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Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

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. "Types of Translator Employment." Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1966.

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Front Matter (R1-R11)
Contents (R12-R14)
Human Translation (1-1)
Types of Translator Employment (2-3)
English as the Language of Science (4-4)
Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5)
Translation in the United States Government (6-6)
Number of Government Translators (7-8)
Amount Spent for Translation (9-10)
Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12)
Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15)
The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18)
The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24)
Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28)
Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31)
Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33)
Recommendations (34-34)
Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36)
Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38)
Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40)
Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42)
Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44)
Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49)
Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53)
Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56)
Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66)
Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75)
Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78)
Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86)
Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90)
Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101)
Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106)
Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112)
Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117)
Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120)
Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123)
Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)

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Types of Translator Employment The two main types of translator employment are in-house and con- tract. Each type has particular advantages and disadvantages for the translator and for the individual or organization requiring the translation. IN-HOUSE The advantages to the in-house translator are that he is employed full time and enjoys all the benefits (leave and retirement, for example) that are offered to other full-time employees in the organization. In addition, he has available to him better reference facilities than his free- lance counterparts. The advantages to the employer of an in-house translator are chiefly the following: 1. The translator can give spot or oral translations when needed. 2. There is greater possibility for mutually beneficial collabora- tion between the translator and the requester. 3. The translator can provide fast service when needed. 4. The security of classified information is easily maintained. The disadvantages to the employer of the in-house translator are: 1. The arrangement (counting overhead and fringe benefits) is generally more expensive than using free-lance translators. 2. Problems in scheduling may arise from time to time, with the translator having either too much or too little to do. 3. Since it is impossible for the in-house translator to be an expert in all fields, it is difficult to get consistently good technical translations done in-house. 2

OCR for page 3
CONTRACT The advantages of a free-lance contract arrangement for the bans later are: 1. If he can handle a relatively wide range of subject matter in some of the more uncommon and therefore higher-paying languages, he may earn considerably more than he would as an in-house translator. 2. He has considerably more freedom in deciding when and how much he will work. The advantages of the contract arrangement to the buyer of translations are: 1. He can obtain technically competent translations in many fields of subject matter. 2. He never pays for time not spent in translating. 3. He has a much lower overhead. The disadvantages of the contract arrangement to the buyer are: 1. The translator is not on the premises for immediate consultation. 2. Security of classified documents is more difficult to maintain. 3

Representative terms from entire chapter:

translator employment