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Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

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. "Recommendations." Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1966.

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34
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34
Front Matter (R1-R11)
Contents (R12-R14)
Human Translation (1-1)
Types of Translator Employment (2-3)
English as the Language of Science (4-4)
Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5)
Translation in the United States Government (6-6)
Number of Government Translators (7-8)
Amount Spent for Translation (9-10)
Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12)
Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15)
The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18)
The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24)
Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28)
Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31)
Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33)
Recommendations (34-34)
Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36)
Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38)
Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40)
Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42)
Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44)
Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49)
Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53)
Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56)
Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66)
Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75)
Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78)
Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86)
Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90)
Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101)
Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106)
Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112)
Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117)
Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120)
Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123)
Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)

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OCR for page 34
Recommendations The Committee recommends expenditures in two distinct areas. The first is computational linguistics as a part of linguistics— studies of parsing, sentence generation, structure, semantics, statistics, and quantitative linguistic matters, including experiments in translation, with machine aids or without. Linguistics should be supported as science, and should not be judged by any immediate or foreseeable contribution to practical translation. It is important that proposals be evaluated by people who are competent to judge modern linguistic work, and who evaluate proposals on the basis of their scientific worth. The second area is improvement of translation. Work should be supported on such matters as 1. practical methods for evaluation of translations; 2. means for speeding up the human translation process; 3. evaluation of quality and cost of various sources of translations; 4. investigation of the utilization of translations, to guard against production of translations that are never read; 5. study of delays in the over-all translation process, and means for eliminating them, both in journals and in individual items; 6. evaluation of the relative speed and cost of various sorts of machine-aided translation; 7. adaptation of existing mechanized editing and production processes in translation; 8. the over- all translation process; and 9. production of adequate reference works for the translator including the adaptation of glossaries that now exist primarily for automatic dictionary look-up in machine translation. All such studies should be aimed at increasing the speed and decreasing the cost of translations and at specifying degrees of acceptable quality. 34

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production processes