
who checked the category "American Indian or Alaskan Native" are identified as American
Indian in this report.)
Tables A-2 and A-4 in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent
cohort of Ph.D.s by race/ethnicity.
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APPENDIX TABLE B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1986-1996
~.
Year of Doctorate
19861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
TOTAL ALL FIELDS31,90232~37033:S0034.32736~06737:S3438.89039~80141,03441,74342,415
PHYSICALSCENCES4.8075.0305.3095,4555 8596.2806.5026.4966,8226.8086,675
-
MATHEMATICS7297407498598921,0391,0581,1461,1181,1901,122
Applied Mathematics135131142158185193213188206211230
Algebra4657545039726984788278
Analysis and Functional Analysis81867610390I3210510510799100
Geometry3830444742664544354572
Logic2318201219232819293516
Number Theory2015262326302542373542
Mathematical Statistics141143152167157206217228205205178
Topology3441273750575854385155
Computing Theory and Practice1014121212191218161418
Operations Research2922292229162237263621
Mathematics General125137134177191180209276269305233
Mathematics Other4746335152455551727279
COMPUTER SCIENCE399450sis612705800869880903997921
Computer Science355384442519612720791825833913837
Information Sciences and Systems4466739393807855708484
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY1,1871,2371,3021,2741,3931,4111,5371,5441,6921,6521,677
Astronomy5246664952505576668984
Astrophysics57546464767579697884108
Acoustics1517161521131827201819
Chemical and Atomic/Molecular7079777487768595140110129
Electron262421
Elementary Particles147159174135163182153170176183175
Fluids621171417141719121821
Nuclear8974888173668682909187
Optics585065787685949610498129
PIasma and High-Temperature6172656142586562794648
Polymer111520711171729292333
Solid State and Low-Temperature280287252296306372408336388371364
Physics, General222238271269323247297340343355324
Physics, Over117119125127144155163143167166156
CHEMISTRY1,9031,9752,0151,9702,1002,1942,2142,1372,2572,1622,148
Analytical257314301289293304304286334317346
Inoreanic260240250256242260268237262258249
Nuckear1813761314781055
Organic511511531511452538512518544483506
Medicinal/Pharmaceutical58657364488369991029696
Physical293302318310325364398336334338300
Polymer729681788111183107117116121
Theoretical4146504655455953524057
Chemistry, General289297310312524400449431447458396
Chemistry, Other10491949867756562555172
EARTH, ATMOS., & MARINE SCI.589628728740769836824789852807807
Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry2124191518203613272722
Atmospheric Dynamics1617251620212323271621
Meteorology2717352720312834322535
Atmos. Sc~./Meteorology, General716141423262722374433
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, Other71310152106761814
Geology118114144165166192166197194186162
Geochemistry3731463956646250594249
Geophysics and Seismology897583879111710810110693101
Paleontology1621241721242521172014
Mineralogy, Petrology172419362636299211923
Stratigrap~y, Sedimentation1422302425292328271612
Geomo~phology and Glacial Geology111891014181216131111
Applied Geology457661-----
Geological & Related Sci., General121881931301815182127
Geological & Related Sci., Other1229312828333117242222
Environmental Science3529586850355768618183
Hydrology and Water Resources1618242413162925302431
Oceanoeraphy78738187898582989183107
Marine~c~ences2238282639273227343227
Misc. Physical Sciences, Over3026331731213018282713
ENGINEERING3.3763.7124.1874.5434.8945,2145.4385.6985.8226.0086.305
Aerospace, Aeronautic. & Astronautic.118142150178192207234228230252287
Agricultural5274701021018384868973104
Bloengineering and Biomedical6775114115129149147171173189220
Ceramic Sciences2542303543584242393941
Chemical476S27624625561621607624630602681
Civil387441488498505509540563602572599
Communications2326242535213022332932
Computer7762100117131178175167202189208
Electrical, Electronics7066918869951,1101,2061,2781,3541,4381,5131,500
Engineering Mechanics94113105110111113132128132108105
Engineering Physics131391616232521171737
Engineenng Science3026322737425155465652
NOTE: Dash (-) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those
in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as
reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.
