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Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF FORMAT Display this book on your site! Related Titles Gulf War and Health: Volume 5. Infectious Diseases Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries Other Related Titles Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 4   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page 4 Front Matter (R1-R11) Contents (R12-R14) Human Translation (1-1) Types of Translator Employment (2-3) English as the Language of Science (4-4) Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5) Translation in the United States Government (6-6) Number of Government Translators (7-8) Amount Spent for Translation (9-10) Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12) Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15) The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18) The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24) Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28) Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31) Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33) Recommendations (34-34) Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36) Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38) Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40) Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42) Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44) Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49) Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53) Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56) Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66) Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75) Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78) Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86) Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90) Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101) Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106) Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112) Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117) Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120) Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123) Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)

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English as the Language of Science It is easy to overestimate the need for translation if one simply looks at the rapidly increasing volume of scientific literature being published throughout the world. The United States is in a particu- larly fortunate position because English is the predominant language of science. A survey tR. T. Beyer, "Hurdling the Language Barrier, Phys. Today 18 (1), 46 (19 65~1 of 3,000 abstracts listed in Physics Abstracts and 3 50 physics abstracts listed in Referativny Zhurnal gave the following results: Language of Paper Referativny Abstracted Physics Abstracts Zhurnal . . English 76 percent 63 percent Russian 14 percent 24 percent French 4 percent 3 percent German 4 percent 2 percent Other 2 percent 8 percent Although the ratio of English-language articles to non-English articles varies with the subject field, it is generally true that the English-speaking scientist has less need to read in a foreign lan- guage or to have translations made than does a scientist of any other native tongue. 4

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abstracts listed