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APPENDIX TABLE B-1 (Continued)
Year of Doctorate
19861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
Environmental Health Engineering4236434048665461828498
Industnal/Manufacturing101120127162151165196236228284258
Materials Science187238252257307361365416433476470
Mechanical442544610650773762855902883917947
Metallurgical93112928890707877677361
Mining and Mineral2227173339382624231931
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng.979985-----
Nuclear98841048611410712010885105113
Ocean1424212017212124292126
Operations Research5451446846765656474874
Petroleum1823332949285452424852
Polymer/Plastics3734285848426461535865
Systems3347443051483757514747
Engineering, General5554496175786447396060
Engineering, Other1037982109107137103116129129137
LIFE SCIENCES5~7345 7546.1646.3426.6056.9337.1157.3957.7397.9188,255
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES3,8073,8394,1114,1164,3284,6504,7995,0925,2035,3765,723
Biochemistry576573612669678765715846804824794
Biomedical Sciences---------93140
Biophysics72869787103100125103123155142
Biotechnology Research-------81446
Bacteriology121371115111314181316
Plant Genetics2026261831233341303541
Plant Pathology2833302237503241403238
Plant PhYsiology5262744751656848705573
Botany, Other121106112117104105107105117102105
Anatomy8692888070777576666447
Biometrics and Biostatistics3037474647596374726781
Cell Biology130127118133145149188231237236233
Ecology183158155161166189180177201203245
Developmental Biology/Embryology9671022374857626496
Endocrinology1719212124332716262024
Entomology170123133139147138139114123121136
BiologicafImmunology146136179152153177181169161190238
Molecular Biology298303364413413481527582598617651
Microbiology326301333340335372377433423426444
Neuroscience120153163181192238238276284309404
Nutritional Sciences122141127128118106132134147136142
Parasitology2516202013201717221422
Toxicology1041151081119186105100120126138
Human and Ailing Genetics91113118112153160142172203202212
Human and Animal Pathology91127112105101122114130128109135
Human and Animal Pharmacology245234252242244266279274259278316
Human and Animal Physiology240248225272278272266271289262275
Zoology, Over155139167132122125134114117145100
Biolog~calSeiences,General213229256231333278315305288348291
Biological Sciences, Other125123160116142146159164161126138
HEALTH SCIENCES7708008829749561,0411,1121,1971,2961,3301,324
Sneech-Lang. Pathology & Audiology821079391939082989510694
Environmental Health3929523538384438515158
Health Svstems/Services Admin.-------35536260
Public Wealth10396121129123132157153142152156
Epidemiology808697107102115108120168153149
Exercise Physiology/Sci., Kinesiology--------87118105
Nursing216218247308261325338373336354354
Pharmacy10413395111116115160146148144145
Rehabilitation/Therapeutic Services-----172536432026
Veterinary Medicine4131484870566361565565
Health Sciences, General2712291936283038413522
Health Sciences, Other788810012611712510599768090
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES1,1571,1151,1711,2521,3211,2421,2041,1061,2401,2121,208
Agricultural Economics160139156164145168141137162173169
Agricultural Business & Management--022101032
Animal Breeding and Genetics2523272322182318171912
Animal Nutrition6582546754574152585054
Dairy Science--12162019141111149
Poultry Science--101117132216211112
Fisheries Science and Management3132423442392638484946
Animal Sciences, Other9176869590929774868590
Agronomy and Crop Science159143141140143117123104143114110
PEant Breeding and Genetics7870836487698268817263
Plant Pathology8576466364906358555290
Plant Protection-Pest Management--1642
Plant Sciences, Other2220231523172928243021
Food Sciences121131161
Food Distribution--0000001
Food En,gineerine--61110121491677
Food Sciences, (other--119147141137151141152135142
Soil Sciences1037418
Soil Chemistry/Microbiology--332827242426212729
Soil Sciences, Over--627591786359697278
Horticulture Science60716175101786562656773
NOTE: Dash (-) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those
in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as
reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.
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93
APPENDIX TABLE B-1 (Continued)
Year of Doctorate
1986198719881989199019911992199319941 ~s1 oo
~ v
Wildlife Management20233--------
Forest~y Science8810015
Forest Biology--212227172918202419
Forest Engineering--312223040
Forest Management--182114221617172022
Wood Sci. & Pulp/Paper Tech.--71616162120262618
Conservation/Renewable Nat. Res.--7121619913212413
Forestry and Related Sci., Other--355762456255597156
Wildlife/Range Management--365258595554525064
Agricultural Sciences, General459753910465
Agricultural Sciences, Other45502127382823141174
SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL. PSYCH.)5~8935.7905.7815.9616.0936.1526,2166.5456,6136.6356.814
Anthropology381352325325324341320342384375396
Area Studies2817161722243336342728
Criminology2429433242353739414460
DemographylPopulation Studies1526192220281722231511
Economics834796825872836861885906913952979
Econometrics2525272626242524262729
Geography120111129105131108111137146150165
Human/Individual & Funnily Develop.--------129150151
International Relations/Affairs768277949788761021127399
Political Science and Government414404392430462434513507589600621
Public Policy Analysis8183737987111107989493104
Sociology491423449436428465495513525540516
Statistics6549476969312948464848
Urban Affairs/Studies50728662679086123132103106
Social Sciences, General3630282623363332213526
Social Sciences, Other127118171158178226186196148124135
PSYCHOLOGY3,1263,1733,0743,2083,2813,2503,2633,4203,2503,2793,340
Clinical1,1731,2141,0951,2591,3371,3051,3091,3731,2851,2911,325
Cognitive and Psycholinguistics708083797694101104129104128
Comparative149788725843
Counseling449486482501466497507488497470464
Developmental and Child184200176148159155170202179152188
Experimental147146135146143142154143139151128
Educational10689103105981109191697492
Family and Mamage Counseling---------5752
Industrial and Organizational110107118104126142138159137155162
Personality1625182820131722191624
Physiolog~cal/Psychobiology7369856246455585939280
Psychometrics119116895951011
Quantitative231312111571016171319
School1169311510782828895849182
Social141133140128145147139125153155170
Psychology, General309343368364371324295306280306279
Psychology, Other184157126152181171182197156138133
HUMANITIES3~4613.5003.5553,5523.8224.0994,4444.4824~7445,0615.116
History, American197198209206211251277269310344355
History, Asian ~-----4354
History, European121121127107151127176162180185187
History/Philosophy of Sci. & Tech.2425222026272837274137
History, General839410385111121102116140148101
History, Other138148142120113137141142144128123
Classics5155565158555861846272
Comparative Literature10112113910397150163153163191164
Linguistics189199166188167227266214221201230
Speech and Rhetorical Studies30373735388698111142139155
Letters, General1925161319171818224328
Letters, Other3739436052443837253461
American Studies687570767292811018894115
Archeology2831232622333338343521
Art History/Criticism/Conservation126143134145135125154158182181176
Music476499504521572587641613685713699
Philosophy248233222270243285279274302298369
Religion182182217215219187231257252248317
Drama/Theater Arts8882927910691959110280103
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE1,1641,1121,1471,1521,3081,3501,4651,5241,5371,7181,618
American215190186192229253291293296327314
English504478531528567599612655647752699
French102103101106123100124137129151142
German79777673787196105679388
Italian1521142025322019323524
Spanish122133137134173173179179212209196
Russian2819131319252828382837
Slavic85577141513101611
Chinese131312916192021252029
Japanese9961397121112710
Hebrew1113121014112015101112
Arabic98146741210486
Other Language and Literature4943404141423638556150
Humanities, General2323251928292130322539
Humanities, Other68586161747879767211092
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APPENDIX TABLE B-1 (Continued)
EDUCATION
Curriculum and Instruction
Educational Admin. and Supervision
Educational Leadership
Educ./Instruct. Medial~esign
Educ . Stat. /Research Methods
Educ. Assess., Test., & Meas.
Educational Psychology
School Psychology
Social/Phil. Found. of Educ.
Snecial Education
Counseling Educ./Couns. & Guidance
Higher Educ./Evaluation & Research
Pre-elementary/Early Childhood
Elementary Education
Junior Hig-h Education
Secondary Education
Adult and Continuing Education
Year of Doctorate
.
19861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
6.6496.4546.3626.2816.5106.4546.6776.6896.7086.6496.772
794762815841839807900856819896896
1,6371,6861,7491,6331,6631,4281,2901,3401,2071,0861,170
11001485694783792889989
7968677655736296111121107
5873515959806164686376
4737554240324523281932
330320323301323323346290311297309
92959885879088869771114
12411412211086109101109140130125
273248257259225226260277241254278
316315325264301270259288284268277
612570399373424344381357428457481
8773836342859897917081
941059399110737365716146
011------
866567535640283324
223203229236211210208233215
807 900
1 428 1,290
'485 694
73 62
80 61
32 45
323 346
90 88
109 101
226 260
270 259
344 381
85 98
73 73
40 28
210 208
24 34
235 210
TEACHING FIELDS1,1421,0659899709229731,008943960924863
Agricultural Education3939323538494354523532
Art Education4352423944284638333941
Business Education5036444034321627252120
English Education7972575152586153566057
Foreign Languages Education3737533331465048546044
Health Education81918610095789883979990
Home Economics Education1717171910211214111513
Technical/IndustnalArts Education2024111717131116201511
Mathematics Education72745669657362697492100
Music Education94109769778969680899691
Nursing Education4036342924182919241823
Physical Education and Coaching210192184176191185167161139104101
Reading Education1349474958210212195978566
Science Education6563674872727373857396
Social Science Education221723131119199101412
Speech Education555151
Technical Education--132815253521302024
Trade and Industrial Education8668674718171124241312
Teacher Ed./Spec. Acad. & Voc., Other4839483340405859406530
Education, General355368358414535428443411484429353
Education, Other299285281403531378332338337355331
PROFESSIONAL/OTHER FIELDS1~9822,1302.1422,1932.2842,4022.4982.4962.5862.6642.478
BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT9029811,0331,0671,0361,1631,2481,2811,2831,3271,276
Accounting157160175186172172180183179168156
Banking/F~nancial Support Services126156148151134172172170134163114
Business Admin. and Management222225265245277204241324319340393
Business/Managenal Economics2826272721192133403738
International Business--------222336
Mgmt. Info. Sys./BusinessDataProc.-----7210310211711194
Marketing Management and Research110113126130120134139166167153153
Business Statistics38615105
Operations Research4664505246586763545964
Organizational Behavior5766749564728173102100108
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., General567575577012311287879267
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., Other97888710912213213280628153
COMMUNICATIONS258309247306323332330321371380389
Communications Research7990728587724533404060
Journalism1872115217-----
Mass Communications-----6885117156121137
Radio and Television13161229176
Communication Theory---- ~-254741455337
Communications, General75102707986707669687781
Communications, Other73947298112847761628974
OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS796778812766858836880867891931774
Architectural Environmental Design2733314341676054675561
Home Economics8867585574295857313128
Law3129332634232029333726
Library Science5748576042525170424749
Parks/Recreation/Leisure/Fitness-------44375429
Public Administration8878929788107108117135128104
Social Work235214241206246240248237272303256
Theology/Reli~ious Education240254251232271273292243262273213
ProfesslonalF~elds, General01203311112
Professional Fields, Other30544747594242151126
OTHER FIELDS2662505467714027412639
NOTE: Dash (-) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those
in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as
reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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APPENDIX TABLE B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1977, 1981, and 1986-1996
Total All Doctorates
1977198119861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN31,71631,35631,90232,37033,50034,32736,06737,53438,89039,80141,03441,74342,415
U.S. Citizens26,11925,06023,08622,98423,29023,40124,90525,57326,01026,44927,14727,74027,741
Permanent Visas1,3681,2811,4331,5781,6221,6261,6981,8571,9802,2593,7474,3193,765
Temporary Visas3,4483,9405,2765,6126,1956,6488,0939,3119,9539,9329,4068,8109,610
Unknown Citizenship7811,0752,1072,1962,3932,6521,3717939471,1617348741,299
Total Known Race/Ethnicity29,47629,14928,94629,22930,35430,95533,87835,78037,19338,28439,83440,33040,636
U.S. Citizens25,01924,00922,67422,51422,90723,02524,53125,08525,65726,21726,89327,43727,398
Permanent Visas1,2911,2581,3571,5091,5451,5641,6371,7961,9062,2253,6994,2783,733
Temporary Visas3,0533,7594,8385,1445,8406,2977,5578,7889,5359,6759,1148,5449,363
Unknown Citizenship113123776262691531119516712871142
American Indians7085100116949498132152121146149189
U.S. Citizens658599115949497130149120143149186
Permanent Visas*1000000200001
Temporary Visas*4011001021302
Unknown Citizenship0000000010000
Asians2,0562,7113,7304,1294,7805,1926,2937,5288,2908,6719,3679,7089,821
U.S. Citizens3394655335436146336417898488919501,1401,091
Permanent Visas5716085286256216356657429161,1262,5963,1692,606
Temporary Visas1,1181,5642,6452,9353,5183,9074,9315,9496,5056,6045,7995,3786,093
Unknown Citizenship28742426271756482150222131
Blacks1,4501,4911,2771,2211,2671,2471,3541,4661,4341,6151,6831,8251,837
U.S. Citizens1,1131,0138307718188229011,0109711,1111,1011,3091,315
Permanent Visas7897126139152141149156145169178168142
Temporary Visas247372313305291273291293311322389337364
Unknown Citizenship12986611137713151116
Hispanics7369361,0561,0541,0481,0631,2281,3191,4021,4311,5341,5411,623
U.S. Citizens437466572617595582721731778834884919950
Permanent Visas52631079198112116136131139146142155
Temporary Visas236391372338349363386446482454502472512
Unknown Citizenship1116S866S6114286
Whites25,16423,92622,78322,70923,16523,35924,90525,33525,91526,44627,10427,10727,166
U.S. Citizens23,06521,98020,64020,46820,78620,89422,17122,42522,91123,26123,81523,92023,856
Permanent Visas589490596654674676707760714791779799829
Temporary Visas1,4481,4321,5071,5651,6821,7541,9482,1002,2352,2942,4212,3572,392
Unknown Citizenship622440222335795055100893189
Unknown Race/Ethnicity2,2402,2072,9563,1413,1463,3722,1891,7541,6971,5171,2001,4131,779
U.S. Citizens1,1001,051412470383376374488353232254303343
Permanent Visas77237669776261617434484132
Temporary Visas395181438468355351536523418257292266247
Unknown Citizenship6689522,0302,1342,3312,5831,2186828529946068031,157
NOTE: See explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.
*In most cases, non-U.S. American Indians are citizens of Canada or Latin America.
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APPENDIX TABLE B-2 (Continued)
Doctorates: MEN
Year of Doctorate
1977198119861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
TOTAL MEN23,85821,46420,59520,93821,68121,81422,96123,66124,45424,67925,21525,32925,470
U.S. Citizens19,15516,35913,63813,S7413,72413,39614,16514,38814,51914,51714,73514,96714,700
Permanent Visas1,1069731,0681,1171,1641,1391,1901,2241,2931,4712,6372,9092,483
Temporary Visas3,0093,3874,4144,7225,1345,,1416,6327,5177,9637,8637,3306,8587,395
Unknown Citizenship5887451,4751,5251,6591,835974532679828513595892
Total Known Race/Ethnicity22,09219,89618,44318,67619,41019,40421,33922,36323,17723,54824,33424,30824,233
U.S. Citizens18,30715,60413,34813,25013,44813,11713,89914,03214,26114,34514,56614,75414,473
Permanent Visas1,0409571,0041,0641,0971,0941,1501,1771,2371,4462,6032,8852,460
Temporary Visas2,6593,2274,0384,3144,8225,1436,1747,0807,6157,6547,1016,6347,205
Unknown Citizenship86108534843501167464103643595
:rican Indians475659635249527482617482103
U.S. Citizens435658625249527482607182102
Permanent Visas*0000000000000
Temporary Visas*4011000001301
Unknown Citizenship0000000000000
ns1,7162,2233,0423,3503,8454,1635,0315,8806,4286,6177,0707,1127,205
U.S. Citizens251315349369414446427483531553591670614
Permanent Visas488499417455.4564594824896057341,8782,1991,784
Temporary Visas9551,3412,2582,5062,9573,2454,0774,8725,2745,2924,5824,2284,783
Unknown Citizenship22681820181345361838191524
Blacks992924709702699685733788771842891881933
U.S. Citizens682499325318317328351421396441411490535
Permanent Visas7080106118126125128131123138142125106
Temporary Visas234339275261251222243232246252330261286
Unknown Citizenship663SS101146118S6
Hispanics580658665677678662760806860875866911931
U.S. Citizens320275302332321307380370410423438460478
Perrr~anent Visas36477150646969887294807986
Temporary Visas214322289288288283309344371357346369363
Unknown Citizenship101437S32471234
Whites18,75716,03513,96813,88414,13613,84514,76314,81515,03615,15315,43315,32215,061
U.S. Citizens17,01114,45912,31412,16912,34411,98712,68912,68412,84212,86813,05513,05212,744
Permanent Visas446331410441451441471469437480503482484
Temporary Visas1,2521,2251,2151,2581,3261,3931,5451,6321,7241,7521,8401,7761,772
Unknown Citizenship48202916152458303353351261
Unknown Race/Ethnicity1,7661,5682,1522,2622,2712,4101,6221,2981,2771,1318811,0211,237
U.S. Citizens848755290324276279266356258172169213227
Permanent Visas66166453674540475625342423
Temporary Visas350160376408312301458437348209229224190
Unknown Citizenship5026371,4221,4771,6161,785858458615725449560797
NOTE: See explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B.
*In most cases, non-U.S. American Indians are citizens of Canada or Latin America.
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APPENDIX TABLE B-2 (Continued)
Doctorates: WOMEN
1977198119861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
TOTAL WOMEN7,8589,89211,30711,43211,81912,51313,10613,87314,43615,12215,81916,41416,945
U.S. Citizens6,9648,7019,4489,4109,56610,00510,74011,18511,49111,93212,41212,77313,041
Permanent Visas2623083654614584875086336877881,1101,4101,282
Temporary Visas4395538628901,0611,2041,4611,7941,9902,0692,0761,9522,215
Unknown Citizenship193330632671734817397261268333221279407
Total Known RacelEthnicity7,3849,25310,50310,55310,94411,55112,53913,41714,01614,73615,50016,02216,403
U.S. Citizens6,7128,4059,3269,2649,4599,90810,63211,05311,39611,87212,32712,68312,925
Permanent Visas2513013534454484704876196697791,0961,3931,273
Temporary Visas3945328008301,0181,1541,3831,7081,9202,0212,0131,9102,158
Unknown Citizenship27152414191937373164643647
American Indians23294153424546587060726786
U.S. Citizens22294153424545566760726784
Permanent Visas*1000000200001
Temporary Visas*0000001020001
Unknown Citizenship0000000010000
Asians3404886887799351,0291,2621,6481,8622,0542,2972,5962,616
U.S. Citizens88150184174200187214306317338359470477
Permanent Visas83109111170165176183253311392718970822
Temporary Visas1632233874295616628541,0771,2311,3121,2171,1501,310
Unknown Citizenship6666941112312367
Blacks458567.568519568562621678663773792944904
U.S. Citizens431514505453501494550589575670690819780
Permanent Visas8172021261621252231364336
Temporary Visas13333844405148616570597678
Unknown Citizenship63511123127610
Hispanics156278391377370401468513542556668630692
U.S. Citizens117191270285274275341361368411446459472
Permanent Visas16163641344347485945666369
Temporary Visas2269835061807710211197156103149
Unknown Citizenship1221133243052
Whites6,4077,8918,8158,8259,0299,51410,14210,52010,87911,29311,67111,78512,105
U.S. Citizens6,0547,5218,3268,2998,4428,9079,4829,74110,06910,39310,76010,86811,112
Permanent Visas143159186213223235236291277311276317345
Temporary Visas196207292307356361403468511542581581620
Unknown Citizenship14411681121202247541928
Unknown Race/Ethnici~474639804879875962567456420386319392542
U.S. Citizens2522961221461079710813295608590116
Permanent Visas11712161017211418914179
Temporary Visas45216260435078867048634257
Unknown Citizenship166315608657715798360224237269157243360
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
specialties list
